Apo vagari vemo vanotungamirira kunzvero, mitemo inoshandura vhoti dzavo muzvigaro padare kana kuti paramende mativi ose ehurumende inovapo. Chisarudzo pakati Propocationation (PR) uye [[FLT]]] Nhevedzo-Zvose [WTA) — pane dzimwe nguva inonzi kutanga-pashure-post — inosarudza kuti mapato mazhinji ane kutaura kwakadini, kuti bazu gurukota rakatsigiro rakatsiginyirira sei, uye kunyange kuti manzwirei anoitwa. Kunyange zvazvo masangano ose ari maviri akashandiswa kwamazana amazana amakore, miuyo chaiyo inoitiranwa nharo namasayendisiti ezvematongerw enyika, marutsiri, masangano ezvokusarudza, uye magadzirirwo ezvo. Kunzwisisa aya mapoka haangoriwo ose ari basa rokushanda nokuda kwedzidzo dzoudzose.

Nyaya ino inopa kuenzanisa kukuru PR neWTA, kufukidza makambani, kubuda kwemibato yebhizimisi, uye miuyo zvakacherekedzwa munyika dzakagamuchira mutoo mumwe nomumwe. Panosvika mugumo, uchashongedzerwa kuyera kuti igadziriro ipi ingabatira zviri nani mipimo yakapiwa yenzanga kana kuti kukwanisa kuumba hurumende yechienzi, ine chikamu chimwe.

Chii Chiri Mufananidzo Wamashoko?

Pakati pezvikamu izvi, Propogational Idrectoration imhuri ine gadziriro dzevavhoti vakarongerwa kuisa zvigaro mudare remitemo pamwero wakashata kugoverano yamavhoti anogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe kana kuti muvhoti. Somuenzaniso, kana boka rikahwina 30% yevhoti yorudzi, rinogona kukarira inenge 30% yezvigaro. Nharidzano yakajeka ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti mutumbi wewindikiro unoratidzira mhatsa yezvamatongerwe enyika yavavhoti savanogona kuwanikwa.

Miitiro yePR inoshandiswa munyika dzinopfuura 80, kubatanidza yakawanda yeEurope, Latin America, uye mativi eAfrica neAsia. Mitemo yakananga inosiana zvikuru, asi mibato mizhinjisa inowira mumapoka makuru maviri: rata PR nevhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV).

Kuratidzwa kwezvirongwa

Mugadziriro yePR, vavhoti vanosarudza mubato panzvimbo pomuvhoti mumwe nomumwe (kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhambo dzichibvumira kuvhota nokuda kwomutengi mukati meruvara rwebato). Zvikamu zvinopa ndaza yakaro yakarongwa yavada kutevedzerwa; pashure pokunge mavhoti averengwa, zvigaro zvinopiwa kubato rimwe nerimwe munhevedzano yemitoo yavo inobvumira, yakavakirwa pagoverano yebato. Gadziriro yacho inogona kuvakirwa panzira hurusasesasesase kana kuti mutoo wedisomhiro wakadai seD’Hondt kana kuti Laguë. D’Hont trandt inotendera masangano makuru zvikuru, nepo Saint - Laguë haitori rutivi.

Nyika dzakadai se Sweden, Norway, neSpain dzinoshandisa ndaza PR nemativi akawanda. MuSweden, Riksdag ine mitezo 349 yakasarudzwa kubva pa 29 contituences, uye boka rinofanira kuyambuka nzvimbo yenyika ye4% kuti riwane zvigaro. Chikumbariso chinodzivisa mapoka maduku anonyanyisa kupinda paramende nepo achiri kubvumira rudzi rwakafara rwemireza.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV ishanduro yapakati yePR. Voters vadairwi munhevedzano yedaviro, uye zvigaro zvinozadzwa pahuwandu hwedanho. Vanopfuura chiverengero chinosarudzwa; vhoti dzakasara dzinoendeswa kumunhu anotevera anodiwa, uye muitiro wacho unopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa. Sangano rinopa vavhoti udzori hukuru pamusoro pokuti vanhu vanosarudzwa, panzvimbo pemapati chete.

STV inoshandiswa muIreland nokuda kweparamende yayo yenyika (Dáil Éireann), muMalta, uye nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo muScotland neNew Zealand. Chimwe chesimba rayo ndechekuti inoderedza “mavhoti ” — mabhora anokandwa nokuda kwavadaviri vasina kusarudzwa — asi muitiro wokuverenga wakaoma zvikuru kupfuura uzhinji hwakapfava. Kunzvera kunoitwa ne Electoral Reform Society[ kunoratidza kuti STV inokombamira kuita miuyo inowirirana zvikuru apo inochengeta chinzwano yakasimba pakati pavamiriri vavo nenzvimbo.

Zvimwe Zvakasiyana - siyana

Zvigaro zvakaiswa panzvimbo yemapato. Zvigaro zvinoshandiswa kururamisa kusarudza kupi nokupi kweruwa. Germany, New Zealand, uye Scotland zvinoshandisa MMP segadziriro yemichero yakaparadzana,

Chii Chinotora Mutambo Wose?

Muruwa rumwe norumwe, muvhoti mukuru anowana chigaro — kunyange kana kuwanda ikoko kuri kupfuvura ruzhinji. Muruwa rumwe norumwe muiti mutsva munenge musina mutsigiri mumwe chete. Kuhwina mumwe chete paruwa anobvumirwa; mamwe mavhoti ose anoraswa zvinobudirira nokuda kwokumiririra ruwa irworwo.

Iyi gadziriro inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom (yapaImba yeCommons), United States (yavamiririri nedzimba zhinjisa dzehurumende), Canada, India, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzine nhaka yeBritain. Urefu hwadzo hunoparirwa zvikuru nounyoro hwadzo nekombamiro yahwo yokuparira hurumende dzakatsiga.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha

  • maruwa ane mitezo imwe: Nharaunda imwe neimwe inosarudza chaizvoizvo mumiriri mumwe.
  • murairo wetsika: Rukundo runoda bedzi rimwe vhoti kupfuura mumhanyi, kwete voruzhinji chose chose (50%+1).
  • Kuvhota:[[FLT: 1] Kazhinji kazhinji kunofanira kusiya chisarudzo chavo chechokwadi chokutanga kudzivisa “kuvhota] pamubhadhari asina bviro, kuchitungamirira kuchinoitika chinozivikanwa soMutemo waDuverger — kombamiro yemiitiro mizhinji yokuparira makwikwi maviri ane mativi.
  • Chikwerete chinohwina: Mubato unowana kazhinji kazhinji unogamuchira zvigaro zvakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kugoverana kwaro kunodeya kutaura. Muna 2019 sarudzo yehurumende yeCanada, Liberal Party yakawina 33% yevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika asi yakachengetwa 47% yezvigaro, ichipa hurumende hurusa.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: PR vs WTA

Chisarudzo pakati pePR neWTA chinobatanidza zvikamu zvikuru zvebhizimisi zvinotapura mumiriri, mutungamiriri, uye muvhoti. Hapana gadziriro yakakwana; imwe neimwe inopfuura mumativi akati apo inokundikana mumamwe.

Mufananidzo Nokushandiswa

PR inopfuura pakushandura mavhota muzvigaro zvakafanana. Mapati maduku — akadai segirini, vagari vemari, kana kuti mapoka mashoma edzinza — anowanzowina zvigaro pasi pePR, nepo vakatopfigirwa pasi peWTA. Somuenzaniso, Green Party yeGermany yagara pazvigaro muBundestag kwemakumi emakore, nepo Green Party yeUnited States isina kumbowana nzvimbo muCongress. MuPreast WTA, boka rinowana 15% yevhota yorudzi munzira inowanzoparadzirwa ringawana zvigaro zvezero; pasi pePR, raizowina 15% yezvigaro.

Vashomanene vedzinza nenzvimbo vanobetserwawo nePR. muIndia, gadziriro yeFPTP yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusapa chiremera chechi duku mudzimwe nyika, nepo gadziriro dzePR dzakafanana neiyo iri muSouth Africa (inoshandiswa nokuda kwegungano rayo rorudzi) dzakabetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mapoka akasiana - siana edzinza nemitauro enyika yacho ane inzwi.

Kuchengeteka Kwehurumende

WTA ine betsero yakajeka apo inouya kukuumba hurumende dzakatsiga, dzine chikamu chimwe. Nemhaka yokuti mapoka maviri anodzora muuzhinji, mumwe anowanzowana ruzhinji rwezvigaro kunyange ne 40-45% bedzi yavhoti. Hurumende iyoyo inogona kupfuudza mutemo pasina kukurukurirana nevakwanyina vakabatana. MuPR, mibatanidzwa itsika. Nepo mibatanidzwa inogona kuva yakatsiga — semuGermany kana kuti muNetherlands — inogonawo kuva isina kusimba. Italy yakawana hurumende 61 pakati pa 1946 na 2020 mugadziriro yokuwedzera kuenzana, kunyange zvazvo masangano azvinosarudzwa munguva pfupi yapfuura akaunza kugadzikana kukuru.

Zvisinei, chibvumikiso chokudzikama chinogura nzira dzose dziri mbiri. Hurumende dzine chikamu chimwe dzingava dzakatsiga, asi dzinogonawo kuva dzisingagamuchiri kumativi makuru avagari vemo. Vari kuhwina voruzhinji vane 48% yevhoti inotonga sokunge ine murairo kubva ku 100% yavanhu. PR inobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uko kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo inoraira kubvumira kwakafara kunyange kana muitiro wacho uchishatisa.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Nzvero dzinokarakadza kuti muvhoti anowanzova akakwirira zvikuru mumasangano ePR, zvikurukuru pakati pavatsigiri vemapati maduku. MuWTA, vavhoti vazhinji vanonzwa kuti mavoki avo haana basa kana vachigara muchigaro chakakotsekana umo boka rimwe rinokunda. MuPR, nhamba dzose dzinovhota kuhwerengedzwa kwebato, kuwedzera pfungwa yevagari vemo yokubudirira. Mukuwirirana ne data inobva kuInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assional Intective[, avhareji inovhota muPR inenge 72%, ichienzaniswa ne 65% munyika dzakawanda, inodzora zvimwe zvinhu.

Kuzvidavirira Kwavamiriri

WTA inopa batano yakasimba yenzvimbo yapasi: ruwa rwuri rwose rune mumiriri mumwe anozivikanwa uyo anogona kunzi anozvidavirira nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo. Gadziriro dzePR dzinowanzonetesa iyi wirirano nemhaka yokuti vatendi vanosarudzwa munhevedzano dzebato panzvimbo penzvimbo dzakati. STV neMMP dzinogona kudzikamisa zvose zviri zviviri kumirira nokuzvidavirira, asi ndaza PR inoratidzika kuva yakaneta zvikurusa muna ikoku. Voter angasaziva kuti ndiani “apori", zvikurukuru mumaruwa makuru.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nendyiko

WTA nenzira isingarambwi yakapfava zvikuru nokuda kwavavhoti uye nokuda kwavatungamiriri vesarudzo. Vavhoti mazita, vavhoti vanosarudza mumwe, uye muwani wevhoti mukuru. Mitemo yePR inowanzoda maruwa makuru zvikuru (mubatanidzwa), kuoma zvikuru kurangarira maalgratimendi, uye dzidzo yakawanda nokuda kwavavhoti. Ndaza PR inoda vavhoti kuti vasaruki vanzwisise kuti zvirongwa zvinoshanda sei; SSTV inoda nzvimbo yakakwirira. Zvisinei, kana vavhoti vajati vajaira haiwanzova mhingani. Kushandiswa kwokushandisa PR kuvhotarusarudzo kunogona kuva kukuru zvikuru nemhaka yemapepa makuru zvikuru uye kuverenga mativi akawanda, asi dzimwe ndyiko dzinopesana dzinopfumiswa nebetsero dzemireza inogamuchirwa.

Fundo Yevatabheri: PR Mukurovedza

New Zealand: Kubudirira

Perhaps the best modern example of a country deliberately switching from WTA to PR is New Zealand. In 1993, after decades of FPTP, New Zealanders voted in a referendum to adopt MMP — a mixed proportional system. The change transformed the political landscape. Where previously the National and Labour parties dominated, now several smaller parties — including the Green Party, New Zealand First, and the Māori Party — regularly hold seats and often participate in coalition governments.

Chiratidzo chakavandudzika zvikuru. Mupasi peFPTP, kusarudzwa kwa1990 kwakapa National 47% yevhoti asi 69% yezvigaro. Mupasi peMMP, kusarudzwa kwa2020 kwakapa Labour 50% yevhoti uye 65 yezvigaro 120, mugumisiro wakakura zvikuru. Kugutsikana kwakawedzerawo: nzvero dzinoratidza kuti muNew Zealand ma3 maviri zvino vanosarudza MMP kutsika yekare. Kutsiga kwehurumende dzemibatanidzwa kwave kwakanaka kazhinji kazhinji, kunyange zvazvo kwave kune nhambo dzekurukurirano dzakaoma.

Sweden: Kubudirira Kunowirirana

Sweden inoshandisa ndaza yePR ine 29 dzemitezo mizhinji ne 4% chikumbaridzo chorudzi. Muuyo wacho iparamende (Riksdag) iyo inogara nguva dzose mapoka masere kana kuti mapfumbamwe. Hurumende dzinodokuva nguva dzose mabatanidzwa kana kuti hurumende shomanene dzinotsamira patsigiro inoiswa panzvimbo inodzorwa. Pasinei zvapo nokukamukana uku, Sweden yakafarikanya dzikamo yezvematongerwe enyika yechienzi. Kubvira kuHondo Yenyika II, hurumende dzayo dzave dzichikwanisa kuita chinjo refu mugarikano, dzidzo, uye muitiro wokumwe. Masangano anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, izvo zvinodzikamisa muitiro uye zvinovaka kuva nohuhumbiso.

Kuongorora Vane Mavara: WTA Mumuitiro

United Kingdom: Kududzirwa kwezvikwata

UK’s House of Commons inosarudzwa neFPP mu650 nhengo imwe. Mukusarudza kukurusa, mapoka maviri makurusa — Conservative and Labour — anowina 85-90% yezvigaro, kunyange zvazvo pamwe chete vachiwana 70 ne75% bedzi yavavhoti. Mapati maduku akadai seLiberal Democrates, Green Party, uye Bretit Party ari pasi pe-reved. Somuenzaniso, muna 2015, UK Independence Partion (UKIP) yakawana 70.12% yezvigaro bedzi.2% zvezvigaro zveLiberal Democrals, Green Party.

Kupesana uku kwakaita kuti pave nechido chokuchinja zvinhu. 2011 appendium panhau yokuchinja kuVite (gadziriro yezvokugarisana, kwete PR) yakarambwa, asi kupesana kwacho kunopfuurira.

Canada: Kusawirirana kwenharaunda

Gadziriro yeFPTP yeCanada inoita misiano yakajeka yenharaunda. Vamba vanogona kudzora nharaunda negoverano duku yevhoti yenyika. Mukusarudza kwa 2021 kwehurumende, Consorvative Party yakawina 33.7% yevhoti asi yakawana zvigaro 119 (35.5%), nepo Bloc Québécois, nepo boka raBécois rakahwina 7.6% revhoti asi zvigaro 32 (9.5%) nemhaka yokuti tsigiro yaro yaro yakaiswa muQuebec. Green Par yakawana 2,3% yezvigaro asi zvigaro 2 bedzi. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti WTA inogona sei kumativi ose ari maviri akakwirira uye pasi pezvikamu zvinotsigira nokutsigira. Maruwa akawanda eCanada akaedza nekosipidhiro yokuchinja, asi haana kugamuchirwa pamwero mukuru wehurumende.

Utsanana Husina Kuoma uye Maitiro Okutsiva

Hadzisi gadziriro dzose dzezvirongwa zvokusarudza dzinopindirana zvakanaka nePR vs WTA pill.

  • Maraiti maviri (Ruyamu): anoshandiswa muFrance nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi neparamende. Kana pasina mutendi anohwina voruzhinji mudenderedzwa rokutanga, maviri okumusoro kutenderera kwechipiri. Ikoku kunokomba kuita kuti vawinwi vazhinji asi kunogona kukanganisa kuenzana. Hakurangarirwi PR.
  • Alternitive Vote (AV) / Kamwe-kamwe irroff: Vamiririri vezvikwata; kana pasina munhu anowana voruzhinji, mutsigiri wokupedzisira anobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinochinjwa. AV igadziriro yezvikepe zvikuru, kwete inonatsiridza FPPP kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti muwiridziridzi ane tsigiro huru. Inoshandiswa muAustralia nokuda kweImba yavamiriri.
  • Mixed-MMber Majoritarian (MMMM):[[FLM:1] SaMMP asi zvigaro zvendaza hazvitsivi kushata; zvakafanana. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma nemiuyo mishoma. Japan neMexico dzinoshandisa MMM.

Musanganiswa mumwe nomumwe unoedza kubata dzimwe dzebetsero dzenyika dzose dziri mbiri — kumirira kwomunzvimbomo pamwe chete nokuenzana kana kuti kuwanda kunodzora nechisarudzo chomuvhoti.

Kusarudza Pakati pePR neWTA

Chisarudzo chokuti igadziriro ipi yokushandisa chinotsamira pazvinoiswa pakutanga munzanga. Kana itiro hanya huru iri kuva nechokwadi chokuti nhau dzevhoti dzomugari woga woga uye kuti mutezo wedare wemitemo uratidze muvhoti, PR chisarudzo chine mufungo. Kana hurumende imwe inotora rutivi, kuzvidavirira kwakajeka, uye mabhoraworo zvakapfava zviripo zvingava zvakanakisisa.

Ubati ushe hwehurumende huzhinji hwakachinja gadziriro dzahwo mukupindura kuzvikanganiso zvinorangarirwa kuva. New Zealand neSouth Africa dzinogamuchirwa PR; France inoshandisa gadziriro ine mativi maviri; UK yakakurukura chinjo kwamakumi amakore. Muitiro muhurumende itsva dzinosarudzwa navanhu — zvakadai seidzo muEastern Europe pashure pa 1989 — wave uri kuPR, asi hakuna mishonga yenyika yose.

Kwakafanirawo kucherekedza kuti PR inogona kugadzirirwa kuderedza utera hwayo: zvinodikanwa zvechikumbaridzo (sezvikamu 4% kana kuti 5%) kudzivisa mapato maduku akatsemuka kupinda muparamende, uye murongi akazaruka kana kuti mativi eSTV anochengeta chisarudzo chomuvhoti pakati pavadaviri. Nenzira yakafanana, WTA inogona kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nokushandisa maruwa makuru ane mitezo mizhinji kana kuti kuabatanidza nemutinhimira, kunyange zvazvo izvo zvinosvika tsika yakasiana chose chose.

mhedziso

Proportgational Isystation and Wern-Fokes inomirira uzivi huviri hwakasiana zvikuru hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. PR inoisa ratidziro yakarurama yezvisarudzo zvomuvhoti, kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko dzehurumende yakapfava neyakakomba. WTA inoisa mipimo mitsva yavakundi vakajeka nehurumende dzakasimba, kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko yemireza mishomanene nebvumirano yakafara. Hakuna tsika imwe neimwe yakakwana; inoparira kurasikirwa pamwe chete navawirira. Gadziriro yakanakisisa nokuda kworudzi rupipi nerwupi norwupi norupi runotsamira patsika yarwo, dzinza, mhatsano yetsika, uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwenhau.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mamakanika, betsero, uye mhinganidzo dzezvose zviri zviviri PR neWTA, vagari vemo navaiti vemiitiro vanogona kubatanidzwa noungwaru zvikuru munharo pamusoro pokuchinja kwezvisarudzo. Kana nyika ichinamatira negadziriro yayo yazvino kana kuti inosarudza kuchinja, nharidzano hurusa inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: chirongwa chokudzora icho chiri zvose zviri zviviri chinoshanda nechapamutemo mumaziso aavo vanobatira.