Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi: Nheyo Yomutemo neruramisiro zveAmerica

Mvura yeKineth Amendment ibwe rinokosha reBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, rinoumba zvikurukuru nzira iyo mitemo inogadzirwa nayo, inodudzirwa, uye inogombedzerwa nokuda kwavagari vemo vose. Yakasimbiswa mushure meHondo yeChizvarwa Chavagari vemo, yakatanga dziviriro dzakakomba idzo dzinovimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira mumutemo. Kunzwisisa gadziridzo iyi kunokosha mukunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe, ganhuriro dzehurumende, uye kusimudzira ruramisiro pamwero yose yehurumende.

Nhoroondo: Kutanga kwePendezhe Yechigumi Negumi

Pepanhau re14th Amendment rakagamuchirwa musi waJuly 9, 1868, serimwe reMitemo yokugadziridza pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa Chenyika. Chinangwa charo chikuru chaiva chokugadzirisa magariro epamutemo evatema vachangobva kusunungurwa uye kumisa mitemo yokupa mhosva yaipfuudzwa nenyika dzokuMaodzanyemba, dzinozivikanwa seMadokero Matema.

Kugadziridzwa kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuchisarudzo chapamutezo cheDare Gurusa muna 1857 mu Dred Scott v. Sandford, iyo yaidavira kuti vaAmerica veAfrica havagoni kuva vagari vemo veU.S. kupfurikidza nokuchinja chisarudzo ichocho, Amendement yechigumi namano mana yakagadza mupimo mutsva webumbiro remitemo nokuda kwouenzani nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Vamiriri vayo, kubatanidza vanhu vane pesvedzero vakafanana naJohn Bingham weOhio, vane vavariro yokuparira kuva vagari vemo vomunyika imwe chete iyo pasina nyika yaigona kuramba.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kune zvikamu zvishanu, asi zvinotapura zvikurusa ndizvo zvitatu zvokutanga: Chinutity Claus, Iat Procesme Claus, uye Aclimate Protection Claus. izvi zvakava hwaro hwedenho dzisingaverengeki dzapamutemo uye zvakakudza ukuru hwekodzero dzomunhu oga kupfuura zvikuru zvaifungidzirwa pakuvamba.

Kirasi Huru yeMutezo Wechigumi Negumi

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chigariti, chinowanwa mumutsetse wokutanga weChikamu 1, chinoti: "Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vanodzorwa nomutemo wavo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende kwavanogara. Iyi ndima yakasimbisa kuva mugari wemo, zvinoreva kuti munhu upi noupi akaberekerwa muU.S. anova mugari wemo, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokutama yavabereki vake. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark[[FLT:] [18] [18], iyo yakatonga kuti munhu akaberekwa muU.S. kuvabereki vechiChina akanga ari mugari wemo.

Kuva mugari wemo kwakakwana kunoramba kuri rutivi runorondedzera mutemo weAmerica, kunyange zvazvo wave uri nhau yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. chitsama chacho chinovimbisawo kuti kuva mugari wemo hakugoni kubviswa nenzira yokuzvidira, kuchigovera hwaro hwakatsiga nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo nemisengwa.

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

The Bit Procession Claus inorava, kuti: "Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi gadziriro ine revo mbiri dzakajeka: muitiro wakafanira negadziriro inoparirwa. Gadziriro inoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakarurama isati yabvisa upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza, kunzwa, uye banza rokuzvidzivirira mudare. Somuenzaniso, muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti isimbise maruramiro kutongwa kwakarurama, kumirariro yapamutemo, uye dziviriro kubva paumene.

Muitiro wakafanira wapamberi pechinhu, kune rumwe rutivi, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okuvamba mukudzorwa nehurumende, kunyange kana dziviriro dzetsika dziripo. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakashandisa uyu murangariro kudzivirira maruramiro akadai seroorano, ukama hwemhuri, uye udzori hwemuviri. Nhau dzemark dzakafanana Roe v. Wade [7777]] uye bergefell v. Hodges (20) dzakavimba negadziriro inowirirana yokuziva maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri uye roorano, zvakafanana.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

The Expand Protection Claus inozivisa, kuti: "Hapana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mayo muganhu wedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Iyi rugwaro inoda kuti zviitwe kuti vanhu vose vabate mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Icho chishandiso chine simba mukudzivisa rusaruro, chingava chakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, rudzidziso, kana kuti mamwe mapoka. Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana- siyana yokunzvera kutsamira pakugoverwa kwedzinza: kunzvera kwakakomba nokuda kwedzinza, kunzvera pakati pechinhu chomunhurume, uye kuhwirudzura kwakavakirwa pamamwe mapoka mazhinjisakawanda.

Zvichida kushandiswa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kweFolect Protection Claus i Brown v. Board of Education (1954), iyo yakabvisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose. Chitsama chavewo chiri chinhu chikuru kunhau dzinobatanidza kurambira, maruramiro okuvhota, uye rusaruro rwevatano, zvakadai se Red v. Reed [1971], izvo zvinorambidza kusarura kwoutere mugadziriro yenzvimbo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nzira Iyo Mitemo Inoitwa Nayo

Kugadzira Mitemo Yomutemo Panzvimbo Yorudzi

Muitiro wokuita mitemo yehurumende unorongwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, asi Mutemo we 14 wakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo Congress nehurumende dzinoshandisa simba remitemo. Rwendo rwegweta runotanga nepfungwa, kazhinji kazhinji kubva kumutezo weCongress, Purezidhendi, kana kuti mapoka ezvekwapamutemo. Mutemo unotangwa muImba yaVamiriri kana kuti Dare uye unogoverwa kudare rehwirudzuro. Matare anova nokunzwa, kukurukura rugwaro rwacho, uye anogona kurugadzirisa pamberi pokurutumira kuimba yakazara.

Pashure pokupfuudza imwe kamuri, pepa racho rinoenda kune imwe, apo muitiro wakafanana unoitwa. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri achibvumira shanduro dzakasiyana- siyana, dare remusangano rinofanira kuyananisa misiyano. Shanduro yokupedzisira inofanira kutenderwa nezvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare pamberi pokutumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Purezidhendi anogona kusaina mumutemo, kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina. Aveto anogona kushaikwa nevoruzhinji vari mumakamu ose ari maviri.

Somuenzaniso, pasi peSangano Rinodzivirira Claus, Dare harigoni kuisa mitemo inosarura mapoka akati pasina kufarira kwehurumende.

Kuita Mutemo Wehurumende Ne Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

Mitemo inewo miitiro yayo imene yemitemo, asi inofanira kuwirirana neKineth Amendment. Ikoku kunoreva mitemo yehurumende haigoni kuputsa maruramiro akadzivirirwa muChiteshi cheChibvumirano neFolding Clauss. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kuita mutemo unoramba kodzero dzokuvhota dzakavakirwa parudzi, sezvo ikoku kungaputsa dziviriro yakaenzana. Kugadziriswa kunodawo kuti nyika dzigovere muitiro wakafanira mumiitiro yavo yokutarisira neyokutonga.

Dzidziso yokubatanidza, yakatorwa muGaratidzo yeCalClaus, yakashandisa zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights kuhurumende. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhau dzeDare Rapamusorosoro dzinovamba mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20, rusununguko rwakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, rudzidziso, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo zvakaitwa kuti zvisungire hurumende. Iyi yakabatanidza maruramiro makuru munyika yose nepo ichingobvumira nyika kupfuudza mitemo yadzo dzimene muganhuriro dzemitemo.

Kuzvidza Mitemo Nokudzivirira Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Kumanikidzwa Kushanda Nezvokushanda

Kana mutemo wangoitwa bedzi, unomanikidzirwa nebazu guru pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. Masangano eFederal akafanana ne Department of Justice, Environmental Protection Agency, uye Ecume Accomplication Commission anoitwa basa nokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo. Iweneth Amendment inoda kuti aya masangano ashandise mitemo nenzira yakaenzana uye isina rusaruro. Somuenzaniso, Ecult Protection Clauslective idzivisa kuisa mutemo pavanhu vakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti rudzi.

Kana murayiro wevakuru vakuru ukaputsa muitiro wakafanira kana kuti kudzivirira kwakaenzana, matare anogona kuuparadza.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Matambudziko Edare

Gadziriro yedare ndiyo nzvimbo huru yemitemo inodenha kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Amendment yechigumi namana. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kunyora mhaka muhurumende kana kuti dare rehurumende vachipa murairo unotaura kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavo. Dare rinoyera kuva kwemitemo kuchishandisa mupimo unoshanda wehwirudzuro. Kana mutemo ukawanikwa uchiputsa kugadziriswa, vatongi vanogona kubudisa mirairo yokumisa kuchengetwa kwawo kana kuti kuuzivisa kuva usina maturo.

Dare rapamusoro rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira Iwenath Amendment. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogadza mienzaniso inogadza mipimo inotungamirira matare echiduku uye kuumba muitiro wavanhu. Somuenzaniso, mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963), Dare raidavira kuti Gweta Rekudzo reChibvumirano raMakanganiso rinoda nyika kupa magweta kuvanopomerwa mhaka vasingagoni kuripira. [[FLT:]] Living v.[Virginia] (1967), , dziviriro inowirirana yakashandiswa kudzosa mitemo inorambidza roorano inopesana.

Basa Rehurumende Mukudzivirira Kodzero

Masangano ehurumende anewo basa rokudzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo muI4th Amendment. Somuenzaniso, Department of Justice inogona kuongorora uye kukwidza mhosva hurumende kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzevanhu, zvakadai sekupfurikidza nokusazvibata kwemapurisa kana kuti miitiro yokusasarura.

Vagari vemo vanogona kuisa nyaya dzavo muzvinhu zvose, kupupurira kuti vatonga, uye kutsigira hurumende kuti hurumende ive nemhosva.

Kushanda Kwe Amendeji Yechigumi Nechina

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): yakavhura dzidziso ye "yakapesana asi yakaenzana", ichitonga kuti rusarurano rwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende runoputsa Dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus.
  • Mira v. Arizona (1966) yakasimbiswa kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa maruramiro awo okunyumwira kuti arambe akanyarara uye kuva negweta, muGuerry Processom Claus.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015): roorano yakaitwa yapamutemo nechevatano yorudzi rumwe cheterwo munyika yose, kududza zvose zviri zviviri Mutezo waSXS neFelt Claus Externet.
  • [FLT]McDonald v. Chicago [2010] : Yakabatanidza maruramiro eChipiri e Amendment yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo kuhurumende kupfurikidza neSangano raClaus.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Nenhau

Komiti yeMitemo ye14 inoramba iri pakati pemagakava emitemo enguva ino. Nhau dzakadai sokubvuma chiito mukupinda kwapakoreji, ganhuriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota, uye maruramiro okubereka kazhinji kazhinji dzinoiswa mugadziriro dzayo. Somuenzaniso, mu Mitemo yeFair Adgissigs v. Harvard[[FLT]] [20023], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira kushandiswa kwedzinza mureji, richidudza Exmoble Protection Clauslee. Nenzira yakafanana, gakavadzano pamusoro pokupinda nokubvisa mimba dzinopfuurira semitemo inodzivisa gadziriro dzokudzivirira.

Imwe nhau inodzorwa neboka guru roudangwe. Vamwe vanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaraira kugumisa ugaro hwoudangwe nokuda kwavana vakabva kunzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa, vachiramba kuti mashoko okuti "kuzviisa pasi poumambo hwayo" anobvumira kusabvumirana. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzemitemo neWong Kim Ark vanotsigira mutevedzero wekodzero youdangwe, zvichiita kuti chinjo ipi neipi ive yakaoma pasina kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Yenhema Pamusoro Pe Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

  • Miscrect: Kugadziridzwa kunoshanda bedzi kuvagari vemo. Zvomene, Muitiro wakafanira neNyiviriro inowirirana Claus zvinoshanda ku "munhu upi noupi" mukati mehurumende yeU.S., kubatanidza vatami vasiri vagari. Somuenzaniso, vatami vasina kukodzera kunyorwa, vane kodzero yomuitiro wakafanira mukudzingwa kwenhau.
  • Miscrect: Dziviriro yakaenzana inoreva kubatwa zvakafanana.[[FL:1] Chikamu chinoda kuti "dziviriro yakaenzana," asi hurumende inogona kubata mapoka nenzira yakasiana kana ane chikonzero chapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yakavakirwa pazera kufanana neganhuriro dzezera rinobvumirwa nemhaka yokuti zvinobatira donzo rakatwasuka.
  • Kuchinja: Kugadziridzwa kwaidudzirwa kwakafara nguva dzose. Kwamakumi amakore pashure pokunatswa, Dare Rapamusoro rakapa Ivhu raMirefu rechi 14 rairava rakapfupika. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi20 apo Dare rakavamba kushandisa dziviriro dzaro zvikuru, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Misc: Mabhizimisi emunhu oga anofanira kutevera kugadziriswa. IPramendment ye14 inowanzoganhurira chiito chehurumende, kwete mufambiro womunhu oga. Zvisinei, Dare rinogona kupfuudza mitemo pasi pesimba raro rokudzikamisa (Kuchinja 5 kwechirunganiso) kudzora mufambiro wapachivande, sezvinooneka muCivil Rights Act ya 1964.

Tapuro Isingaperi yeMwedzi Yokupedzisira Yegumi Nemana

Pesvedzero ye14th Amendment yakaumba mutemo nenzanga zveAmerica kwamakore anopfuura 150. Yave ichishandiswa nenzira yakatanhamara kubvisa ganhuriro, maruramiro okuvhota akachengeteka, uye kukudza rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Pesvedzero yayo inotambanukira kunenge mativi ose omutemo, kubva kururamisiro yeutsotsi kusvikira kumutemo wemhuri kumirairo yemari. Sezvo denho itsva dzinooneka (jekatsvedzerwa pamitengo yemitengo, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, uye kuchinja kwokupinda munyika) (8 Gemeter Remeter Refemeter) ichapfuurira kushanda segadziriro yokudzikamisa simba rehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei ndokushandiswa, Iwenath Amendment inopa mepu yapamugwagwa. Inoraira kuti mutemo uve wakarurama, kuti vatsigiri vave vasingasaruri, uye kuti vagari vemo vawane tsigiro apo kodzero dzavo dzinoputswa.