Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo Ebasa Rakakodzera

Chitsama chamashoko "kufamba kwomutemo" chinodzokera kuMagna Carta (1215), apo Mambo John akabvumirana kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aizonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Iyi murairo wakaendeswa muU.Constitution kuU.Constitution (1791), inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yebatanidzwa, uye gare gare gare gare IPurendmentment ye14588 (1868), iyo inotambanurira dziviriro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Pamwe chete, idzi mhesano mbiri dzinoumba mutezo weAmerica weProduramendizo nemutemo wePromendi dzinovakwa panzvimbo nenzvimbo yevhu. Izvo izvo Dare guru rePro rinoita kuti pave nemitemo yehurumende ive isati isati isati ibwere zviito zvakanaka, uye kana kuti iwirirane mhosva huru, kana kuti isati isati ipfuure hurumende inopfuure nokuda kwemite Hurumende.

Mbiru Mbiri Dzomuitiro Wakafanira: Muchero Nemushonga

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Chinodikanwa chikuru ndechokuti munhu agamuchire ziviso yakakwana nebanza rine revo rokunzwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Miitiro yakananga inodikanwa inosiana kutsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, kudzikamisa fariro yomunhu oga padanda, ngozi yekushaiwa kwakaipa, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka inobatanidza:

  • Kutongwa kweutsotsi: kodzero yokupa zano, kutarisana nezvapupu, kudare rinobetsera vatongi, uye kupa dziviriro.
  • Nyaya dzokusashanda kwehurumende: kodzero yokukwikwidza kubvutwa kwezvinhu uye kuudzwa kuti zvinenge zvaitwa nehurumende isati yagara.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwekodzero dzevabereki: chinodikanwa choufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa uye kazhinji kazhinji kutonga pamberi pomutongi.
  • Kukundikana kunobetsera kuramba: maruramiro okutonga pamberi pesangano racho nokuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga pashure.

Nyaya yechiratidzo Mathews v. Elditridge yakatanga nzvero yemativi matatu yokuyera kuti zvii zviri madikanwa. Dare rinoyera (1) fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa, (2) ngozi yokusazvidzora mumiitiro yazvino uno uye ukoshi hwedziviriro dzokuwedzera, uye (3) fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro yezvikero nedzokudzora. Iyi muedzo wave uchishandiswa muzviuru zvenhau, kubva kunzwiro dzeSocial Security kusvikira kumicro yezvikoro. Naizvozvo, haisi chinhu chimwe chezvikwanikiso zvinoiswa mumitengo; chinovakodzera kuvimbisa kuti mativi makuru anokosha mumigariro yakati.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Substantive due process is far more controversial. It holds that certain fundamental rights are so deeply rooted in the nation's history and traditions that the government may not infringe upon them, no matter how fair the procedures. Instead of asking how the government deprives, substantive due process asks whether the government has a sufficiently compelling reason to interfere with a constitutionally protected liberty. The Supreme Court first explicitly recognized substantive due process in Lochner v. New York (1905), where it struck down a law limiting bakers' work hours as an interference with the "liberty of contract." That era ended in the 1930s, but the doctrine was revived later to protect rights such as:

  • Kuroora [ [ Lovang v. Virginia, 1967; Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015).
  • [ Kururama kushandisa kudzivisa kubata pamuviri (Griswold v.Connecticut, 1965]).
  • Kurudyi kubvisa mimba[ Roe v. Wade, 1973, yakatonga [ maDobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization, 2022].
  • Kururama kwavabereki [ [[[FLT]]Pierce v. Society of Hanzvadzi , 1925; [[FLT]Troxel v. Granville, 2000].
  • Kururamisirwa kuperero yomuviri (g., Shashington v. Glucksberg, 1997, pamusoro pokuyamura kuzviuraya).

Nzvero yazvino uno nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira, yakajekeswa mu Shashington v. Glucksberg, inoda kuti maruramiro akataurwa ave (1) akadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa" uye (2) "Imifungo yerusununguko rwakarairwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu muedzo hauna kujeka uye unobvumira vatongi kuisa mirangariro yomunhu oga; vatsi vanoomerera kuti kuri madikanwa kudzivirira mipimo yenzanga miduku neinoita kuti ive mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga. Dos[FLT] [FLT]], iyo yakatongerwazve. [FLT:]

Kodzero Dzisingabvumirwi: Zvadziri uye Kwadzinobva

Kodzero dzechimbichimbi dzemitemo ikodzero chaidzoidzo dzinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura rwunorwisana nehurumende. Dzinogona kurongwa (mune nhevedzano muBumbiro remitemo) kana kuti kusaiswa mudzoro (kushandiswa norugwaro, mumitemo, kana kuti nhau yeBumbiro remitemo). Kodzero dzakaiswa mudanho dzinosanganisira rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura, kutsikirira, kunyora, uye rudzidziso; maruramiro eChipiri eRemendement corudyi kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo; Kudzivirira kweChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kupfura; uye kurambidza kweSendmenterfementment pazvirango zvine utsinye nezvisina kufanira. Dzidzo dzapamhiro dzapamhinzi dzinobva kukodzero dzechienzi. Dzinongova nekodzero dzechienzi dzinova dzogaro dzinova dzinodzivirirwa nekodzero kupfurikidza nokudzivirira pamutemo, asi dzinova dzinova dzinova nekodzero dzogaro dzinova dzinova dzinovanzwa dzogarwa nekodzero dzomutemo.

Kodzero dzechimbichimbi hadzina kuganhurirwa. Dzinogona kuganhurirwa kana kuti kudzorwa kana hurumende ichisangana nemwero wakati wokunzvera. Nokuda kwekodzero hurusa, matare anoshanda nzvero yenhau: hurumende inofanira kuratidza fariro inomanikidzira uye kushandisa mitoo miduku mishomanene. Nokuda kwekodzero dzendangariro, dzakadai sekodzero dzemari, matare anoshandisa hwaro hwokuyera [: mutemo unofanira bedzi kuva une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Mwero wokunzvera kazhinji kazhinji unosarudza kana kodzero yekodzero yetsika icharamba kana kuti ichakunda mutemo unodenhwa. Somuenzaniso, kururama kutaura kwakasununguka ndekwezvo uye kuongorora, nenhau inodzongodzorwa kuongorora, nepo kudzose kutsanangura zvakanaka.

Misiyano Inokosha Pakati Pezvinoitwa Nekodzero Dzakakodzera

Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wakafanira namaruramiro okutsiva zviri zvinhu zvakarongeka, zvinobatira mabasa akasiyana - siyana:

  • Focus: Muitiro wakafanira uri pamusoro pe mitoo nedziviriro izvo zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinotapura vanhu zvinoitwa. Kodzero dzesubstanti dzinenge [[[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT]]
  • [ Mutoo wokudzivirira: Muitiro wakafanira unoda miitiro yakarurama hurumende isati yatora chimwe chinhu. Kodzero dzokuzvidzora dzinorambidza hurumende zvakananga kuita mamwe mabasa, pasinei zvapo nomuitiro.
  • Expamps: Kana hurumende ichida kubvisa maruramiro ako omubereki, muitiro wakafanira unoda kunzwa necherechedzo. Asi kodzero duku kuvabereki mwana wako inodzivisa mugariro wokubvisa mwana pasina chikonzero chinogombedzera, kunyange kana kunzwa kwakakwana.
  • Midzi yeChibvumirano: Muitiro wemitemo unotorwa zvakananga murugwaro rweMitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana. Muitiro wakafanira idzidziso inorehwa kubva mumashoko mamwe chetewo, asi simba rayo noukoshi zvinokurukurwa nokukurumidza.
  • Tsananguro yapamubatanidzwa: Muitiro wakafanira wedzidziso unoziviswa zvikuru uye unonamatira kumaidi enhau yacho. Muitiro wakafanira unowanzobatanidza rutongeso rwoukoshi hukuru pamusoro porusununguko netsika, kuchitungamirira kugakava rakakura.

Muitiro, musiyano unogona kuvanza. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokutonga zvakanaka izvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira wakarurama (kunzwa) nekodzero yokuzviwanira pamutemo (Pendement yechitanhatu inovimbisa kutongwa kwavose nedare risingasaruri). Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero yokuroora inodzivirirwa nemuitiro wakakodzera, asi kuroora kungadawo kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvakafanana nokuwana rezinesi. Chinokosha ndechokuti muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira nhevedzano yegadziriro yacho, nepo kodzero dzechiduku dzinorondedzera chibereko chemhindu yerusununguko.

Chikonzero Nei Zvose Zvichikosha Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nevanhu

Mitaviridzo miviri yegadziriro yakafanira namaruramiro okutsiva yakakomba kudzivirira udzvinyiriri uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu havasi vadzorwiwo zvavo venyika. Kushandiswa kwetsika kunoshanda sechinoputsa simba rinotonga nokumanikidza hurumende kuti itevere mitemo yakagadzwa. Inovimbisa kuti kunyange apo hurumende inobvisa zvinhu zvomunhu kana kuti rusununguko. Inodzivirira nenzira inotanhamarisa uye nemukana wokukwikwikwidzana. Uku kunosimbisa chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yemitemo. Kodzero dzapamutemo, dzinobatanidza, dzinobvisa nzvimbo dzoutongi dzomunhu oga idzo hurumende isingagoni kupinda, kwete kuti miitiro yayo inoruramisira sei. Vanodzivirira mapoka anochengeta, kupesana nehurumende, uye vanobvumira vanhu kuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro poupenyu hwavo. Zvinei, kana kuti vana, kana kuti vana vonamata sei.

Dzichitorwa pamwe chete, idzi dzidziso mbiri dzinoumba nhoo huru pazvose zviri zviviri kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwetsika uye kutsoropodzwa. Hurumende inotevera miitiro yakakwana asi inoramba kodzero dzinokosha (mutoo, hurumende inogovera kunzwa kwakazara pamberi pokuzivisa dzinza duku) ichiri inodzvinyirira. Nenzira inopesana, hurumende inoziva kodzero dzechipa nenzira inopesana asi isingapi nzira yokudzireverera (muchib., vimbiso yokutaura isingamanikidzirwi) inopa dziviriro isina maturo. Bumbiro remitemo reU.

Kuitisana Nharo Kwazvino Uno Nenharo Dzinopfuurira

Kubatanidzwa pakati pomuitiro wakafanira namaruramiro akaderera kunopfuurira kuparira gakava rakakomba rapamutemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika.

1. Kubvisa mimba Pashure [[[Ntomba: 0]

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa 2022 mu Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization yakabvisa kodzero yehurumende yehurumende yokubvisa pamuviri, ichitonga kuti yakanga isina kudzikamiswa zvikuru munhau. Dare rakaramba kuti mutoo wakafanira hausati uchidzivirira kubvisa mimba, kudzorera nhau yacho kuhurumende. Yatungamirira kubasa remitemo yehurumende, vamwe vanoiganhurira zvikuru kusvika nokuidzivirira. Nharo zvino dzinova pamusoro pokuti kana [[[FLT:]] Doct] Kurangarira kuchasekesa dzimwe maruramiro, sokudzorwa kworudyi kweroorano (Foctive]) nokuda kwemifungo inodzorwa. [Foct]

Kutadza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nokuzvibvisa Munzvimbo

Vasingamiri muUnited States, kubatanidza avo vasina mugariro wapamutemo, vane maruramiro emiitiro yakati inodzivirira, kunyange zvazvo vasati vari vose vamaruramiro anoshanda kuvagari vemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti kubudiswa i "vil" nhau, asi kuti muitiro unoda kunzwiwa kwakarurama, kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu ([[FLT]]Padilla v. Kentucky[[FL:1], 2010), uye mukana wokuita kuti kukwanisa kubetsera. Zvisinei, hurumende ingadzivisa vanhu nokuda kwenhambo dzakarebesa, zvikurukuru kana vachiita njodzi yorudzi. Kodzero dzapamutemo dzevatami vekubva munyika yose, sekodzero dzemhuri dzakabatana, kushanda, kana kuti kumatare ehurumende akaganhurirwa.

3. Kudzorwa Kwepfuti uye Kugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Zechipiri

maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, zvino anozivikanwa semunhu akaderera mu Divolution of Columbia v. Heller (2008) uye akabatanidzwa mukurwisana nezvibvumirano mu McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLT]]] (2010]), chinodzorwa bedzi apo inowira kunze kwe "gamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfutimu. Dare guru redare ra 20222 mu [FLT:] New York State Rifle & lamp; Prisol Association. Bruclat , zvinoda kumirairira zviri pakati pezviito zvakanaka. [FLT]

Bvunzurudzo Dzinoshanda Nokuda Kwavagari Vapasi Nenyanzvi Dzapamutemo

Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pomuitiro wakafanira namaruramiro akaderera hakungori dzidzowo zvayo. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, inozivisa nzira yokudenha nayo zviito zvehurumende. Kana hurumende ikaronga kubvisa raisensi yokutyaira, kubvisa betsero dzegarikano, kana kuti kudzinga mumwe munhu padzimba dzavose, munhu anogona kuraira muitiro wakafanira. Kana hurumende ikapa mutemo unorambidza rudzi rwakati rwekutaura kana kuti kudzivisa varoorani kuroora, denho yacho inodzorwa: mutemo unoputsa maruramiro makuru ayo hurumende isingagoni kudzora pasina pembedzo inomanikidzira. Naizvozvo Attorneys anofanira kunyora [[FLT:]]

Nokuda kwavaiti vemiitiro, musiyano unoumba nzira iyo mitemo inorongwa nayo. Mutemo unoisa mutoro parudyi runokosha (sekuvhota kana kuti roorano) unofanira kugadzirirwa zvishoma ndokubatira fariro inogombedzera. Mutemo unongoita bedzi muitiro webvumiro yokuredza kana kuti kuvaka fenzi unoda bedzi hwaro hune mufungo. Kuparadzanisa nzvimbo mbiri kunobetsera kudzivisa kunyanyovakwa uye vimbiso kuti matanda omusikirwo haashandiswi sepembedzo kudzivirira.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzinofanira namaruramiro matsva anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Mumwe anovimbisa hurumende kuti inoita zviitiko zvakanaka apo inoita chiito mukurwisana nomunhu; mumwe anotema ganhuriro dzezvinogona kuitwa nehurumende. Nepo muitiro wezvakafanira unogovera kufanofanofanofungwa nokuzvidavirira, musiyano wezvinenge zvichitarisirwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga rwakanangidzirwa zvikuru kupfuura muitiro upi noupi wepamutemo. Dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzinopfuurira kushanduka, kuumbwa nenhau itsva, kuchinja mipimo yezvemagariro, uye kuchinja uzivi hwedare. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa musiyano pakati peiyi mifungo miviri inokosha kudzivirira sei rusununguko kupfurikidza negadziriro imwe, asi kupfurikidza negadziriro inoumba zvose zviri zviviri.