Gadziriro inheyo inokosha mugadziriro yemitemo inovimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka kupfurikidza negadziriro yedare. Iko ibwe rinokosha mukuchengetedza kodzero dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu pamabasa ehurumende. Kunzwisisa nzira yakafanira inokosha kuvadzidzisi nevadzidzi, zvikurukuru pakukurukura kukosha kwemiedzo isina ruramisiro. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu chisina pamutemo, uye chinobatira secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende. MuUnited States, muitiro wakafanira unodzorwa muFind 5 ne14th Amend Refemendments, asi midzi yayo inopfuudza kudzokera kumutemo weChirungu. Nyaya inopfuurevedza rondedzero, dzidzo yenhau, kuvamba, kuteverwa, uye zvinetso zvomunguva ino nokuda kwegadziriro yebasa, kugovera chirongwa chavose yehurumende chirongwa chepamutemo nokuda kwomumwe munhu ari wose anotsvaka kutsanangura pfungwa yepamutemo.

Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Pachikamu chayo chikuru, muitiro wakafanira unonongedzera kuchinodikanwa chapamutemo chokuti hurumende inofanira kuremekedza maruramiro ose apamutemo akafanirwa nomunhu. Shoko racho rinooneka muFindrefer, iro rinoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, uye Iwenath Amendment, iyo inotambanudza chinodikanwa kuhurumende. Findtext inotaura kuti hakuna munhu achave "arevetwa woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Iwewewe naMamineth Amendment unoshandisa mutauro wakafanana kusungira nyika. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinoumba uriri hwemitemo pasi pezviito zvehurumende zvisingagoni kuwira. Muitiro wakakodzera hausati uri mutengidzo wakatemwarati; panzvimbo pezvo, ipfungwa inochinjika inochinjika kumamiriro ezvinhu enhau imwe neimwe, kudika Hurumende inoda kurwisana nekodzero dzavanhu.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinokamura kazhinji kazhinji muitiro unodikanwa kuva mapoka makuru maviri: muitiro wakafanira nomuitiro wakafanira. Projectedicicic yenzira yakafanira [ ine chokuita nemitoo nenhano hurumende inofanira kutevera isati yatorera mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Inoda maruramiro eruramisiro, mukana wokunzwiwa, uye mugadziri asina chiziva. SSBUBTSTANS, kupfurikidza nokupesana, kudzivirira maruramiro akati makuru ehurumende pakudzongonyedza, kunyange kana miitiro inoshandiswa yakakwana. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro akadaro ougaro, kuva mubereki, uye zvose zviri zviviri. Masangano anokosha kunzwisiswa sei mukushanda kwazvino.

Kukosha Kwekugadzirira Miedzo Yakanaka

Muitiro wakafanira unokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti miedzo inoitiswa zvakanaka uye nenzira yakarurama. Inogovera gadziriro inodzivirira maruramiro omupomerwi uye inovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inoitirwa. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, gadziriro yapamutemo ingava inodzvinyirira uye inoparira. Mativi makuru anotevera anoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira unobetsera sei kumiedzo yakarurama:

  • Kurudyi kuApicure Heart Heach: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vane maruramiro okupa mhaka yavo pamberi pedare risingasaruri. Ikoku kunobatanidza banza rokudana zvapupu, zvapupu zvinopikisana, uye kupa ufakazi.
  • Kupa uchapupu hweIncince: vanhu vanopomerwa vasina mhaka kutozosvikira vabvumikiswa kuva vane mhaka kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Iyi nheyo inochinja mutoro weufakazi kuvaropodzi.
  • Vadziviriri vane maruramiro okumirira pamutemo mukati mokutonga kwavo. Nokuda kwaavo vasingagoni kuwana gweta, hurumende inofanira kugovera rimwe(a rakarurama rakasimbiswa mu Gideon v. Wainwright (63).
  • Kutonga kwePublic: Miedzo inofanira kuva yakazarukira vanhu kuva nechokwadi chokuona nokuzvidavirira. Kutonga kwapachivande kunorambidzwa muPession yechitanhatu.
  • [ Kurukira: Vanhu vanogona kudenha chisarudzo kana vakadavira kuti pane chikanganiso mumuitiro wokuedza. Ikoku kunogovera utariri kururamisa zvikanganiso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Akarurama Kupokana neZvapupu:[[[FLT: 1] The Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutarisana navapomeri vazvo, kuchidzivisa chipupuriro chisingazivikanwi.
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakuzviparadzanisa: Pedzisimendi yeshanu inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anogona kumanikidzwa kuzvipupurira, kodzero inodzivirira pakureurura kwokumanikidza.

Iyi dziviriro haisati iripo pasina chinhu. Inoshanda pamwe chete kuparira gadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuderedza zvitendero zvisina kururama ndokuchengeta chivimbo chavose mudare. Somuenzaniso, mubatanidzwa wokurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka nekodzero yokupa zano zvinobetsera kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba pakati pomunhu nehurumende. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, miedzo yaizoshaiwa pamutemo uye mutemo waizoparadza.

Zvakaitika Kare Zvinoenderana Nezvaifanira Kuitwa

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira une mavambo makuru enhau. Kunogona kurondwa shure kuMagna Carta muna 1215, iyo yakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu aigona kunyimwa rusununguko pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Mumazana amakore apfuura, iyi nheyo yakashanduka ndokusimbiswazve kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvakasiana - siana zvapamutemo uye dare. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri shongwe yemiitiro yazvino uno yemitemo.

Magna Carta

Magna Carta yakanga iri chinyorwa chakatanhamara chakavanzarika nheyo nokuda kwemiitiro yazvino uno yemitemo. Yakatanga pfungwa yokuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza mambo, aizviisa pasi pomutemo. Iyi yakanga iri nhano inokosha kugadza mutemo nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Nenzira yakare, Chitsauko 39 cheMagna Carta chinozivisa: "Hakuna munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa kwamaruramiro ake kana kuti zvinhu, kana kuti kubviswa kudzorwa, kana kuti kunyimwa kumira kwake mune imwe nzira ipi neipi, kana kuti tisati tichizopfuurira nesimba kumurwisa, kana kuti kutumira vamwe kuita saizvozvo, kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwakaenzana naye kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Chirevo "mutemo wenyika" gare gare gare gare chakashanduka pamutemo.[FT][5] [5]

Mutemo Wavose weEngland neAmerica Yavagari Vemo

Pashure peMagna Carta, mutemo weChirungu wavose wakapfuurira kukudziridza mufungo womuitiro wakafanira. Kukumbira kwared Friight (1628) neChirungu Bill of Rights (1689) zvakasimbisa ganhuriro pasimba roumambo ndokusimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama. Idzi nheyo dzakaendeswa kunzvimbo dzinotongwa neAmerica, uko dzakaoneka mumitemo yehurumende yehurumende nemitemo yenyika. Pashure peChinjo yeAmerica, vavambi vakabatanidza muitiro wakafanira kuva Findth Amendment senformed senchere pahurumende itsva yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kutaura kwokuti "mutomuto wemutemo" kwakatorwa zvakananga kubva kumutemo weEdward III weEdward uyo wakadzokororwazve uye kukudza Magna Carta.

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. neReformation Amendment

MuUnited States, muitiro wakafanira unodudzwa zvakajeka muNhevedzo yeshanu neyegumi namana. Gadziriro yeFindrime, yakagamuchirwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, pakutanga yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChivirn, Irenath Amendment (168) yakatambanudza muitiro waidikanwa kuhurumende. Uku kufutunurwa kwakanga kuchikosha nemhaka yokuti kwakabvumira matare ehurumende kuhwirudzura mitemo yehurumende nezviito izvo zvakanyima vagari vemo kodzero dzavo. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Bhinji reMitemo yeMitemo ye 1449 yeRendement Reformation kubatanidza zvizhinjisaitisodzi dzinozivikanwa sedzinganiswa. Iyi mitoo yokuti hurumende inofanirawo kuremekedza kodzero dzokutaura pachena, kutongwa, dare, uye kudzivirira kusina mufungo pakati pavamwe.

Marudzi Egadziriro Yakafanira

Muitiro wakafanira unogona kuiswa mumarudzi makuru maviri: muitiro wechinhu chimwe chete nemuitiro wakafanira. Rudzi rumwe norumwe runoita basa rakasiyana mukudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga uye runoda kunzvera kwakaparadzana.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Kuratidza kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kuitwa sei kunoreva maitiro uye nzira dzinoshandiswa pakutongwa kwemitemo.

  • Tsinga:[[FLT:] Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanofanira kuziviswa nezvepomero kana kuti zviito pamusoro pavo. Izvozvi zvinofanira kugoverwa nomutoo wakakodzera uye noudzame hwakakwana kubvumira gadziriro.
  • Nhlangano unoda kunzwiwa: Vadziviriri vanofanira kuva nebanza rokupa nhau yavo, kubatanidza kupa ufakazi nenharo, pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asina kutora rutivi.
  • Tribunal: Vaiti vechisarudzo vanofanira kusava nemhosva. Vatongi navatongi nerwisano dzemhindu havagoni kutsiva.
  • Kurudyi kuChibvumikiso Chinoparidzwa: Mapati anofanira kubvumirwa kusuma ufakazi hwakafanira uye zvapupu zvakaipa zveaxistamine.
  • Chisarudzo Chakanyorwa: Mumashoko akawanda akapoteredza, tsananguro yakanyorwa yomuuyo inodikanwa kugonesa hwirudzuro ine revo.

Dare rapamusoro rakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa kupfava nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira mu Mathews v. Elditridge [77]. Kuedza kunoyera zvinhu zvitatu: fariro yomunhu oga padanda, ngozi yokunyimwa kwekanganisika mumiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka. Uku kunzvera kunobvumira matare kugadziridza miitiro kumashoko akapoteredza akajeka(*) somuenzaniso, kupera kwegarika kunoda muitiro mukuru kupfuura raisenzi rezi regi.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba, kune rumwe rutivi, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okutanga padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange apo miitiro inenge yakanaka. Inovimbisa kuti mitemo nemirau hazviputsi kodzero dzevanhu kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Rudzi urwu rwomuitiro wakafanira runowanzobatanidza nhau dzakadai se:

  • Kodzero dzePrivitation: Kodzero yokuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro pokudzivisa kubata pamuviri, mhuri, uye kuva pedyo, sezvinozivikanwa mu Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:3] [1965] uye [FLT] LAWREnce v. Texas
  • maruramiro eroorano naMarurano Emhuri: Kodzero yokuroora, yokugara pamwe chete, uye yokurera vana, yakadzivirirwa mumhaka dzakafanana ne Lovang v. Virginia[ [1967] [[FL]] nabergefell v. Hodges (2015]).
  • Kodzero dzeParents: Kodzero yavabereki yokuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pedzidzo yavana vavo netarisiro dzezvokurapa, inosimbiswa mu Pierce v. Society of Hanzvadzi [ [1925] uye Troxel v. Granville [2000].
  • Autonomy: Kodzero yokuramba kurapwa nokuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pomuviri womunhu amene, zvinosimbiswa mu Cruzan v. Mutungamiriri, Missouri Dzemarike yeUtano (1990) uye [FLT: 4.] Roe v.[[FLT] [7]

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakawanda, nepo vatsigiri vachizviona sezvinokosha kudzivirira rusununguko pakupindira kusina kururama kwehurumende.

Kugadzirira Kunoita

Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei muzvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvoupenyu kunokosha kuti unzwisise revo yawo. Heino mimwe mienzaniso yomuitiro wakafanira mukushandisa mumativi akasiana - siana emitemo:

  • [ Miedzo yoUpamhi: Vadziviriri vanofanira kuziviswa nezvamaruramiro avo nepomero dzinovapomera, uye vane maruramiro kugweta. Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kusingapanikirwi nemufungo, uye vakwirirwi vanogona kuramba vakanyarara, vachitaura nezvapupu, uye kukwirira mhaka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mhaka dzeCivil: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanobatanidzwa mukakavadzano dzavagari vemo vane maruramiro okutonga kwakarurama uye banza rokupa ufakazi. Nepo dzimwe maruramiro etsika asina kudzikamiswa kupfuura muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, muitiro mukuru unoda ngwariro, munzwi, uye mutongi asingasaruri.
  • Administrative Livings: Vanhu vanotarisana nezviito zvehurumende, zvakadai seraisensi, kurambwa, kana kuti kubviswa kwebasa, vane maruramiro okukwikwidza zviito izvozvo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarurama. Somuenzaniso, pamberi pokumisa rezinesi renyanzvi, sangano rinofanira kugovera ziviso nebanza rokunzwa.
  • Chirango chamanyoro: Mu Gos v. Lopez [1975], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chavose vakatarisana nemhetedzo vanofanira kugamuchira chiziviso chinotaurwa kana kuti chakanyorwa chepomero uye mukana wokutsanangura rutivi rwavo.
  • Kutora: Nepo nhau dzokuendesa dziri dzechikwata panzvimbo poutsotsi, matare akarangarira kuti vasiri vagari vane maruramiro akati ebasa akafanira, kubatanidza maruramiro kukutonga uye kumirira (kunyange zvazvo pasina zano rakagadzwa nehurumende muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa).
  • Utano hwematai:[ Kuzvipira kwokusazvidira kunzvimbo yendangariro kunoda muitiro wakafanira, kubatanidza kutongwa, maruramiro ezano, uye ufakazi hwakajeka hwengozi. Dare Rapamusoro rakaronga iyi mipimo mu Addington v. Texas [1997]).

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi mupimo mumwe wezvinogoverwa zvose. Chitsama chomuitiro chinodikanwa chinotsamira parudzi rwefariro iri padanda namashoko akapoteredza echiito chehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvokuita Zvakakodzera

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, muitiro wakafanira unotarisana nezvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana mumugariro wapamutemo wazvino uno.dzimwe nhau dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobatanidza:

Vachinji vemitemo vanopfuurira kutsigira kudzivirira kwakasimba, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwemari inoshandiswa nevadziviriri vehurumende, kubvisa mari, kutarisira zvishandiso zvemitemo, uye kujeka kukuru muzviito zvehurumende.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Pachasvika

Nepo United States ine tsika yakasimba yetsika inowirirana, pfungwa iripo muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvenyika yose. Zvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu zvemarudzi ose, zvakadai seUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) neSungano yeInternational on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), zvinovimbisa kodzero dzokutonga dzakarurama. Chikamu 10 cheUDHR chinopa mashoko: "Munhu ari wose ane kodzero yokuenzana zvakakwana nokunzwa kwapachena nedare rapachena, mukutsunga kwamaruramiro ake nemisengwaro ipi neipi uye kupomerwa zvoutsotsi kwaari. Nenzira yakafanana, Chikamu 14 cheICPR chinogoveraro chetauro chinogovera zvikwane chokuita zvikwanidzo, kubatanidza kuva asina mhaka, kururamazano, uye kukwidziridza kwakarurama.[FLD:] [HCRP]

Masangano apamutemo akasiyana - siyana anosvika nomutoo wakafanira nesimbiso yakasiana. Nyika dzemitemo yavagari vemo, dzakadai seiyo iri mukondinendi yeEurope, kazhinji kazhinji dzinovimba nomuenzaniso webvunzurudzo umo vatongi vanoita basa rinoshingaira zvikuru. Mitemo yavose, kufanana neiyo iri muUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Australia, inosimbisa zviitiko zvenhau. Kunyanguvezvo, nheyo dzapakuvamba dzeziviso dzeruramisiro, bvumirano isina chizivano, uye maruramiro okunzwika zviri pedyo zvikuru. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rinosungisa dziviriro dzakafanana pasi peChikamu 6 cheEurope yeKodzero yekodzero dzavanhu. Muteo mukuru unobetsera kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi wechienzi wetsika asi kudiwa kweruramisiro.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yakafanira inokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chemiedzo yapamutemo inochengetwa nokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Nheyo yayo yenhau, kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira kuBumbiro reMitemo razvino uno reU.S., uye zvishandiso zvayo zvinoshanda mumativi ose outsotsi, nzanga, uye gadziriro dzokutarisira zvinosimbisa ukoshi hwayo hunogara. Panguva imwe cheteyo, muitiro wakafanira unotarisana nedenho dzapamutemo dzakaitwa, tsvedzero yemiitiro yemiitiro yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, chinjo yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye dzvinyiriro dzehurumende. Vadzidzi navana vanofanira kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri mipimo nezvinoitika zvomuitiro yakafanira yokutsigira gadziriro yakarurama yapamutemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinosimbisa rasimbisazve, dziviriro yegadziriro yebasa asi haisati iri dziviriro huru mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Miteo yemitemo yemitemo inoramba kurangarira mutemo nochengetedzwa nzanga yakasununguka nzanga yakasununguka.