Sumo

United States Constitution inomira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, ichisimbisa chimiro chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye ichironga maruramiro makuru avanhu. Nepo gwaro rapakuvamba risina kurambidza zvakajeka rusaruro kana kuti kuvimbisa kuenzana mupfungwa yazvino uno, kugadziridzwa kwayo nedudziro dzinoshandurwa zvazova zvishandiso zvine simba mukurwisa rusaruro. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuGaramentation ye145 nekunze kwezvose, Bumbiro reMitemo rakashandiswa kubvisa utsanana uye kutsigira kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera gadziriro dzapamutemo, zvisarudzo zvedare guru repamusorosoro, uye gakavadzano dzinopfuurira dzinoumba kuti muganhu wemitemo unowirirana sei nokubudirira.

Mashoko Okutanga: Kuronga Kururamisira Nokuenzana

Sumo inozivisa madonzo eBumbiro reMitemo: “Isu Vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano yokuumba Ungano yakakwana zvikuru, kugadza Ruramisiro, kuvimbisa kuvadziko yomumhuri, kunogovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira Nhaka yeMikomborero yeMvumo kwatiri timene uye kudzivirira kwedu, kugadza ndokutanga iyi Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States reAmerica.” Chitsama chinoti “Isu vanhu” taiva vakasiana nokuda kwenguva yazvo, tichisimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chinowana pabvumiro yavadzorwi panzvimbo pamadzimambo. Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo yapakuvamba risina kutambanuro yakazara kuvagari vemo kana kuti kodzero kuvakadzi, vanhu vakapinzwa varanda, kana kuti vagari vezvizvarwa zvehurumende, kudana kwe“ Justice ne“Genetic ” nokuda kwekududzira zvikuru nokuda kwenheyo yenheyo yenyika.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Paudzori Hwehurumende

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kwakasimbiswa muna 1791, kunozivikanwa pamwe chete seBill of Rights. Kwakagadzirirwa kuganhurira simba rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Pakutanga, idzi gadziridzo dzakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, asi kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza (hmmnos) yakasimbiswa muSerced Procestion ye145 Degremment, zvino gadziriro zhinjisa zvino dzinoshanda kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvinogadziriswa muBill of Rights nhau dzenhau dzorusarurano nekubata kusina kukodzera.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rwokutaura Negungano

Kudzivirira uku kunoita kuti mapoka anozvideredza ataure zvigumbu zvavo, aronge, uye atsigire kuchinja kwepamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kufambira mberi kwekodzero dzevanhu muma1960 kwaitsamira zvikuru pakudzivirira Kutanga, uye Dare Repamusorosoro rakaputsa rakaramba richiputsa mitemo yokusasarura yaiedza kudzvinyirira vanhu kana kuti kurambidza kutaura zvine rugare.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Gadziriro yeChina inorinda vagari vemo mukuvhozhokera kwehurumende. Nepo isati ichitongova pachena pamusoro pokuenzana, dziviriro dzayo dzakakumbirwa muzvinoitika zvekubatanidza dzinza nepokurotera. Mu Whren v. United States[ [1966], Dare rakabvumira kufamba kwemisi yemisi yenhau, uko vatsoropodzi vanodenha zvikuru vanhu veruvara. Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakafanana ne Utah v. Strieff[FLT:] (20) inova nekurukurirano itsva pamusoro pokutiidzidzwa kweGene yeGenetisitimedzo, iyo inogona kushandiswa kudenha miitiro yomutemo inosarura dzinza.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Mutezo weReformation we8 unorambidza bheray yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Yave iri chinhu chikuru kudenha paradzano inoparira kukuvadza zvikuru vakwirirwi vashoma. Mu Furman v. Georgia[] [772], Dare rakabvisa chirango cherufu sechinoshandiswa mutsika inosarudzwa neyorudzi, kunyange zvazvo rakatsigira mitemo yakahwirudzurwa mu ggbv. Georgia[[FLT:]] [12]] [197] nguva ichangobva kupfuura, Dare rakashandisa chirango che8] kurambidza upenyu hwavaravirira pasina kurangarira vaduku, richiziva kuti vana havachatapukugadziridzwa uye vakafanirwa nokurangarirwa navanhu vaduku.

Mhedziso Yechigumi Nechina: Chisakiso Chokuenzana

Yakasimbiswa muna 1868, Ivhu reMitemo rechi 14 raipindura zvakananga kukusaruramisira kwaitarisana navanhu vaichimbova varanda pashure peHondo yavagari vemo. Ine zvitsama zvikuru zvinoverengeka, asi chinokosha zvikurusa mukukurukura rusaruro ndirwo dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus: “Hapana Hurumende... icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi rugwaro yazova chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwemitemo inodenha utsotsi hwemitemo nemiitiro.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nokuenzana Kwedzinza

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus kwakatanga kududzirwa zvishoma mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1996], umo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pe “kuparadzana uye kwakaenzana” dzidziso. Inopfuura hafu yezana ramakore gare gare, Dare rakaramba kuti ayo akabata Brown v. Body yeDzinesi [[FLT]] [1954] [, kuzivisa kuti“ nzvimbo dzedzidzo hadzina kuenzeka." [[FLT: 4.]] Brown[FLT] yakarova bhii revoi revo revo revo revo revo revo revo revo renyika dzose.Promesssssssss provicesss ouader arthrouptions shoror ar artivement recuit, uye anonzvera zvikuru.[F.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Nevanhu Vane Chivi uye Kupindirana

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus kunodzivisawo rusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano, kunyange zvazvo mupimo wehwirudzuro unobatanidza [[FLT:] r. [FLT] Craig v. Boren [77], Dare raidavira kuti marongedzerwo anobva pavarume nevarume anofanira kuva ane chokuita nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza [[FLT:] [2] v. Yakadzorwa [[FLT] [3] [7], iyo yakaderedza mutemo waifarira vakadzi savatarisitiri vemi; [FLT] Frontro]. [vFLT] [5] [5] [3] [3] [4]

LGBTQ+ Kodzero neFirimendeji yechigumi namana

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Rinoyera neBasa Classicas rakashandiswa kudzivirira maruramiro eLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], Dare rakaziva roorano imwe cheteyo sechikanganiso chinokosha pasi pemitengo yose iri yose, ichisimbisa kuti “Mitemo yeMitemo inopikira rusununguko kumunhu ari wose ari mukati mhambo yayo." pakuvamba, [[FLT:] Lomaster v. Evans[FLT:] [FT] [12] [196] [196]), Dare rakarova pasi peColoradoradom inodzivisa dziviriro ipi neipi inodzivisa vatano neyhomwe inopesana naidzo inopesana neiri inopesana neyamutookero, asi richiri kupfurikidza nokurangarira nenzira yakananga. Chiziviromeseti chikuru chinopfuudzo. Chisaidzo chapasitiromese.[F.C.]

Dzidziso Yokuchinja

Mutezo weKinayi weChiteshi yePendment yaAccount Claus yakashandiswa kubatanidza zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika, ichivimbisa kuti rusununguko rukuru runodzivirirwa zvakafanana munyika yose. Uyu muitiro wave wakakomba nokuda kwokushandisa Wokutanga, Wechina, Weshanu, uye Wechitanhatu, uye Wechisereh Amendmentations kuhurumende, nokudaro kuderedza kupesana kwenzvimbo nekodzero dzavagari vemo mudziviriro. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yezano ([[FLT: 0]] Gideon v. Wainright, 1963], uye ropafadzo yokudzivisa kuzviisa pasi pano ([FLT]]]] Malloy.[FLT]],[5], zvino zvino inoshandisa kudzosa utsotsi, kudzosa kudzorwa kwemhosva kana kuti kukanganwa utsotsi.

Kubvuma Kodzero Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kurumbidza ikokiripi yokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka kubvisa mhinganidzo dzorusaruraganda kumuvhoti.

Mutezo Wechigumi Neshanu (1870)

“ Kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kurambidzwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.” Pasinei zvapo neichi vimbiso, hurumende dzakashandisa mitero yokuvhota, kuedza kurava nokunyora, zvitsauko, uye tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba dzokubvisa Blackpoti. Yakatora rinenge zana ramakore pamberi peVoriting Rights Act ya 1965 zvinomanikidzira nenzira inobudirira Hurumende ye15, asi inorambidza iyi miitiro uye inoda kutarisirwa kwehurumende nenhau yerusarura. Dare rapamusorosoro gare gare gare gare rakanetesa Chikamu 5 preccolation in [FLT:]. [FLT] County [FFFFF1] [10] [2011], asi chidzo chinodzivisa kubatana norudzi.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920)

“ Kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kurambidzwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano.” Pashure pamakumi amakore okuzvidzora nesangano ravakadzi, uku kugadziridzwa kwakarambidzwa rusaruro rwevarume. Yakanga iri nhanho inokosha kukuenzana kwevarume, kunyange zvazvo yakabetsera zvikurukuru vakadzi vechichena; vakadzi vazhinji vane mibala vachiri kutarisana neganhuriro dzakavakirwa padzinza uye nzvimbo yougari hwemo kutozosvikira pakutonga kwapashure kwemitemo nedare.

Amakumi maviri neFour Amendment (1964)

“ Kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota muvhota ipi neipi huru kana kuti imwe sanhamba... haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kuvharwa... nemhaka yokukundikana kubhadhara mutero upi noupi wevhota kana kuti mumwe mutero.” Mitero yokusasarura yakanga yashandiswa nenzira isingaenzaniswi kubvisa muvhoti wakaderera, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica muSouth. Uku kugadziridzwa kwakabvisa mhinganidzo yemari yokuvhota, kunyange zvazvo mimwe miitiro inoganhurira yakadai semitemo yevhoti yemibato inopfuurira kukurukurwa mumashoko okupinda.

Amakumi maviri neSixtermendment (1971)

“ Kodzero yavagari veUnited States, vane makore ane gumi namasere ezera kana kuti kupfuura, haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kuvharwa nemhaka yezera.” Yakaderera kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku 18, iyi mhedziso yakapindura chibvumikiso chokuti avo vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa kuhondo vanofanira kuva nenzwi muhurumende yavo. Yakatambanudzira kurudzi rutsva rwavagari vemo, kuchideredza rusaruro rwezera mukuvhota.

Kumanikidzwa Kupa Kodzero Kunotongwa

Kupfuura kugadziridzwa, Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira Dare raMasare Rinoyera Dziviriro dzaClaus kuda “munhu mumwe, v Reynolds v. Simmals, 1964), kubvisa masangano ehurumende akasvibisa mavhoti enzanga dzeguta nedzezvishoma. Dare raderedzawo kuzvipira kwedzinza kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuzvipira kwematongerwe enyika.

Nhau Dzapanguva Ino Nokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo

Nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro porusaruro nokuenzana kazhinji kazhinji dzinonanga pakuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzingashandiswa sei kumashoko matsva akapoteredza.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Mitemo inosimbiswa inovavarira kupedza rusaruro rwenhau kupfurikidza nokurangarira dzinza kana kuti chirume sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma, kupinza basa, kana kuti kutora. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira zvirongwa zvakasanogadzirirwa zvinoziva dzinza mukunzvera kwakakomba, somu [[[FLT: 0]] Graiteb v. Bollinger[ [[2003] [imosve], iyo inobvumira mhatsa sefariro inogombedzeka mukudzidza kwakakwirira. Zvisinei, Dare rinewo chiito chakaganhurirwa, chinokundawo zvikamu zvinoganhurirwa ([[FLT:]]]] Regitsss of University of California.[FLT][3]],[4] muzvimwe mativi as , uye purogiramu dzinoshandiswa sechikamu chikuru chepfuudzo.[3]]

Kuzivikanwa Kwechirume Nekodzero Dzechienzi

Vanhu vakatarisana nerusaruro muzvoutano, basa, dzidzo, uye pokugara. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Bostock v. Clayton County [20]) (2020) vakarangarira kuti rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamugariro wepanhetembo irudzi rwevatano paTitle VII yekodzero dzechivil. Nepo rusati rwuri chisarudzo chapamutemo, chakapesvedzera matare echiduku kutsanangura dziviriro yaClauslee. Somuenzaniso, Chikamu cheChina chakatonga mu . Grim. Grounice Countric Board Board [20] .20] chikoro chinopa murairo wemiitiro unoshandisa chizivikiso chazvokudzivirira chiHwe chiExhoogle.

Ruramisiro Yedzinza Norusaruro Rwetsika

Masangano azvino uno akadai seBlack Live Matter akasimbisa kupesana kwedzinza kunopfuurira mururamisiro youtsotsi, imba, basa, uye dzidzo. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo richirambidza rusaruro rwemaune, vakawanda vanotaura kuti mitemo isingatori rutivi rwechiso chinogona kuva nemigumisiro inopesana ichiri kuenzana. Dare Gurusa rakatoda ufakazi hwedonzo rokusasarura panzvimbo pokungobvisawo zvaro muganhu wetsika wokuparadza kuputsa kupesana kwedziviriro kwechipo ( Shahington v. Davis, 1976). Chimiro ichi chakashorwa nekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinotaura kuti chinokundikana kutaura nezvetsikano yetsika inosimbiswa mumiitiro yehurumende. pamutemo, zvakadai sezvakaitwa naGeorge Flodiscracment muChigles, kuedza kutaura nezveizvi zvinetso zvinodzorwa mumitemo, asi chinopfuurira kupfurikidza nezvirongwa.

Kuenzana Kwemari Nebumbiro Remitemo

Constitution haivimbisi zvakajeka kuenzana kwezvemari, uye Dare Gurusa rakaramba kazhinji kazhinji kuziva maruramiro emipimo miduku yokurarama kana kuti kusvika kwakaenzana kuzviwanikwa. Mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, Dare rakaramba kutaura kwokuti misiyano yepfuma yakavakirwa pamari yechikoro yakaputsa Dare remari reMitengo inodzivirira Claus, rikachengeta kuti dzidzo haisi maruramiro makuru pasi peBumbiro remitemo renyika. Zvisinei, mitemo yemitemo inowanzogovera dziviriro yakasimba yedzidzo negarikamite napabumbiro remitemo inodzivirira ichiri inoshanda kumitemo inopesana yakavakirwa papfuma mumashoko akati, yakadai sokusvika kumatare ([FLD:2]]).[5]

Mugumisiro: Bumbiro Remitemo Sechirongwa Chinochinja Kuenzana

Basa reBumbiro reMitemo mukunangana nokusimudzira kuenzana rakura zvikuru chifo cha 1787. Kupfurikidza neBill of Rights, Reconstructives, uye kukura kwamaruramiro okuvhota, chinyorwa chacho chakashandurwa kuva chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu uye kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Dare gurusa reNyika inotonga nokusimudzira ruramisiro Brown v. Board yeDyjinity [[FLM:1] ku ku [FLT] OF]berge bvull v. Hodges . [mademond]

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[