Zvikamu Zvakakwirira Zvekugadzwa Kwoupenyu Hwose

Dare Gurusa reU.S. rinogara pamusoro pedare redare rehurumende, richidudzira Bumbiro remitemo nemutemo unoumba weAmerica kwezvizvarwa. Nemhaka yokuti vatongi varo vapfumbamwe vanobatira nokuda kwoupenyu [].Nguva yokungobvisa bedzi kupfurikidza nokusatendisa dare. Muitiro wokusarudza nokusimbisa ruramisiro unova wakarongedzerwa noune udzoreso kuchiremera chapurezidhendi nechedare redare redare. Kunzwisisa vagadziri venhau, nhau, uye masimba ezvematongerwe enyika egadziriro ino kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei kurwiswa kwedare gurusa muhurumende yeAmerica.

Danho 1: Kusiyana - siyana Kunozaruka

Chigaro paDare Gurusa chinova chinowanika apo ruramisiro inofa, inorega basa, kana kuti inobviswa nokusashanda (panenge muna 2024, hakuna ruramisiro yati yambobviswa). Nemhaka yokuti upenyu hunongova muitiro, nzvimbo dzinogarwa hadzina kufanoonekwi uye kazhinji kazhinji hadzisati dziri dzenguva dzose. Paavhareji, nzvimbo inoitika kanenge kamwe chete makore maviri ari ose, asi kuwanda kwacho kwakava kwakasiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, pakati pa19949 na 2005, hapana zvigaro zvakavhurwa; mukupesana, zvigaro zvitatu zvakavhurwa mukati menguva 202020220211 chete.

Nguva yokutora nzvimbo inogona kutapura zvikuru kusimbiswa. Kana kukaitika mugore rasarudzo yapurezidhendi, kurwa pamusoro pokuti ugaro husati hwava shoo inova nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 2016, rufu rwoMutongi Antonin Scalia muna February rwakatungamirira Genather Marity Mutungamiriri McConnell kuramba kunyange kurangarira Purezidhendi Barack Obama nominee, Merrick Garland(a akaumbazve dare ndokusimbisa hondo dzazvino uno.

Nhano 2: Purezidhendi Anosarudza Mutongi

Mutungamiriri weUnited States anosarudza murongi, asi chisarudzo hachisati chiri chisarudzo chakabatana. Mubatanidzwa waVapi zano paNzvimbo yeZuva, nyanzvi dzapamutemo, vatungamiriri vebato, uye mapoka ezvisarudzo. (8) Mapurezidhendi anoyera zvinhu zvinoverengeka:

  • Chinoitika chapamutambo: Mimwe mishomanene zvikuru ichangobva kubatira paMatare eZvikumbiro eU.S., iyo inovapa chinyorwa chemitemo nemirangariro yakanyorwa. Somuenzaniso, John Roberts, Elena Kagan, naNeil Gorra vose vakabva mubhenji rehurumende. Vamwe purezidhendi vakasvika kunze kwejudicary( somuenzaniso, William Howard Taft akanga ave ari purezidhendi, uye Earl Warren akanga ari gavhuna weCalifornia.
  • Uzivi hwechiLegal: Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anoisa ruramisiro dzine uzivi hwedare hunowirirana nedzavo vamene. Mapurezidhendi anowirirana anotsvaka vatsigiri vemavambo kana kuti vatsigiri vamagwaro; mapurezidhendi anotendera vatongi vanorangarira Bumbiro remitemo segwaro benyu. Mirangariro yeNominee pamusoro penhau dzinopisa dzeboka guru retutututuro (*abortion, kodzero dzepfuti, simba rechiremera) inonzvera zvikuru.
  • Zvikwaniriso zvouranda: American Association inotara mumwe nomumwe se “akanyatsokwaniriswa,” kana kuti“ asingakwaniri. Kunyange zvazvo kuyera kwacho kusingamanikidzi, kuyera kwakaipa kunogona kuita kuti kuomesa. Muna 2018, ABA yakaitwa kuti Brett Kavataugh “yakakwaniriswa zvakanaka,” asi muitiro wesangano wakatanga kutsvikinyidzirwa netsoropo dzakariona sedzinopesana mune zvematongerwe enyika.
  • Zvinhu zvenhau dzezviverengero zvavagari vemo: Mapurezidhendi anowanzorangarira kumirira(geography, dzinza, dzinza, rudzidziso. Durface Marshall akanga ari ruramisiro yokutanga yeAfrica; Sandra Day O’Connor mukadzi wokutanga; Sonia Sotomayor muLatina wokutanga. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira mipimo yapurezidhendi uye kufadza kumipimo mikuru yemaconsitue.

Purezidhendi anoedzawo kukarira kugamuchirwa kweDare. Munhu anozivikanwa sepfungwa zvikuru kana kuti nenhau yepepa inomutsa nharo angatarisana nokutongwa kwakaipa. Vadzori vangaitisa “mabhodhi okurwa”(_mmock memess kuidza kukuvadzwa kwevane. Mapoka efariro kumativi ose anoungana kuti arwise kana kuti adzivirire kurota. Mugumisiro wacho inhimberi inokwidza pamutemo kunyange pamberi pokunge dare razivisa.

Nguva Yokusarudza Isingacherechedzwi

Garland inotora zvitunha muna 2016 yakanga isina kumboitika: mutongi akakwaniriswa ane mukurumbira une mwero akavharwa kuti angogamuchira kunyange kutongwa. Apo Purezidhendi Donald Trump akatora basa, akatumidza Neil Gormoth kuchigaro chimwe chetecho. Muna 2020, nerufu rwaMutongi Ruth Bader Ginsburg mavhiki mashomanene pamberi perusarudzo, Dare reRepublicans rakaparadza muenzaniso waro wa2016 ndokusimbisa Amy Coney Barrett mumuitiro wokumhanya-mo-mo-mo-mo-moto. Zviitiso izvi zvinoratidza kuti apo rinosvika kuSarudzo yeDare gurusaro, masvoko anowanzotaura nheyo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhano 3: Kuhwirudzura kweDare Redare Ravafundisi

Apo bedzi purezidhendi anotumira kunyorwa kwechinzvimbo kuDare, nhau yacho inoenda ku Sate Judicary Committee[[FL:1]. Dare, zvino rakaumbwa navane 22 (vanobva mubato rimwe nerimwe pasi pereshiyo dzemipimo), rinotanga mukunzvera munhamba.

Kuongorora Kwakaitika Nezvikumbiro Zvemagwaro

Vashandi vedare vanokumbira mapepa akawanda anobva kumunhu anenge ari mudare: manyoro epamutemo, hurukuro, maemail, mabasa, uye mafaira enhau. FBI inoongororawo nhau dzakaitika kare, kunyange zvazvo upamhi hwayo hwakaganhurirwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya (faira yakazara inogoverwa nemitezo yedare zvakavanzika). Masangano anowanzobuda muiyi pepa. During Kavaugh kusimbisa kwake, nongedzero dzake dzegore rapamusoro rechikoro namashoko akareverwa pamusoro pesimba revakuru.

Kusimbisa Kunzwa

Rudzi rwavose zvikurusa inzwi rinenge rekusimbisa , nhangemutange yemazuva akawanda yemashoko okuzarura nemibvunzo inobva kumunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kunzwa kunobatira zvinangwa zvinoverengeka: kunobvumira vamiriri kunzvera mirangariro yavanominee, kunopa vanhu hwindo muuzivi hwemitemo, uye kunobvumira masangano okuisa padanda kubuda nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, vamines vakadzidza kupa mhinduro, vaeva vapa mhinduro panhau inotemwanwa.] [5]

Kunzwa kwa1992 kwaRobert Bork kwakanga kuri mheremhere yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pouzivi hwake hwapakuvamba nemirangariro yamaruramiro avagari vemo; Dare rakamuramba 42 - 588.Clarence Thomas kunzwa kwa 1991 apo Anita Hill akamupomera mhaka yenetsiro yevatano, kuchitungamirira kurusando runoshamisa, rwakakomba rwemirangariro. Brett Kavanaugh ya2018 yairatidzira Christine Blasey Ford chipupuriro chedenho yevatano inofungidzirwa, kuchiparadzanisa rudzi.

Dare rinokoka vamiririri veAmerican Bar Association, masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, mapoka ezvebhizimisi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo.

Danho 4: Kushanda Nedare

Pashure pokunge dare raMakurukota ragumisa, vhoti pamusoro pokuti kutumira kusarudzwa kuDare rakazara nedare rakanaka, risina kunaka, kana kuti kwete rumbidzo. Voruzhinji vemitezo yakapfava yedare vanosarudza. Munhau, rumbidzo yakanaka (kazhinji kazhinji mumitsetse yebato mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura) inokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti mutungamiriri woruzhinji aronge vhoti youriri. Kana dare richivhota mukurwisana kana kuti zvisungo, mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru weDare anogona kuunzazve kuruvara pasi, asi rinoita simba duku.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dare rakanonotsa vhoti kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi — zvinouraya nokuuraya kutora urume pasina kurambwa kwakananga. Izvozvo zvakaitika kuvamiri vanoverengeka muzana ramakore rechi19 uye, nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, munzvimbo yakavharwa yeMerrick Garland. Dare rinogonawo kubudisa zvikamu zviduku zvezvapupu kana kuti magwaro okuwedzera, izvo zvinogona kukudza muitiro wacho.

Nhano 5: Gakava Rakazara reDare Nokutaura

Mumitemo yazvino, kukurukurirana pamusoro peDare Rapamusoro kunoganhurirwa kumaawa anosvika 30 pashure pokuvhota kweDare kuti ripe mvumo. Chinjo huru yemitemo yapamberi pedare yakaitika muna 2017.

“ Nzira Yenyukireya Yakaita Zvenyukireya” uye Chiverengero Chisina Kuoma

Pamberi pa2017, Supreme Court yaigona kunzi ive negamendi, ichida mavhoti 60 kugumisa nharo. Asi muna April 2017, Sertain Republicans .Idzo dzakachinja mitemo yeDemocratic Democratic kuna Neil Gormoth . Yakashandura dare revoti reverejistance re50 stafensitors (nechinonzi “chisarudzo chenyuko chenyuko), yakabva yabvisa chikumbatiro 60-votatesiti, ichibvumira kuti chibvumire kubatanidzwa nemhiko: Gwaromende (545), Khn, (548), Kjounians), uye 93448 (5), K748).

Chisarudzo chenyukireya chakachinja nomutoo mukuru kusimbisa. Chakabvisa sundo yokuti mapurezidhendi asarudze zvine mwero, chinobvuma ndokuvapa simba rokusarudza vadaviri vendangariro vakawanda bedzi. Kwakadokubvisa bviro yokunonoka kana kuti kukurira kuva namai. Kupfuura nokure, muitiro weDare Gurusa zvino muitiro wokusimbisa wavanachiremba.

Mubato Wakanaka

Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yapera, Dare rinovhota pamusoro pekuvhota. Voruzhinji vakapfava vaavo varipo nokuvhota vanodikanwa. Kana vhoti yakasungirwa (50/50), Mutungamiriri weHurumende angaisa vhoti inoputsa tai. Ikoko kwakaitika muna 2020 nokuda kwokusimbiswa kweMutongi Barrett(--Vice Purezidhendi wePence’s vhoti aisadikanwa, asi bviro iripo. Kana muteveri akakundikana kuwana voruzhinji, purezidhendi anofanira kutanga nechisarudzo chitsva.

Kuramba kunzi kunzi ndokwapamutemo hakuwanzoitiki munhau yazvino uno. Kurambwa kwokupedzisira kweDare Rapamusorosoro kwakanga kuri Robert Bork muna 1987. Muna 1970, Dare rakaramba Clement Haynsworth naG. Harrold Carssell (zvose zviri zviviri zvakaiswa pasi naPrezidhendi Nixon). Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, purezidhendi akabvisa varwisi vakanga vasina tsigiro yakakwana − somuenzaniso, Judge Douglas Ginsburg (1987) naHarriet Miers (2005).

Danho 6: Gadzirirai hofisi Nenzvimbo Yehofisi

Pashure pokusimbisa Dare, purezidhendi anoratidzira kuisa nenzira yakarongwa ruramisiro itsva. Komishoni inobatanidza musi wokugadza kwapamutemo uye inonyorwa naAttorney General. Mutongi mutsva ipapo anoda mhiko mbiri mumutambo unowanzoitwa paDare Rapamusorosoro:

  1. Dare reMitemo [[FLT: 1] (rinonziwo Chikamu VI): “Ndinotsigira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States pavavengi vose, vokumwe neveimba; kuti ndine kutenda kwechokwadi uye ruvimbiko kune zvimwe chetezvo; kuti ndinogamuchira uyu musengwa norusununguko, pasina donzo rendangariro ripi neripi rokunzvenga; uye kuti ndichabudirira nokubatira nokutendeka mabasa ehofisi yandinoda kupinda. Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari.
  2. Chiratidzo cheChisarudzo [[FLT: 1]: “Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa ruramisiro pasina ruremekedzo kuvanhu, uye ndinoita maruramiro akaenzana kuvarombo navapfumi, uye kuti ndichasunungura nokutendeka uye kusarura uye kuita mabasa ose anondibatira seMutongi Wedare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States pasi peBumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yeUnited States. Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari.

Ruramisiro huru inowanzopa mhiko, kunyange zvazvo muzvimwe zviitiko (zvakadai seMutongi Mubatanidzwa Kagan) mutongi akarega basa atungamirira. Pashure pemhiko yacho, ruramisiro itsva inogara pabhenji ndokuvamba mhaka dzokunzwa. Hapana ratidziro dzetsika__nomutongi anodzidza kupfurikidza nokuita, kunyange zvazvo vachigamuchira tsigiro kuvanyori vemitemo namahofisi eDare.

Nei Kufamba Kwacho Kuchikosha

Gadziriro nesimbiso zvinobatanidza checkchecks nedzinodzikama dzakavakwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU. Purezidhendi, uyo anotungamirira bazu guru, anosarudza mutezo. Dare, rinomirira hurumende mubazu remitemo, rinopa zano nemvumo. Uku kupesana kwesimba kunodzivisa bazu rimwe nerimwe kubva pamunhu ane chiremera. Kunyange zvakadaro muitiro wacho wazova wechimbichimbichimbi - tsiro, uye vatsoropodzi varo vakautsa kusununguka kunooneka kwedare.

Nguva Youpenyu Inoderedza Matandi

Nemhaka yokuti ruramisiro dzinobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, kugadzwa kumwe nokumwe kunogona kuumba mutemo weAmerica kwamakore makumi matatu kana kuti kupfuura. Ruramisiro imwe inogona kutapura kutonga pakubvisa pamuviri, chiremera chavakuru vakuru, mari yenhimbe, kodzero dzokuvhota, kubvuta, uye zvakawanda. Kuumbwa kwepfungwa dzeDare kunochinja bedzi apo ruramisiro inochinja, kuita kuti nzvimbo ive mukana weimwe nhambo yamapurezidhendi kuti itsaure nhaka yavo. Somuenzaniso, kugadzwa kwaMutongi Clarence Thomas muna 1991 kwakagadzira voruzhinji vakasimba panhau dzakawanda kutozosvikira pakurega basa reSahluleri Anthony Kennedy muna 201872, kwaita kuti kuenzana kworudyi.

Kukanganisa Kunoita Kugara Nguva Dzose uye Zvematongerwe Enyika

Nhoroondo yeGarland muna 2016 yakaratidza kuti muitiro wacho unogona kuchinjwa nokushandisa hurumende. McConnell akaramba kutongwa kana kuti kuvhota kwaPurezidhendi Obama akanga asina kumboona dare rapamberi apa.Nguva huru yedare payakanga yambovapo mugore resarudzo yasiyiwa isina kuzara kwerinenge gore rakazara. Kubviswa kwedanda kunoderedza chibariro nokuda kwechinobvumirwa nevezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kwakakurudzira nzira dzakafanana nedziri pasi pedare. Njodzidzi dzokusimbisa Barrett muna 202020 dzakaratidza kuti apo chinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzechalculus, mitemo inogona kunyorwazve pandege. Chivimbo chavose sedare gurusaresa.

Kusimbisa Kunzwa Senhau Yavose

Kunzwa kunovhura terevhizheni kunopa vagari vemo kunzvera kusingawanzoitiki, kusingashandisiwi, kuti vatongi vanofunga sei (kana kuti vadzivise kufunga) pamusoro pemibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Vanozivisawo mhosho munzanga yeAmerica(race, chirume, chechi, chigaro, simba rehurumende. Nepo vamwe vatsoropodzi vachiramba kutonga senzvimbo yemitambo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vanomanikidza vamanimani kuti vadzivirire marekodhi avo ndokubvumira vanhu kuti vasatonga bedzi varwi asi purezidhendi anozvisarudza.

Mifungo Yokupedzisira

Kugadza nokusimbisa Dare gurusa ndiimwe yemiitiro inowirirana zvikurusa muhurumende yeAmerica. Iro rinovimbisa kuti vanhu bedzi avo vane tsigiro yose iri miviri yapurezidhendi netendero yeDare vanogona kugara padare rapamusorosoro renyika. Chinongoitika chacho chakabva kubva kutsika yetsika yetsika yedare nyoro kukuva chiratidzo chakakwirira. Kana purezidhendi womunguva yemberi achadzokera kubvumirana kana kuti kupfuudzira shavo yetsika inotsamira pamasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika anochinja nesarudzo imwe neimwe. Chinosara isimba guru ravanhu vapfumbamwe vanoumba kududzira manyoro emitemo (5), uye kupfurikidza, upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwechiAmerica nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvamazera.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona shoodori yapamutemo yemuitiro wokusimbisa ne [[FLT:] Konferal Research yeBasa reProfessial Mushumo pamusoro penhau yokugadzwa kweDare Gurusa. Kunyukira zvikuru murutsiro rwegakava, verenga [[FLT:]] New York Times Reference pakutonga kwaRobert Bork .