Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwezviito Zvemitemo

Findhla Amendment kuUnited States Constitution inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “nyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Iwenayith Amendment inotambanudza iyi dziviriro imwe cheteyo kumabasa ehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kwemakumi amakore, matare akarangarira kuti masangano okudzora adzoro, kana kuti hurumende (jename) anofanira kuremekedza izvi zvibvumikiso apo anoisa zvirango. Mutemo hausi muitiro wakaoma; panzvimbo pezvo, unoraira kuti hurumende ishandise miitiro inowirirana nezvinodiwa nehurumende zvinowirirana nezviri panjodzi. Chinodikanwa ichi chinodzivisa masangano okutarisira basa razvo sechishandiso chinonyengera uye chinovamanikidza kuremekedza kuti vabate masangano anodzo nemitemo.

Masangano anotarisira ane chiremera chikuru. Anogadza mitemo, anonzvera, anounza zviito zvokumanikidzira, uye zvirango zvemari yavagari vemo. Mamwe masangano anogona kutoisa kubviswa kana kuti kubviswa mumapurogiramu ehurumende, ayo anogona kuvhara bhizimisi nenzira inobudirira. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, iri simba ringaparira kugadzirwa kwechisarudzo chine donzo. Dare Gurusa renguva refu rakaziva kuti muitiro wakafanira ndiwo “dziviriro inosungirwa pamutemo, ichivimbisa kuti chirango chinoiswa bedzi pashure pomukana une revo wokunzwa.

Kushanda Kunoita Basa Routarisiri uye Chikonzero Nei Kuronga Kuchikosha

Apo sangano rinogumisa kuti munhu kana kuti sangano rakaputsa mutemo kana kuti murairo, zvingatanga chirango chinowanzobatanidza faindi, kubviswa kwerezero, kubviswa kwemirairo, uye kudzorerwa. Kusafanana nefaindi yeutsotsi inoiswa nedare, zvirango zvokudzora kazhinji kazhinji zvinoiswa nesangano rimene, kana richifanira kudzokororwa. Uku kudzorwa kwesimba kunoitwa semunzveri, muchuchizi, uye mutongi.

Muitiro wakafanira muna aya mashoko akapoteredza unobatira zvinangwa zvitatu: zvinoderedza ngozi yokunyimwa zvinhu kwechikanganiso kana kuti rusununguko; zvinovimbisa kuti mubato unotapurwa anogona kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mufambiro; uye zvinosimudzira chivimbo chavanhu mukururama kwetsika. Pasina izvi zvinodzivirira, sangano ringaisa zvirango zvikuru zvakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana, kuita chisarudzo chine ganhuriro, kana kuti zviitiko zvakavanzika. Muitiro wakafanira nokudaro unoisa uriri hweburi hwemitemo zvokuti masangano haagoni kufamba pasi, kunyange zvazvo muitiro ungagona kuratidzika kuva wakakwana sei.

Musiyano Pakati Pokuita Kutonga Nokuparadza

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pokuita mitemo nebvumirano yokudzora. Kugadza mitemo kunogadza mipimo yomunguva yemberi yomufambiro uye kazhinji kazhinji kunoda mitoo yeziviso neyokuronga pasi peAdministrative Procediture Act (APA). Kurevesa, kune rumwe rutivi, kunosarudza kana boka rakaputsa mitemo iripo uye kuti chirangoidzoichoi chinofanira kushandiswa. Kuraira kwapanguva yemberi kuri pamusoro pazvo maruramiro omunhu ari padanda. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti kunyange apo sangano rinoshandisa murairo mutsva, boka rakatapurwa rinofanira kugamuchira ziviso dzakakwana nedzinofanira kushandiswa. Zvirongwa hazvigoni kutanga rondedzero dzapamutemo mukati nhambo mukati mechirango mukati chaita chirango pasina kupindura.

Zvinodikanwa Zvomusikirwo Nokuda Kwokupiwa Chibharo

Kuti rigutse muitiro wakafanira, sangano rinotarisira rinofanira kugovera zvinenge zvinotevera chirango chisati chava chokupedzisira:

  • Notice yekuputswa kunofungidzirwa. Ziviso inofanira kuverengwa nenzira ine mufungo kuti izivise mubato nezvepomero nechirango chinobvira. Nhevedzo kana kuti kunyengera hazvina kukwana. Sangano rinofanira kududza hwaro hwapamutemo nezvikonzero zveidi zvechiito.
  • Banza rokupindura. Vatapurwa vanofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa ufakazi, kupokana nepomero, uye kudenha ufakazi hwesangano. Ikoku kungaitika kupfurikidza nokuzviisa pasi kwakanyorwa, musangano wamasanga, kana kuti kunzwa kwakarongwa kunotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza.
  • A Mugadziri wechisarudzo. Mukuru mukuru anosarudza mhaka yacho anofanira kuva asingasaruri. Vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo ye “dare” inoshanda kumitengo yokutonga. Kunyange kana muiti wechisarudzo ari mushandi wesangano, iye haagoni kuva nefungidziro yomunhu oga kana kuti yesangano iyo ingadzivisa rutongeso rwakarurama.
  • chisarudzo chakarangarirwa. Sangano rinofanira kujekesa hwaro hwechirango charo, rinotsanangura kuti rakayera sei ufakazi uye nei chirango chacho chichikodzera kuputswa. Pasina tsananguro yakarangarirwa, chiito chinoratidzika kuva chisakafanira, uye dare rinohwirudzura harigoni kunzvera zvakakwana basa resangano.

Izvi zvinodikanwa hazvidi kuti zvingoerekana zvada kutonga kwakakwana. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa mu . MAWs v. Eldidge [ yakatanga muedzo unochinjika, uyo zvino uri gadziriro yokutanga yokusarudza kuti muitiro upi unova wakafanira apo sangano rehurumende rinoisa chirango.

Mambew Anoedza Kudzikamisa

MuMatews neEldridge, Dare rakazivisa zvinhu zvitatu izvo dare rinofanira kuyera kuti risarudze miitiro chaiyoiyo inodikanwa:

  1. Fariro yomunhu oga [ ichatapurwa nechiito chapamutemo. Kurasikirwa kunobvira zvikuru (kungava kwemari, rusununguko, kana kuti rezinesi renyanzvi) kana muitiro wakawanda unofanira kugoverwa.
  2. Ngozi yokunyimwa kwenhema kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoshandiswa panguva ino, uye ukoshi hunobvira, kana huripo, hwedziviriro dzokuwedzera kana kuti dzinotsiva.
  3. Fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza basa rinobatanidzwa nemitoro yemari neyoudzori izvo chinodikanwa chokuwedzera kana kuti chokutsiva chaizobatanidza.

Iyi muedzo haisi nzira yokuita zvinhu nayo asi chisarudzo chinoshanda. Yakashandiswa kuchinhu chiri chose kubva mukubetserwa nepfuma yehurumende inorasikirwa nefashoni dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, apo sangano rinoisa faindi duku zvikuru nokuda kwokuputsa kuduku, fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka ingaruramisa kunzwa kushomanene. Asi apo chirango chinotyisidzira upenyu hwebhizimisi rakadai sokurasikirwa nebvumirano dzehurumende, uye fariro yomunhu oga yakakwirira, uye sangano racho rinofanira kugovera chiziviso chezvemanyuko, kubatanidza preplanucdepriotic uye kutongwa.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoronga Kuitwa kweChibvumirano cheAgency

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha zvakarondedzera miganhu yemuitiro wakafanira mukuchengetwa kwegadziriro yokutarisira:

  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70):[FLT: 1] Dare rairangarira kuti vagamuchiri vegari vega vemo vaifanirwa nokutongwa kwakajeka betsero dzavo dzisati dzagona kumiswa. Kunyange zvazvo iyi mhaka yakabatanidza betsero dzezvokudya, kurangarira kwayo kunoshanda kuchiito chipi nechipi chesangano icho chinotyisidzira mhindu huru yezvinhu. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kutonga kwapamberi pekushaiwa kuri madikanwa apo kunenge kusiri kwokukurumidzira uye mugamuchiri ane fariro yakasimba mukugamuchira betsero inopfuuridzirwa.
  • MAthews v. Eldiridge (1976): Sezvakakurukurwa, Dare rakanatsa muitiro wakafanira wechalculus nokuda kwebetsero dzeSangano reNzanga, richibvumira kuti pasundo dzekupotera dzinzwiwe mumashoko iwayo chaiwo nemhaka yokuti ngozi yekanga yakaderera uye mutoro wehurumende wokutarisira wakanga wakakwirira. Zvisinei, nhau dzakatevera dzakashandisa zvinhu zveMathows kuchira uye kurusarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji kacho dzinoda kunzwa kwepamberi pasati pasvika chirango chakakomba.
  • Alleghený́lim Steel Corp. v. United States (1988): D.C. Nhume yakashandisa nheyo dzakakodzera kumiitiro yezvirango zvemhoteredzo, ichiita kuti sangano rigovere mukana une revo wokunzwa chirango chisati chava chokupedzisira. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti matare akaderera anoita sei muitiro wakafanira mumashoko ezvikomborero zvehurumende.
  • TULL v. United States (1987): Zvikurukuru pamusoro peSandemendement yorudyi kukutonga mumhaka dzezvirango zvavagari vemo, Tull anosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa ganhuriro pamasangano anogona kuwana zvirango. Apo chirango chiri kuranga muchisiko, mubatanidzwa wezvirongwa zvokutonga uye mutemo wapashure unofanira kuremekedza maruramiro kukutonga kwedare. Actersssss haagoni kushandisa kudzo dzokutonga kudzivirira pamutemo.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Dare Gurusa mu United States v. Arthrex (2021) rakataura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba revatongi, richiva nechokwadi chokuti nhau dzezvitsama zvezvikamu zvapamutemo dzinogona kutapura kushanda kwezvisarudzo zvesangano. Nepo dzisati dziri nhau yakafanira pachinhu chimwe nechimwe, Arthrex inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti chimiro chokutungamirira chinofanira kuwirirana nenheyo dzemitemo yokuparadzanisa masimba negadziriro inoruramisira.

Apo Kuitwa Kwezvinhu Kunobvumira Agency Yokupeta

Chinodikanwa chakafanira hachirevi kuti sangano haritongogoni kupa chirango pamberi pekunzwa kwakazara. Mumigariro yakati, hurumende ingakurumidza kuita chiito kudzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, kana kuti chengeteko yenyika. Somuenzaniso, chikwata chezvokudya nemirimo zvinogona kutora zvinhu zvakashatiswa pasina chiziviso nemhaka yokuti ngozi yekuvadziko inokurira fariro yomunhu oga mukufanotongwa. Nenzira yakafanana, sangano rinogona kuvhara rezinesi kana nyanzvi yacho ichityisidzira vanhu nokukurumidza. Munhau idzi, muitiro unogutswa kana sangano rikagovera mapurisa anokurumidza.

Zvisinei, kunyange chiito chokupfupikisa chinofanira kuvakirwa pahwaro hwechokwadi hunovimbika. Sangano rinofanira kuva nechisakiso kana kuti ufakazi hwakafanana risati raita chiito nokukurumidza harwupi chikwata chesangano ramasangano marasha; rinofanira kungoratidzira kuti itiro yekurumidziro iripo chaizvoizvo uye kuti fariro yomunhu oga iri kugoverwa nemutsa, kana yakanonotswa, mukana wokunzwiwa. Kuyera kwapaMatews kunovimbisa kuti masangano haagoni kushandisa kubuda kwekurumidziro senzira yokudzivisa nayo miitiro yenguva dzose.

Kunetsa Kunoshanda Kwemapati Nekutungamirira

Nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende, chinodikanwa chakafanira chinoreva kuti vanofanira kugadzira miitiro yokuchengeta mutemo inogona kupukunyuka nzvero yorutongeso. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kuisa mubatanidzwa wavatongi vadzorwi vomutemo wakarovedzwa, kugadzira nhungamiro dzine udzame nokuda kwavashandi vanofeyafeya, uye kupa masangano okuda kupedza kurongwa. Masangano anotungamirira kupfurikidza nokuronga kutevera kukuvadziko kuva nengozi yokuva nemirango yawo inodzorwa pakuhwirudzura, iyo inopambadza zviwanikwa zvavo uye inoputsa nharidzano dzomutemo. Hofisi yeAdminitivers of Social Security Administration, The Envity Protection Agemental Agency, uye Federal Tration, somuenzaniso, zvose zvinoshanda pasi pemiraunziro yakaitwa namakumi amakore ezviratiomikoro zvakaumbwa nezvinoitwa.

Nokuda kwamabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe vanotarisana nezvirango zvemibato, muitiro wakafanira dziviriro ine simba. Vapari vanogona kudenha chirango kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti sangano racho rakakundikana kupa ziviso yakakwana, rakavimba nenyevero pasina banza rokuyambuka - inda, kana kuti kushandisa mugadziri wechisarudzo ane mhosho. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, kuramba kukuru kwakafanira kunogona kumanikidza chiteshi kukanda mhaka yacho kana kuti kuderedza zvikuru chirango. Chinyorwa chesangano chinofanira kuva chakachena; kana kuti, dare rinohwirudzura richadzosa nhau yacho kudzokera kusangano racho, kazhinji kashoma gare gare gare gare. Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzakafanira kuva dzinokosha naizvozvo sokunzwisisa murairo uri pasi pomutemo.

Muvezi Akanaka Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Masangano anonzvera pane dzimwe nguva anobvunza masangano anodzorwa kudzosa kodzero dzakati dzetsika mukutsinhana nechirango chereveres kana kuti chisarudzo chinokurumidza. Nepo nzvimbo dzakadaro dzichizivikanwa, anorashwa anofanira kuva achiziva uye anozvipira. Muitiro wetaundi haubvumiri sangano kumanikidza muparadzi kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira zvirango zvakanyanyisa kana kuti kunonotsa nenzira isina mufungo kudzivirira. Matare achasanonzvera zvikamu zvekodzero kukutonga kana kuti kuhwirudzura dare. Federal Tradence Commm neSacerities neScenties , somuenzaniso, akatarisana negadziriro dzokutsiva dzinomanikidzirwa kudzivirira kudzorwa kwezvibvumirano zvisina kujeka.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwenzvimbo: Chirango Choutarisiri uye Bumbiro Remitemo

Mutemo wehurumende wazvino uno unopfuurira kurwisana nokusasarura pakati pekubudirira nokururamisira. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mamwe matare akadzorera shure masangano anoisa zvirango zvinorema pasina miitiro yokuzvidzora ine simba. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2019 mu . Kisor. Wilkie[[FLT] [[FLT]] [[2] [[FLT]] [] pamusoro pokuva norusaruro rwezvibvumikiso zvavo vamene nenzira isina kunanga pamutemo, nemhaka yokuti masangano haagoni kutsamira pamitemo isina kujeka kwakananga kuranga mufambiro wakarambidzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, dzidziso ye “mututu wemhepo inoda kuti chirango chavagari vemo chigone kupiwa bedzi kana boka rakaitwa nenzira isina mufungo kuti mufambiro wayo usati wakarurama.

Imwe nzvimbo iri kusimukira ishandisirwo yeSmastive Finers Clause (chikamu cheRelectment) kuzvirango zvokudzora. Nepo Claus achishanda zvakananga kufaindi youtsotsi, mamwe matare akarangarira kana zvirango zvavagari vemo zviri “zvisingaenzaniswi” kukuvadziko zvingaputsa muitiro wakafanira pamwe chetewo. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa mu [FLT] [1] Hudson v. United States (1997) ] raidavira kuti zvirango zvavagari vemo hazvisati zvichingokanganisa nenzira imo nokuda kwemadonzo engozi mbiri, maruramiro ose echirangoripo angangohwirudzo dzakatorerwa nokuda kwokunyanyisa mutezotevedzero pasi pomuitiro wokupinda mutezo.

mhedziso

Simba remasangano anodzora kuisa zvirango rinokosha kuudzo hwazvino uno, asi harina kutsaurwa. Zvitsauko zvakafanira zveMitemo yeChishanu nerechi14 zvinoda kuti masangano aite nenzira yakarurama, ape ziviso yakakwana uye mukana wokunzwiwa, uye kuvakira zvisarudzo pazvikonzero zvinofungwa. Matews anoyera anoshandisa matare chishandiso chakapfava chokusarudza mwero wakakodzera webasa rokutonga pasina kuisa mitoro isina mufungo. Kubva muzvinoitika zvemajeri akafanana na Goldberg v. Kelly naMatews vapa kujerisoriso dzinopfuurira kugadziridzwa mudzidziso inoyera, Bumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira kugadziridza nzira iyo masangano anochengeta nayo mutemo. Nokuti varadzi ava havasati vari bedzi nhau yokufunga yetsika yomutemo asi vanonzvera simba rehurumende. Masangano anowana kudzivirira kudzivirira muratiro, anovimbisa kururamisira, haangoshandiri ruramisiro.