Kunzwisisa Kukura Kweurombo muIndia

India imusha wavanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni 1,4, vachiiita nyika ine vanhu vakawanda zvikurusa munyika. Pasinei zvapo nokuwedzera kwemari kunokurumidza mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, kusaenzana kwemibango nokuwana mari kunoramba kuri zvinetso zvinomanikidzira. Mukuwirirana ne World Bank[, India yakasimudza mazana amamirioni muurombo hukurusa chifo cha 1990, asi nhanho yededzero yemari yakaderera mumakore achangobva kupfuura. CHOD-19 kumwe kupararira kwezvinorwisana nezvinorwisana, kuchidzorera vazhinji muurombo uye kuwedzera kamukana kamari pakati pevapfumi navarombo.

Hurumende yapindura nemuvhenganiswa wezvitakuriso zvemari zvakananga, zvibvumirano zvebasa, gadziriro dzezvokudya, uye zvirongwa zvedzimba. Izvi zvirongwa zvinovavarira kugovera mumbure wekotsekano nokuda kwedzisina kudzivirirwa zvikuru nepo zvichikurukurawo zvinhu zvezvivako zvinopfuuridzira kusaenzana, zvakadai sokushaikwa kwokuwana dzidzo, dzidzo, uye basa repamutemo. Nyaya inonzvera nzira huru dzakagamuchirwa neIndia, inoyera kubudirira kwayo, uye inokurukura mugwagwa uri mberi.

Hurumende Inotanga Kuderedza Urombo

Mahatma Gandhi National Account Act (MGNREGA)

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Act Inspict (MGNREGA)] ndiimwe yegadziriro hurusa dzechengeteko yenzanga munyika. Inovimbisa mazuva 100 okushanda kusina unyanzvi pagore remari kumhuri dzose dzomumaruwa dzine mitezo yakura inodisa kuita basa ravose. Yatangwa muna 2005, MGNREGA yakagovera nzira yakananga yakakomba nokuda kwamamirioni emhuri dzomumaruwa, zvikurukuru mukati memwaka yokusashanda zvakanaka uye kuvhunduka kwezve kwemari.

Purogiramu yacho inobatira madonzo maviri: inogovera chengeteko yemari inowanwa uye inoparira zvinhu zvenzanga zvinogara zvakanaka zvakadai semadziva, migwagwa, uye nzizi dzokudiridza. Mugore ra2022-23, mhuri dzine mari dzinopfuura 7,7 dzakanyoreswa, uye anenge mazuva 349 ebasa akatangwa. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinosara — kunonotswa kwemibhadharo, ushati, uye kushaikwa kwebasa kwapanguva dzose mudzimwe nyika kwakaganhurira pesvedzero yayo. Hurumende yakawedzera mitsara yemari uye mipiro yakarongwa kuti ivandudze kujeka nokubudirira kwemitengo.

Pradhan Mantri Aas Yojana (PMAY)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)] yakatanga muna 2015 nechinangwa chokugovera dzimba dzinobvira kumaguta ose nevarombo vomumaruwa panosvika 2022. Chirongwa chacho chinopa rubatsiro rwemari — kusvika ku621.2 lakh munharaunda dzomumaruwa uye kusvika ku67 lakh mumaguta — nokuda kwokuvaka kana kuti kuvandudza dzimba. Chinogoverawo rubatso pazvikwereti zvemusha kupfurikidza neCerce Price Subsidy Croage.

Kubvira pakutanga kwe 2024, hurumende yakashuma kuti dzimba dzinopfuura 2,5 dzakabvumirwa muPMAY. gadziriro yacho yakavandudza migariro yokurarama nokuda kwamamirioni, kuderedza kusava nedzimba nedzimba dzamatumba. Bva, kuwanika kwenyika, ndyiko huru dzokuvaka, uye kunonoka kwetendero kunopfuurira kudzivisa kuitwa kwakazara. Hurumende yakarebesa gadziriro yacho uye zvino iri kunangidzira ngwariro pakubvisa dzimba dziripo uye kutarisira zvinodikanwa zvavarombo vomumaguta.

National Food Security Act (NFSA)

National Food Security Act [NFSA] [NT:1], yakaitwa muna 2013, inobvumirwa zviri pamutemo kusvika ku 75% yevagari vomumaruwa uye 50% yevagari vomuguta kuti igamuchire zvokudya zviduku kupfurikidza ne PUBILIC Exploration System (PDS).

Uyu mutemo wave uchichinja mukuvimbisa kuchengeteka kwezvokudya nokuda kwavanhu vanopfuura 80, kuderedza zvikuru kushaikwa kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri nenzara. Zvisinei, kudonhedza muPDS, rudzi rwakashata rwezviyo, uye zvikanganiso zvakapfuurira. Hurumende yapindura kupfurikidza nokuita kuti makadhi okugoverwa zvokudya ashandiswe nokushandisa kusimbisa kwakavakirwa pamitemo kuvhura. “Umwe rudzi, Chirongwa cheRond , chakapetwa muna 2020, chinobvumira vanoyamura kuwana maruramiro avo kupi nokupi nokupinzwa muIndia, kuvandudza kusimba kwavashandi vanotama.

Zvimwe Zvirongwa Zvokutsigira Urombo Hukuru

Kupfuura iyi gadziriro yengarava dzinofamba nengarava, hurumende inoita zvimwe zvirongwa zvakarwiswa zvinoverengeka:

  • Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yoroina (PMGKY): Pasuru yeyamuro yakakwana yakabudiswa mukati medenda reCOVID-19, ichigovera zvokudya zvapachena, kupiwa mari kuvakadzi, uye chifukidzo cheinishuwarenzi nokuda kwavashandi vezvoutano.
  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samni Nidhi (PM-KISANA): Chirongwa chemari yokutsigira chinogovera 76 000 pagore kuvarimi vaduku navakachetenuka, vachibetsera kudzikamisa mari yomumaruwa.
  • DAYDAY Antoya Yoyaya – National Liveliodes Mission (Zuva-NRLM): Kusimudzira mabasa okuzvishandira amene nounyanzvi pakati pavakadzi varombo vomumaruwa kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kwamapoka ebetsero dzoga (SHGS).
  • Pradran Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMDY):[[[FT:1] Purogiramu yemari inobatanidza yavhura maakaundi 50 ebhangi asina kudzivirirwa, kazhinji kazhinji ane chikaro chezero, kuchigonesa kubetsera kwakananga.

Kutaura Kusaenzana

Kusaenzana kwemari yaiwanikwa muIndia kwave kuchikwira chifo cha 1990. Mukuwirirana ne World Jumediction, 10% yavawani zvino vanopa mhaka nokuda kwe 55% yemari inotambirwa munyika, nepo pasi 50% yakagoverana bedzi 15%. Hurumende yashandisa mubatanidzwa wechinjo dzemitero, zvirongwa zvegarikano yenzanga, uye matanho okudzikamisa uyu mukaha.

Kuramba Kuchipa Mitero uye Kuchinja Mitero

Mutemo weTrusa weUnion wakagadziridzwa nenzira inofambira mberi kuwedzera mutoro wemitero pamari inotambirwa mari yakakwirira. Mu 2023-24 bhajeti, hurumende yakatanga hurumende itsva yemitero ine mwero yakaderera uye kusava norusununguko kwakaganhurirwa, ichivavarira kurerutsa kutevedzerwa nokuwedzerwa kwemari inoshandiswa munzanga. Mabhurogiramu nemhindu dzakakwirira zvikurusa dzinovimbisa kuti vatakuri vemari vapi vapiwe mari yakawanda zvikuru vagovere kuavhotera zvikuru kuavhengi.

Zvisinei, reshiyo yemutero weIndia unoramba wakaderera (munenge 11-12%), ichiganhura nzvimbo yemitemo inoparadzira mari. Kuvandudza muunganidzwa wemari, hurumende yakakudziridza rutava rwemitero kupfurikidza nokutevedzana kwemitengo, Mafaro neMitemo yeMitero yeMitero (GST), uye zvitsauko zvokumisa mari nhema. [[FLT:] Makanaka neMitemo yeTS (GST) yakatsiva mutero wakaoma wemitero usina kunyorwa muna 2017, ichiita chinangwa chokugadzira musika wakabatana nokuwedzera, kunyange zvazvo migumisiro yayo inopesana pamibereko yakaderera.

Batsirwa Kuendeswa Kwakananga (DBT) Nokushanda Nemari

Chimuko chikuru mukurwisana nemubatanidzwa weIndia i Drect Benefish Transve [DBT] . Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mari yegarikano zvakananga kuAadhaar-inenge yakamanikwa yebhangi yenabare, hurumende yakaderedza zvikuru kubvisa nokudzorwa kwapakarepo nepakati. Pasi pe [FLT: 2] Mantri] Jan Dhotay YYY [PMJY:], kupfuura 50 yemitengo yebhangi yakavhurwa, inoita kuti itsikidze kupfuudzira mhepo yokubika (HAL), mari inobhadha, mari yemari, mari yemari inobhadha, mari yemari inobhadha, yemari inobhadha, yemari inobhadha, neMGNRA. [FFRANT]

Miripo yemitengo neMabhapatidzo Echibhadharo Nemabhadharo Emwero zvakawedzerawo kuva pakati pemari, kuchibvumira mhuri dzinowana mari yakaderera kupinda mabasa okubhangi pasina mapazu chaiwo. Bva, kunyora nokunyora nokunyora namashoko neInternet zvinoramba zviri mhinganidzo nokuda kwavarombo zvikuru, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Hurumende iri kutaura izvi kupfurikidza ne Baratnet[ chirongwa, icho chinovavarira kubatanidza misha yose nejeko.

Kugarisana Nevanhu Negadziriro Youtano

Kuderedza kusaenzana mumiuyo youtano uye kubviswa kwendyiko dzemari, hurumende yakatanga Ayushman Bharat Pradtari Mantri Aroshimaya Yojana (PM-JAY) muna 2018. Iyi igadziriro youtano hukurusa munyika yose, inopa kubhadharwa kwe65 lalakh pagore nokuda kwechipatara chesespirin nechepfuidzo kuvana 50 varombo navasina dziviriro. Pakasvika 2024, kupfuvurukidzwa kwezvipatara zvinenge 5 cr - Y, zvinoderedza zvikuru ndyiko dzeutano.

Zvimwe zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinoda kusiyana:

  • Pradhan Mantri Vanduna Yojana (PMMVY): Anogovera sundo dzemari kumimba nokupfumba vakadzi kutsiva kurasikirwa nomubhadharo uye kukurudzira kuberekwa kwesangano.
  • Pradhan Mantri Diya Lakshmi Yojana: Anopa zvikwereti zvedzidzo pamwero yakaderera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vana vanobva mumhuri dzinowana mari dzakaderera vanogona kuronda dzidzo yakakwirira.
  • National Social Application (NSAP): Inogovera mudyandigere nokuda kwavakweguru, chirikadzi, uye vakaremara vanogara pasi pourombo.

Dzidzo Nokukura Kweunyanzvi

Kuderedza kusaenzana kwenguva refu kunoda purojekiti mudzimbahwe ravanhu. Hurumende yakabatanidza dzidzo yokutanga pasi pe Chitendero kuEducation Act (RT), 2009, uye kuwedzerwa kusvika kupfurikidza namagadziriro akadai se Chirairo cheZuva uye [FLT] [[FLT]] SARD [] na [] Abyshan [FLT] ALD [FT]. Pamwerome nedziro, PRADA] YY MBH[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [5] inogoverarosarectsssworuzhinji]

Kukura kwounyanzvi ishongwe inokosha. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) inopa kosi dzenguva pfupi dzokurovedza dzakabatana nemhindu. [[FLT:] National Skill Development Mission [NTM) zvinangwa zvokurovedza vanhu vane 40 vemazera panosvika 2025. Zvisinei, kuvimbisa kupiwa basa uye kunaka kwokurovedza kunoramba kuri denho; vakapedza kukurapa mabasa. Hurumende inonangidzira zvino parovedzo yebasa muchikoro uye kugadzira marongedzero.

Kusaenzana Mumaguta Nesekete Ramasanga

Kukurumidza kugadzira maguta kwaita zvimiro zvitsva zvekusaenzana. Nepo maguta akadai seMumbai, Delhi, uye Bengaluru achikweva mari netarenda, vashandi vazhinji vasina kurongwa(vashandi vanoshanda, vashambadziri vedzimba, uye vatengesi vomumugwagwa (‘varacks reconstruction). Code on Social Security, 2020 anoisa mitemo yakawanda naparipo kuvashandi vepachikuva, kunyange zvazvo kupfumba kuchiri kwapa bhii. Pradhanstri Street Garbarbar Nidhar [PP-SVThidhi] inopa shar sha sha sha sha sha shapu yavashandi vezvokutengesa mugwagwa, uye vanobatsira kutengesa bhizimisi.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kusawirirana Kwemaruwa Nemitsipa Yemabhotoro

Chimwe chedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa ndechokusiyana kukuru muurombo uye kusaenzana munyika dzeIndia. Nepo nyika dzakafanana neKerala neTamil Nadu dzine kukura kwakakwirira kwemiuyo yavanhu, Bihar, Utar Pradesh, uye Jarkandhand Lick. Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinosimudzirwa nokutsigirwa zvinotsigirwa zvinoedza kukurukura izvi, asi simba rehurumende, kudzora kuneta, uye rusaruro rwechikamu runowanzoderedza migumisiro. [[FLT: 0] NITI Aaygar[[FLT: 1]] yakarumbidza kugadziridzwa kukuru zvikuru uye muuyo unotsigirwa kuti pave nokubudirira.

Kushaya Mabasa Nokushaya Basa

Kuparadzaniswa kwechiverengero chenyika yeIndia (yavaduku neyavashandi vari vaduku) inova mhaka kana mabasa asina kutangwa. Periodic Force Survey Survey (PLLFS) inoratidzira kuti mwero wourovha, zvikurukuru pakati poupwere (15/299), unoramba wakakwirira, kazhinji kazhinji unopfuudza 20%. Hurumende yakatanga [[FLT:] Atmannharbar [ [[FLT]] (FLT] [3] (Indiya-Reliant) mipiro yokuwedzera kugadzira nokuwedzera, uye [FFUD:] yakaderera.]

Asi, kuchinja kubva pakurima kuenda kunzvimbo dzinogadzirwa chibereko chakakwirira sedzinogadzira zvinhu namabasa kwave kuchinonoka. Basa guru ravashandi rinoramba riri mukubhadharwa kwakaderera, mabasa asina kurongwa. Hurumende iri kuisa mari mugadziriro dzemichina, mari, uye mabasa okuvandudza kuita bhizimisi zviri nyore, asi kuita kusaenzana kunoramba kusina kufanira.

Kusiyana Kwemapoka Nekusaenzana

Mumari yokuwana zungudziro muIndia inopesana nemapoka echiHindu navakadzi. Dalits, Adivasis, uye Mamwe Magiramudhi (OBC) anotarisana nenhamo dzenhau mudzidzo, basa, uye kuva namari. Hurumende inochengeta kubvumwa kwemiitiro (mibato) mudzidzo, mabasa ehurumende, uye matare emitemo, asi pesvedzero yavo pakufambiswa kwemari inokakavadzana. [[FLT: 0] kusaenter [[FLT:][FFT:1]] uye kuva muridzi] zvinonzwika: kutora rutivi kwavakadzi kuri pakati pezvisarira zvenyika, uye vakadzi vanowana mari shoma zvikuru kupfuura varume. [FLT:] Mancra .[12]

Kuchengetedza Kwakatipoteredza Nenjodzi Dzemamiriro Okunze

Urombo nokusaenzana zvakabatana nenzira yakaoma neshatiso yemhoteredzo. Zvitima, mafashamo, uye mafiti zvinotapura zvikuru vawani vemishana yomumaruwa varombo nevanowana mari yezuva nezuva. Vawani vehurumende National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)[FL:1] inobatanidza mibato yesimba rezuva, kurima kunochengetwa, uye kutarisirwa kwemvura, asi kukwidzamisa kusimba kwemamiriro okunze nokuda kwourombo chinetso chikuru. [[FLT:] Pri Sinchaeeat Mankigogata (PLTS])[FLT]

Nhungamiro Dzemitemo Dzomunguva Yemberi

Nyanzvi dzinoti India inofanira kuisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinokosha:

  • dziviriro yenzanga isingawirirani: Kutama kubva mugadziriro dzapose pose kuenda kugadziriro dzakati kuti kuderedza zvikanganiso zvokubvisa nokushandisa.
  • Mabasa avanhu vose akaenzana: Kuisa miuyo muutano, dzidzo, uye utsanana kuti varase zvisakiso zvikuru zvekusaenzana.
  • [ Mitero inofambira mberi nepfuma: kukudza nzvimbo yomutero nokusuma mitero papfuma kana kuti nhaka pamambure, sezvinorumbidzwa ne IMF.
  • Kuchinja kwemari: kukurudzira basa rechikamu kupfurikidza nokuchinja mutemo webasa uye kukura kwechengeteko yenzanga.
  • [[[NHAU]] dzora:[[FT:1] Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu nokuda kwokunatsiridza, kuongorora, uye kunyunyuta.

mhedziso

Nhamburiko dzeIndia dzokupedza urombo nemari inowanwa dzinova nevavariro uye dzinowanzwa mumativi akawanda. Programu dzakadai seMGNREGA, PMAY, uye NFSA dzakagovera betsero dzinooneka kumazana amamirioni, nepo kutama nokubatanidzwa kwemari zvakabetsera zvakananga zvakadzungaira nokuvandudza. Bva, misiyano mikuru inosara ne__apo kusava nomabasa, kusasarura kwemaruwa, uye rusaruro rwemiitiro inopfuurira kuganhurira pesvedzero yokuchinja kwechiito chehurumende.

Kufambira mberi, kubudirira kweidzi nhano kuchatsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika chakasimba, mari yakakwana, uye kushandiswa kunobudirira pamwero wezvisaririra. Hurumende yeIndia iri kunangidzira ngwariro inowedzera pamuitiro wakavakirwa paufakazi, gadziriro dzemipimo, uye kufambidzana nehurumende. Nepo denho dzichityisa, mirangariro yokuwedzera kukuru kupfurikidza nokukura kukuru kana nyika ichigona kuchengeta simba rayo rokuvandudza uye kuisa panzvimbo yakakwirira. Sezvo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu negadziriro dzayo hurusakaenzana munyika inopa ruzivo runokosha nokuda kwedzimwe upfumi huri kubudirira hunovavarira kubudirira.