Kudzora kweScandinavia Nenzanga: Kudzika Mumuenzaniso Wetsika

Nyika dzeScandinavia .Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, uye Iceland kazhinji kazhinji zvakafadza kwenguva refu masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika, nyanzvi dzezvemari, uye vagadziri vemigariro yenzanga munyika yose. Mubatanidzwa wavo wakasiana wehurumende yedemocracy, masangano anoonesa, uye gadziriro dzenzanga dzinonzwisisa zvinobatanidza nguva dzose nzanga dzadzo pakati pevanofara zvikurusa, vakaenzana zvikurusa, uye vanobudirira zvikurusa paNyika. Kudavirwa kwakadai kwe “muenzaniso weNordic" hakusati kuri gadziriro imwe asi mupimo wenheyo inowirirana yetsika dzakasununguka netapuko yenzanga inodzivirira yakaisvonaka. Nyaya inonzvera muudzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzadzamatengudzo dzinotsigira zvivako dzinotsigira nzanga dzinotsigira nzanga dzogaro dzapanyungudzo dzogaro, dzinoenzanisa mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana nenzanga, uye zvinonzvera zvinetso zvinotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu munyika yose ino.

Pamavambo, nzira yeScandinavia inotsamira pabvumirano yenzanga: vagari vanobhadhara mitero yakakwirira zvikuru mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuwana kwavose mabasa avose akaenzana neyakakwirira avanhu vose, dzidzo, kutarisira vana, kutarisira vakuru, uye chengeteko yemari. Chibvumirano ichi chinotsigirwa nemwero yakakwirira yechivimbo muhurumende, uori hwakaderera, uye kutora rutivi runoshingaira. Muuyo wacho inzanga umo mukana mumwe nomumwe negarikano yakabatana zvisingaonwa semasimba anorwisana asi sokusimbisana.

Zvirongwa Zvokutonga muScandinavia

Nyika dzose dzeScandinavia dzinoshanda sehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu neparamende, dzine hurumende dzebumbiro remitemo (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) kana kuti repabhuriki (Finland). Simba rinodzorwa, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofarikanya uzvigamu, uye kuita zvisarudzo kunoratidzirwa nokuumbwa kwewirirano pakati pamasangano akawanda ezvamatongerwe enyika. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti muitiro unochinja, zvikurukuru uyo unotapura gadziriro yegarikano, unokurukurwa zvikuru uye unosanoshandiswa.

Masangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nekubatana

Rutivi runorondedzera rwezvamatongerwe enyika zveScandinavia kupararira kwegadziriro dzamativi akawanda nehurumende dzakabatana. Hapana mubatanidzwa mumwe unova namasangano anogombedzera kukurukurirana ndokuita zvibvumirano. Ikoku kunokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kuronga kwenguva refu, sezvo chinjo dzegarikano dzinowanzoda tsigiro inopesana. Somuenzaniso, Riksdag yeSweden inobatanidza mapati masere eparamende, nehurumende dzinoumbwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nemapoka epakati kana kuti pakati. Stimeo yeNorway inosimudzirawo zvibvumirano zvakafara pakuchinja mudyandigere wemari uye mari yezvoutano.

Kusiyana - siyana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uku kunoitawo kuti mapoka maduku, maruwa, uye zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvemari zvimirire mberi.Mugumisiro wacho imamiriro ezvinhu akatsiga, anofanozivikanwa, uye asingadzoreki kuchinja kwakamwe kamwe, kunovhiringidza, kunokosha kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba nehurumende inogara zvakanaka.

Kuona Zvinhu Sezviri Kunaka, Kutonga Mutemo, uye Uori Hwakaderera

Nyika dzeScandinavia nguva dzose dzinokwidziridza kudzivirira nyika yose nokuda kwokujeka, mutemo, uye kusavapo kwouori. Maererano neTransparency International’s Uority Perceptions Index, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, uye Norway nguva dzose nzvimbo pakati pamarudzi gumi akashata zvikurusa. Ikoku hakusati kuri netsaona: gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakasimba, majerejitari akazvimirira, rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko, uye tsika yokuzvidavirira zvose zvinopa mupiro.

Vagari vemo vanovimba kuti mari yemitero inopedzerwa nenzira inobudirira uye isina ruramisiro. Kuvimba kukuru,wo, kunokuita kuti kuve kunobudirira mune zvematongerwe enyika kuchengeta mwero yemitero yakakwirira(a kiyi inoita kuti zvigone kugone kugovera mapurogiramu ezvemari inogarwa zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, muSweden, nheyo yokuwanwa kwavanhu kumagwaro ehurumende (kubva muna 1766) yakapinzwa mumutemo, inopa vagari vemo navanyori venhau simba rokunzvera mari inotengwa nehurumende.

Kuderedza Kudyidzana Neautonomy yeHurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Chimwe chinhu chikuru chehurumende yeScandinavia ihurumende yakasimba yomunzvimbomo. Mitemo nenharaunda zvine mutoro wokupa mabasa akawanda ezvemari ezvemari nejere rezveutano, tarisiro yavakuru, uye mabasa enzanga. Izvo zvinoisa mitero yazvo zvimene yemari inotambirwa uye zvinogamuchira mari inovharwa kubva kuhurumende yorudzi. Uku kudzorwa kunobvumira mitemo kugadzirirwa kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nepo zvichichengeta mipimo yenyika kupfurikidza nomutemo uye kutsigira mari.

MuFinland, somuenzaniso, manisiparati anopfuura 300 anotarisira tarisiro huru nedzidzo, nehurumende ichivimbisa kuva nomwero kupfurikidza negadziriro yokuenzana. Kuchinja kwemisi yeDenmark kwazvino uno kwakabatanidza 271 vamiririri vakaenzana kuva mapoka makuru 98 okuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka nepo vachichengeta udzori hwomunzvimbomo. Iyi dzikamo pakati poutarisiri hwepakati nedzoro romunzvimbomo chiratidzo cheNordic idzoro yemuteshi wehurumende.

Zviratidzo Zvenzanga: Hurumende yeNordic Welfare

Chimiro chegarikano cheNordic chinowanzorondedzerwa se “mupasi rose” uye“ kugadziriswa” kunoreva kuti kusvika kumabasa anokosha ikodzero yokuva mugari wemo, kwete kutsamira pakuwana mari yomusika. Hwaro hwaro inheyo yebatano yenzanga: munhu ari wose anogovera mukuwirirana namano nebetsero mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa. Ikoku kunotsigirwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero inofambira mberi, mitero (VAT), uye mipiro yavashandirwi.

Kutarisira Utano Kwomunyika Yose

Nyika dzose dzeScandinavia dzinogovera tarisiro yezvoutano inotsigirwa pachena yakasununguka zvikuru papfundo rokushandisa. Mitemo inobhadharwa mutero, nezvinobhadharwa nemurwere nokuda kwemimwe mibato (mutoo, mazino, mirimo inonyorwa nachiremba) asi ine kepisi dzegore negore dzokudzivirira ndyiko dzine ngwavaira. Norway, somuenzaniso, inonyudza ndyiko dzezvokurapa panenge 2 500 NORK (Z $230) pagore. Upenyu munzvimbo yacho hunotarisirwa makore anopfuura 82, uye mwero yokufa kwevacheche iri pakati penyika yose.

Kutarisira utano kunosiyana - siyana: Denmark neNorway dzakaita kuti gadziriro dzoutano dzenyika; Sweden neFinland dzinoshandisa mubatanidzwa wemadare enyika nenzvimbo dzinogara zvivako. Pasinei zvapo nokusiyana kwemapurani, migumisiro yacho yakaisvonaka nguva dzose, sezvinoyerwa neOECD Health pamishumo yeGlance.

Dzidzo Yakasununguka Nefundo Youpenyu Hwose

Dzidzo inobva kuchikoro chepuraimari kusvikira kuyunivhesiti yakasununguka munyika dzose dzeScandinavia. MuFinland, Sweden, uye Denmark, dzidzo yepamusoro haisanganisi mibhadharo yemari yokudzidza nokuda kwavadzidzi vomumba neEU/EEA, nepo Norway yakambopa vadzidzi vose vemarudzi ose basa rapachena (pamberi pezvikurukurupo vanotanga kupiwa mitero yevadzidzi vasiri vaEU). Simbiso yacho iri pakuenzana kwomukana: pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu emhuri, mwana ari wose anogona kusvika kurudzi rumwe cheterwo rwedzidzo.

Nyika yacho inogara ichingova nenzvimbo huru yePISA mukuverenga, masvomhu, uye sayenzi, pasinei nokuti inoshandisa mari shoma pane dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira.

Inishuwarenzi Yenzanga Nebasa Rinoshanda Zvikuru

Hurumende yegarikano inogovera dziviriro yemari muupenyu hwose: betsero dzavana, zororo ravabereki (kusvikira kuvhiki 68 rinobhadharwa muSweden), inishuwarenzi yourovha, betsero dzokurwara, mudyandigere wevapundasi yokuremara, uye mari inobhadharwa yachembera. Rupo rwakawanda (hwusingashandisi mari inotsiva 60-80% yemari yakawanwa kare kwenguva yakati, nemigariro inoda kutsvaka basa nokutora rutivi mupurogiramu dzokurovedza.

Mitemo yemibato yebasa inoshanda idivi rakakomba. Hurumende dzinoshandisa zvikuru mukurovedzazve, mabasa okupinza basa, uye kubhadhara mari kuti dzibetsere marovha kuva vashandi. “kushanda kwapanyika. ” Mutezo weDenmark unobatanidza kurovha kwakapfava nokupfura nechengeteko yemari inotambirwa uye mipimo yebasa. Uku kuita kwakachengeta mwero yourovha yakaderera zvikuru (sezvikurukuru 4-6%) nepo kuchengeta simba ravashandi rakakwirira, zvikurukuru pakati pavakadzi navashandi vakura.

Kuenzana Kwenzanga Nokutsigira Kusina Kufanira

Gadziriro dzegarikano dzeScandinavia dzakagadzirirwa zvakajeka kuderedza kusaenzana. Kupfurikidza nemitero inofambira mberi nokutamiswa kworupo, Gini cobagiency (mwero wokusaenzana kwemari) munyika dzakadai seSweden neNorway iri munenge 0.25-0.27, zvichienzaniswa na0.39 muUnited States uye 0.35 muUnited Kingdom. Kuwedzera kumari inotambirwa, hurumende yegarikanwa inosimudzira kuva nomwero wavanhukadzi kupfurikidza nokutarisira vana kwapapo, zororo ravabereki rine rupo, uye mitemo zvinokurudzira vanababa kugoverana mitoro yokutarisira.

Muuyo hausati uri bedzi kubudirira kwezvinhu zvokunyama asiwo mwero yakakwirira yechivimbo chenzanga nemwero yakaderera youtsotsi. World Happiness Report inoisa nguva dzose Finland, Denmark, Iceland, uye Sweden pakati pamarudzi mashanu anofara zvikurusa, ichidudza zvirongwa zvetsigiro yenzanga yakasimba nokushaikwa kunorangarirwa kwouori.

Nzwisiso Dzinoenzaniswa: Kusiyana Pakati Penyika dzeNordic

Paigoverana nheyo dzapakuvamba, nyika imwe neimwe yeScandinavia yakatanga mitoo yakasiyana yakaumbwa nenhau, pfuma, uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Norway: Hurumende Yepasi Rinogadzirwa Namafuta

Hukuru hweoiri yeNorway, yakawanikwa muma1960, yakatarisirwa nePublic Fund yePension Global (zvino inopfuura $7,7,000,000). Iyi mari inodzorwa inobvumira Norway kuti ishande purogiramu dzezvemari apo inenge ichibhadharira nokuda kwemitengo yamangwana. Nyika ine GDP hurusa pamunhu pamunhu munzvimbo yacho uye inozvirumbidza mari yemunhu yeInformation Index yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika yose (0.96666 sa202). Gastora rendiga yeNorway rine muenzaniso wemitemutengo wemari inoiswa mari yeseimo, mari inowedzerwa nemari inotambirwa pabasa, uye mari inobhadha inotesa mari inodiwa pabasa. Zvisinei, kudarika mari yemafuta inoita kuti mari ishandiswe munyika yose.

Finland: Kuvandudza uye Dzidzo Kutanga

Kushaiwa upfumi hwomusikirwo, Finland yakaisa mari yakawanda mudzidzo noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu pashure peHondo yeNyika II. Muuyo wacho imari yakakura inotungamirirwa namakambani akadai seNokia (uye zvino mhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zvinotanga zvinobudirira). Muenzaniso wezvegarikano yeFinland unosimbisa miitiro yebasa inoshingaira, uye rudzi rwakaedza mari yavose (UBI) mumari inotanhanhanhatu yendege kubva muna 2017-2018. Kuedza kwakawana kuti vagamuchiri vakashumwa vanobudirira zvikuru uye miuyo iri nani kupfuura boka rokudzora. Finland yakavandudzawo gadziriro yayo yezvoutano nemibato yenzanga (SOTE) kuwiriranisa tarisiro nokuderedza mutengo, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwave kwakaoma.

Sweden: Hurumende yeArchemont Universal Welfare

Mutengo weSweden unowanzorangarirwa kuva mukurusa. Inogovera zororo ravabereki rakakura (mazuva 480 pamwana mumwe), kutarisirwa kwavana kwakanyanyisa (inenge 1-3% yemari inowanwa), uye dzidzo yapachena yeyunivhesiti. Nyika ine chiverengero chakakwirira chemitero kusvikira kuGDP (inenge 42%), asi kugamuchirwa kwavose kunoramba kwakasimba. Sweden inewo tsika refu yecorporatism pakati pemibatanidzwa yebasa, masangano evashandi, uye hurumende yokugadza mibayiro nemitengo yemisha. Zvinetso zvinobatanidza kubatanidza vatamiki vazhinji, kuchengeta mari yedzimba, uye kukurukura utsotsi hunokwira mudzimba dzinoshamba.

Denmark: Flexicurity uye Chikamu Chiduku

“ Rukudzo rweDenmark rwekushanda kwakakwirira” itsika inodzorwa: vashandirwi vanogona kubhadhara nokupfura nemirairo mishomanene (kusashaikwa), nepo betsero dzourovha nepurogiramu dzokurovedza dzinoshingaira zvichigovera chengeteko. Iyi mubatanidzwa wakachengeta mari yeDenmark ine simba nemwero wayo wokushanda yakakwirira (munenge 75%). Denmark garikano haisati yava norupo zvikuru mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoenzaniswa neSweden, asi mabasa avose anoshanda zvakanaka. Nyika inewo chikamu chavose chavose chakaisvonaka, namabasa akawanda anowanika paindaneti. Denmark inotarisana nevemindsveries asi inochengeta kuchengetwa kwemari inodzorwa kupfurikidza nepenjeni uye mari yakasimba.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Pasinei nokubudirira kwadzinoita, nyika dzeScandinavia hadzisi kudzivirirwa padzvinyiriro.

Kukwegura Kwevanhu uye Kuchengeteka Kwevashoma

Kufanana nenyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, Scandinavia yakatarisana nenhamba yenhamba yechenjedzo yechembere. Chiverengero chekutsamira pamunhu wekare (vanhu 65+ pa100 pabasa) chinofungidzirwa kukwira kubva pa 30 kusvika pa45 kusvikira ku2050 mune dzimwe nyika. Iyi mhando yepenjeni, tarisiro youtano, uye kutarisira kwavakuru. Kuchinja kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nhambo yokurega basa (mh., tsika yeSweden inobatanidza mari yepeni yemari kunduramo youpenyu), uye nyika dzakawanda dziri kuwedzera kutora rutivi rwamabasa pakati pavashandi vakura. Mari yepamusoro yeNorway inopa mari yokubhadhara mari, asi mamwe marudzi anofanira kuvimba nemitero yakakwira kana kuti anobetserwa.

Kutamira Kumwe Nokutamira Kumwe

Scandinavia yakagamuchira vatami vakawanda, kubatanidza vatsvaki voutiziro vanobva munzvimbo dzinorwisana uye vatami vanoshanda muEU. Kupinda munyika dzinoshandira kwakaratidza kuva kwakaoma, nemwero yakaderera yebasa uye migumisiro yedzidzo pakati pemamwe mapoka avatami. Sweden, iyo yakagamuchira nhamba huru yevapoteri muna 2015, ine mitemo yekuvanda yakasimba uye yakatanga zvimwe zvinodiwa zvokurovedza mutauro uye kutungamirira vanhu. Denmark yakagamuchira mimwe mitemo yokusapinda munyika muEurope, nepo Finland neNorway yakanyanya kuisa pfungwa papurogiramu dzebasa rokubatanidza vanhu. Kubatsiranakisa vanhu nesangano renzanga kunoramba kuri chinyorwa chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwemari Nokudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose

Kuchinja kwokuva nezivo, kushandira, uye makwikwi enyika yose kunoparira dzvinyiriro pamaindasitiri egamuchidzanwa nezvivako zvemabasa. Nyika dzeScandinavia dzakashandisa zvikuru magetsi nesayenzi yegirini. Kubudirira kweFinland mumavambo akasimba ezvoruzivo neSweden (zvikurukuru, Spoifyd, Klarna) kunoratidza kuchinjika. Zvisinei, kuramba uchiwana garikano yorupo kunoda kuwanda uye kuzviisa pasi kwemitero.

Kuchengetedza Mari Inoshandiswa Nevanhu

Mitero yakawanda inogona kubvisa basa nokuisa mari mubhizimisi kana kuti kuisa mari mubhizimisi. Hurumende dzeScandinavia dzakadavidza nokuderedza mitero inobhadharwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya dzichiwedzera mitero. Somuenzaniso, Sweden yakaderedza mwero wayo wemitero yemapazi muna 2020, uye Denmark ine mwero wemitero yemakambani (220%) pasinei zvapo nemitero yakakwirira. Chinokosha ndechokuti vagari vemo vari kuramba vachivimba nehurumende jeri kana kuti kusashandisa zvakanaka mitero. Kuwedzera kudzora mitero kunoderedza.

Kudzora Kwemadhigirii Nekwenguva Yemberi

Scandinavia iri pamberi pebumbiro rehurumende. Estonia inowanzodudzwa, asi nyika dzeNordic dzinotungamirirawo. Denmark inogovera bhokisi remitemo remitemo yemarobhoti yemitemo (e-Boks) nokuda kwekurukurirano yapamutemo; BankID yeSweden inoita kuti ikwanise kuzivikanwa zvakanaka neredhisiki; Finland ine jingi rorudzi re “MyKanta”. Mitemo inoderedza ndyiko dzezvoutano, inowedzera kujeka, uye inoita kuti ive nyore kuvagari vemo kupinda mumibato yematuro. Nheyo yenguva yemberi inobatanidza kupiwa kwebasa renguva yemberi (um.g., kuberekwa, kusununguka) uye kugovera dzidzo yeUFO.

Mugumisiro: Zvidzidzo Zvinobva Muzvakaitika kuNordic

Kusvika kwokudzora kwenyika dzeScandinavia kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nemienzaniso yadzo yegarikano. Kujeka kunobatanidza gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunogovera kuva kwapamutemo nedzikamo inodikanwa kuchengeta mitero yakakwirira nebetsero dzapose pose. Kupiwa kwebasa kwakarongwa kunovimbisa kugamuchira, nepo miitiro yemibato yebasa inoshingaira inoita kuti upfumi hurambe huchishanda. Mufananidzo weNordic hausati uri kurwisana nokugara zvakanaka kwemari, mari, uye zvinetso zvenzanga zvinobvira kupfuurira uye kuchinjika kunoshamisa.

Nokuda kwamamwe marudzi, chinhu chikuru hachisati chiri pamusoro pokuenzanisa udzame huri hwose asi kunzwisisa nheyo huru: kuvaka chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuoneka, kuisa mudzimbahwe rohunhu, kusimudzira kubatana kwenzanga, uye kuchengeta gadziriro yakapfava inogona kushanduka - shanduka nenguva dzinochinja. Chinoitika cheScandinavia chinoratidzira kuti kunobvira kubatanidza makwikwi ezvemari nemitemo yenzanga, kuchipa chiono chinosunda nokuda kwenguva yemberi yokudzora negarikano.

Zviwanikwa zvokuwedzera kurava: ECD yemienzaniso yeNordic [[FT:1], Trapy yeInternational Uorition Perceptions Index, [[FLT]STATES Norway pamusoro pemitemo yemitengo yemarikero yebasa yebhizimisi[, uye World Mushumo womufarwa wenyika .