Table of Contents

Muitiro wokuhwirudzura mitemo neDare Rapamusorosoro ndimumwe wemibato inokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinovimbisa kuti mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nezviito zvinoitwa nebazu guru zvinowirirana neUnited States Constitution. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inotsanangura kuti Dare Rapamusoro rinohwirudzura sei mitemo, kubva padenho yokutanga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira, richikupa nzwisiso yakajeka yeuyu muitiro unokosha webumbiro remitemo.

Chii Chiri Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga?

Kuhwirudzura dare ipfungwa, inokosha kugadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States, yokuti zviito zvamapazu makuru neomutemo ehurumende zvinodzokororwa uye kushata kunobvira nedare redare. Iri simba rinobvumira Dare Rapamusoro Kunzvera kana mitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye zviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo, uye kuparadza avo vasingadaro.

Rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo haruna gadziriro chaiyo yesimba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga. Panzvimbo pezvo, simba rokuzivisa mitemo isina urongwa hwakarangarirwa kuva simba rinorehwa, rakatorwa muChikamu III neChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.

Historical Foundation: Marbury v. Madison

Kuhwirudzurwa kworutongeso rwehurumende kwakatangwa muchisarudzo chakatanhamara chaMarbury v. Madison, chisarudzo chokutanga cheDare Gurusa chokuparadza chiito cheCongress sechisina kutongwa, nomutsetse wakakurumbira kubva kuMutongi Mukuru John Marshall: "Ibasa rakasimba reBato reRuramisiro kutaura kuti mutemo uri sei. Iyi mhaka 1803 yakaumba zvikurukuru basa reDare Rapamusorosoro muhurumende yeAmerica.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi migariro yekare simba reDare rehwirudzuro yedare harina kusimbiswa kutozosvikira muna 1803, apo rakakumbirwa naMutongi Mukuru John Marshall muMarbury v. Madison. Pamberi peiyi mhaka yakatanhamara, nepo vazhinji vaVanaBaba Vakawanwa vaikarira Dare Rapamusorosaidzoresa kushandisa hwirudzuro yokutonga, simba racho rakanga risina kusimbiswa nenzira yapamutemo kana kuti kuedzwa pamwero womubatanidzwa.

Hamilton akanga anyora kuti kupfurikidza nomuitiro wehwirudzuro yeDare rakavimbisa kuti kuda kwavanhu vose, sokuratidzirwa muBumbiro ravo remitemo, kwaizova kukuru kupfuura kuda kwechirongwa chomutemo, chine mirau ingaratidzira bedzi kuda kwechinguvana kworutivi rwavanhu. Iyi nheyo inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha kubasa reDare nhasi.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo reDare Gurusa

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa judiary yehurumende.Chikamu III, Chikamu I chinotaura kuti "Simba rorutongeso reUnited States, richaiswa muDare rimwe rapamusorosoro, uye muMatare akaderera akadaro seCongress ingagadzwa nguva nenguva ndokutangwa." Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakaparira hwaro hweDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo rakasiya udzame hwakawanda kuti husarurwe neCongress.

Dare Rapamusoro rinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mugadziriro yedu yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Chokutanga, sedare rakakwirira zvikurusa munyika, idare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka ruramisiro. Chechipiri, nemhaka yesimba raro rokunzvera, rinoita basa rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoziva ganhuriro dzesimba raro rimene. Dare rinobatira secherekedzo pamapazu ose ari maviri emitemo neanotungamirira.

Chechitatu, inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko kupfurikidza nokudzika mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Chiremera cheDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Mumakore apfuura, Mabasa eCongress akasiyana - siyana akachinja chiverengero chezvigaro paDare Rapamusorosoro, kubva pachiverengero chakaderera chavashanu kusvikira pagumi chakakwirira nokukurumidza pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, chiverengero chezvigaro paDare chakagadzwa pa 9. Nhasi, kune Mutongi mumwe Mukuru uye Vatongi Vasere Vakabatana veDare Gurusa reUnited States. Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inogadzwa naPurezidhendi uye inofanira kusimbiswa neDare, richibatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka.

Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kunzwisisa kuti nyaya yacho inosvika sei kuDare Repamusorosoro kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuongorora kwedare.

Nzira Kumumatare Akaderera

Kazhinji kazhinji, Dare rinotonga nhau dzakatongwa muDare Rekukwirira rakafanira reUnited States kana kuti zvimwe Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende yakapiwa (kana dare rehurumende rakasarudza nhau yeBumbiro reMitemo). Ikoku kunoreva kuti pamberi penhau inogona kurangarirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, inofanira kutanga kupfuurira nomumwero wedare rokutonga uye zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nomudziyo mumwe wokuhwirudzura.

Mhaka chaiyo inovamba apo mumwe munhu anodavira kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano neBumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yacho inovamba mudare rinotonga rehurumende nokuda kwenhau dzomubatanidzwa kana kuti dare rinotonga rehurumende nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende. Pamwero uyu, ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye mutongi anoita zvisarudzo zvechokwadi. Kana mumwe munhu anodavira kuti dare rinotonga rakaita mhosho, vanogona kukwirira kudare rakakwirira.

Mukundikani angasarudza kukwidza chisarudzo chedare roruwa kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mwero unotevera wedare (dare rekukwirira) utarise mhaka yacho. Kune 13 Dare reNhengo reMatunhu reZvikumbiro. Matunhu ane gumi namaviri enzvimbo, uye Federal Frigirature. Kusafanana neDare Gurusa, dare rokukwirira harigoni kudzora mhaka dzipi dzarinonzwa. Kana mumwe munhu akakwidza mhaka yavo kudare iri, vatongi vanofanira kuisarudza. dare rinoongorora kushandira kwomutemo uye rinogona kusimbisa kana kuti kuchinja chisarudzo chedare rakaderera.

Kukumbira Kuhwirudzurwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kuti nyaya idzokororwe, mumwe munhu anofanira kunyora chikumbiro chechikumbiro checertiorari, chinopiwa pachisarudzo cheDare pachishandiswa chinenge chataurwa. Shoko rokuti "certiori" rinobva muchiLatin, kureva kuti "kuzoziviswa." Chikumbiro ichi chikumbiro chinopiwa kukumbira Dare Repamusorosoro kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera.

Muitiro wacho unotanga nomupikisi anenge achipa dare re "chikwerete checertiorari," inonziwo chikumbiro checert. Certiori chiLatin nokuda kwe "kuzivisa, kusimuka kana kuti kuratidza. ruramisiro inohwirudzura mikumbiro nevhoti kuti inzwe nhau yacho. Vana vevatongi vapfumbamwe vanofanira kuvhota vachitsigira kutora mhaka. Iyi inozivikanwa se "Nhaka yeVhisi 4," uye inovimbisa kuti vashomanene veDare vanodavira kuti nhau yacho inofanirwa nedzokororwa.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinobvuma kunzwa inenge 100 -50 yenhau dzinopfuura 7 000 idzo dzinokumbirwa kuhwirudzura gore rimwe nerimwe. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Dare rinopa certiorari muinenge 1-2 muzana bedzi yenhau, kuita kuti Dare Gurusa rive rinonzvera zvikuru. Vatongi vanosarudza nokungwarira mhaka dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kupedza matare akaderera.

Chii Chinoita Kuti Mhaka Ikodzere Kuhwirudzurwa Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa?

Mumamiriro ezvinhu umo rimwe dare rakatonga neimwe nzira uye rimwe dare rakatonga neimwe, vatongi veDare Rapamusoro vangasarudza kupindira nokujekesa mutemo. Uku kurwisana pakati pematare edunhu, kunozivikanwa se "kukamuraniswa kwematunhu," ndezvimwe zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa zvikurusa nei Dare richipa certiori.

Dare rinonzwawo mhaka dzinopindura mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, kufanana noukuru hwamasimba enyika. Rinotsvakawo mhaka dzichatapura rudzi rwose, dzakadai saavo vanobata nekodzero yomunhu oga yokutaura norusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau kuti vashande. Dare Rapamusoro rinonangidzira ngwariro pamhaka dzine revo huru yorudzi panzvimbo pokungoruramisa hadzo mhosho mumhaka imwe neimwe.

Kubva paichi chiteshi chezvikepe, Dare rinowanzotsvaka nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo yehurumende inokosha, zvikurukuru idzo dzinotapura kodzero dzevagari vemo kana kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba. Zvingangovawo kunzwa nhau apo kukumbirwa kunoitwazve nehurumende yehurumende, iyo inobatanidzwa muinenge mitatu miviri yenhau dzose dzeDare Gurusa reUnited States rinotonga pamusoro pekodzero dzacho gore rimwe nerimwe.

Kuongorora Kunoitwa Pamba Yekert

Zviuru zvezvikumbiro zvokutongwa zvichipinda mugadziriro yedare yemakombiyuta, netsamba, kana kuti somunhu. Vanyori vedare, nzvimbo dzapamutemo dzapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji dzinoitwa navakapedza kufunda pachikoro chemitemo, nyora pfupi yechikumbiro chimwe nechimwe, pamwe chete nerumbidzo pamusoro pezvinofanira kuitwa nedare. PaChitatu naChishanu, vatongi vanoungana mumusangano wapachivande kuti vaite chisarudzo.

Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotema kuti achavhota sei kuti agamuchire kana kuti kuramba chikumbiro chimwe nechimwe checertiorari, kazhinji kazhinji achidana nokuda kwenzvero yomunyori womutemo kunzvera chikumbiro. Vatongi vasere vanoshandisa gadziriro ye "dziva repert". Sezvo zvikumbiro zvinogamuchirwa, vabharani vavo vanochinjana kunyora memorandomus, uye Mutongi mumwe nomumwe anoita kunzvera kupi nokupi kuri madikanwa. Iyi tsika inobetsera vatongi kudzora voruzhinjisaro yezvikumbiro zvavanogamuchira shoko rimwe nerimwe.

Kana vana vanopfuura vapfumbamwe vevatongi vakavhota vachitsigira kuigamuchira, dare richanzwa nhau yacho. Kana vatongi vakaramba kunzwa nhau, ivo bedzi vanoziva chikonzero nei. Havatongotauri pamusoro pechikonzero nei vakaramba chikumbiro. Apo Dare rinoramba certiorari, chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinomira, asi uku kuramba hakuumbi tsigiro yechisarudzo ichocho kana kuti kuita muenzaniso upi noupi.

Muitiro Wehwirudzuro weDare Rapamusoro: Nhano Nhano Nenhanho

Apo Dare Rapamusoro rinopa bedzi certiorari uye rinobvuma kunzwa nhau, muitiro wokuhwirudzura unotevera nhevedzano yakarongwa yamatanho akarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokusanorangarirwa kwenhau dzapamutemo dzinobatanidzwa.

Danho 1: Zvakanyorwa Zvipfupi

Mubato wakakumbira Dare kunzwa mhaka yacho unozivikanwa sa "yechitsaruso," apo mumwe munhu wacho anozivikanwa sa "anoramba." Mukumbiri anofanira kunyora gwaro rinonzi pfupi rinotsanangura nharo dzavo dzapamutemo nokuda kwei dare rapasi rakanga risina kururama. Mupinduri ipapo anonyora kutsanangura kupfupikisa chikonzero nei dare rapasi rakanga rakarurama. Ruvara rumwe norumwe runogonawo kunyora mhinduro kunzvimbo dzokutanga dzakarongwa nomuvengi wavo.

Iyi mipfupi zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvakawanda izvo zvinopa zvibvumikiso zverutivi rumwe norumwe, dudza mienzaniso inowirirana, uye tsanangura kuti Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo inoshanda zvinofanira kuturikirwa sei. Mipfupi yakakomba nemhaka yokuti zvinogovera ruramisiro nenzvero yakarongwa yapamutemo isati yaitika zvibvumikiso zvokutaura zvisati zvaitika.

Danho 2: Zvipfupiso zveAmicus Curiae

Nemvumo yeDare, mapoka asina danda rakananga mumugumisiro wenhau yacho, asi anofarira, anganyora zvinozivikanwa sealumicuscuriae (chiLatin nokuda kwe "shamwari yedare") achipfupikisa kugovera zvibvumikiso zvawo amene uye rumbidzo pamusoro penzira iyo nhau yacho inofanira kusarudzwa nayo. Idzi rondedzero pfupi dzinobvumira mapoka anofarira, mapoka ezvibvumirano, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye masangano ehurumende kugoverana mirangariro yawo pamusoro penzira iyo nhau yacho inofanira kupedzwa nayo.

Kutaura idi, mukuwirirana naPurofesa Kersch, anicus pfupis yave ichipesvedzera zvikuru mukuumba mirangariro yazvino uno yeDare Rapamusoro reUnited States nemhaka yokuti kwete bedzi vatongi vanoirava, asi vamwe vanoguma vagamuchirawo chibvumikiso chapamutemo chinopiwa mavari. Vatongi vanoyera nharo dzose, iye anotaura, uye ipapo kugamuchira avo vanoona kuva vanonyengetedzwa zvikurusa. Naizvozvo, zvokwadi ndeyokuti chibvumikiso chipi nechipi chapamutemo chedare chingagona kuva chakabva kugweta mugweta anomirira nyanzvi kana kuti boka rokuva mufundisi, uyo akatumira shoko pfupi. Ikoku kunoratidzira pesvedzero inokosha iyo inoitwa netsumo inogona kuva nomuitiro weDare rinoita chisarudzo.

Nhano 3: Kupopota Kunotaurwa Zvikuru

Nomutemo, shoko reDare reDare Gurusa reU.S. rinovamba paMuvhuro wokutanga muna October uye rinopfuura nomuSvondo pamberi poMuvhuro wokutanga muna October wegore rinotevera. Dare, zvikurukuru, munhambo kubva pakupera kwaJune / pakuvamba July kusvikira Muvhuro wokutanga muna October. Dare rinonzwa nharo dzokutaura mumhaka dzenhau kuvambira muna October kusvikira muna April. Iyi purogiramu inoronga kutenderera kwebasa regore negore reDare.

Nhau imwe neimwe inopiwa nguva imwe chete nokuda kwenharo dzinotaurwa, nepo panhambo nenhambo nokuda kwenhau dzakaoma zvikuru.

Panzvimbo pezvo, ikurukurirano huru umo vatongi vanopanikira nokushingaira magweta pamusoro perondedzero dzavo dzapamutemo, revo dzezvibvumikiso zvavo, uye kuti nzvimbo dzavo dzinowirirana sei nenheyo dzapamutemo nemuenzaniso.

Vatongi vazhinji, vangave vanoshandisa mabasa ebhenji kana kuti kwete, pedza nguva uchitaura navanamabharani vavo pamusoro penhau dzisati dzapopokanwa. Panosvika nguva apo mhaka inonzwiwa pakutaura, Vatongi navanamabharani vavo vemitemo vakapedza nguva yakawanda vachifunga pamusoro penhau dzacho. iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti nharo dzinotaurwa dzinova dzechiduku uye dzinonangidzirwa pamibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikurusa.

Nhano 4: Musangano Wevatongi

Apo nharo dzokutaura dzinopedzwa, Vatongi vanofanira kugadzikisa mhaka. Vanoita saizvozvo pane inozivikanwa seDare reRugare. Apo Dare rinenge riri murusando, pane misangano miviri yakarongwa pavhiki imwe pavhiki – imwe masikati eChitatu uye imwe masikati eChishanu. Iyi misangano inoitirwa pachivande chose, navatongi vapfumbamwe bedzi varipo.

Mukuwirirana nemitemo yeDare gurusa, Ruramisiro bedzi inobvumirwa mukamuri reMusangano panguva ino(81) hakuna mapurisa, mabharani omutemo, vanyori, zvichingodaro. Mutongi Mukuru anodana rusando kuti ruve norudzo uye, sechiratidzo chorudzi rwesangano, Ruramisiro yose inobatana. Idzi gamuchidzanwa rinosimbisa ruremekedzo nebvumirano zviripo pakati pavatongi, kunyange apo vasingabvumirani pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo.

Mukuwirirana nemitemo yeDare Gurusa, Vatongi vose vane banza rokutaura mirangariro yavo panhau yacho ndokumutsa mibvunzo ipi neipi kana kuti funganyo vangava nazvo. Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotaura pasina kudzongonyedzwa kunobva kune dzimwe. Ruramisiro huru inoita kutaura kwokutanga, ipapo Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inotaura munhevedzano yokuderera kwoukuru, inoguma neruramisiro dukusa zvikurusa yabatira padare kwamakore mashomanene zvikurusa. Pashure pazvo, vatongi vanovhota panhau yacho, nokuvhotawo munhevedzano youkuru.

Danho 5: Kunyora Mafungiro Nekupokana

Pakupedzisira, kana ruramisiro yangosvika chisarudzo, ruramisiro imwe inogoverwa basa rokunyora murangariro. Madraft anoparadzirwa pakati pevatongi kutozosvikira shanduro dzose, tsinhiro, uye ruramiso zvapedzwa. Chisarudzo hachiziviswi kutozosvikira murangariro wabudiswa kuchinyorwa chavose. Uyu muitiro unogona kutora mavhiki kana kuti kunyange mwedzi sezvo ruramisiro inonatsa kurangarira kwavo ndokupindura kunharo dzomumwe nomumwe.

Mutongi anonyora murangariro weDare anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti unotaura zvakarurama mirangariro yeVatongi vose vakavhota muvoruzhinji. Ikoku imhaka yokuti vazhinjisa veVatongi vanofanira kusaina mumurangariro wacho, vachiratidza kuti vanobvumirana nawo wose, usati wapiwa pachena. Murangariro hauna kuva wapamutemo kusvikira panguva iyeyo. Muitiro wokunyora murangariro unoda kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuti uchengete nzanga yevoruzhinji.

Kana Ruramisiro Huru iri muruzhinji, Mutongi Mukuru anogovera avo vanonyora murangariro woruzhinji. Kana Ruramisiro huru iri muvashomanene, ruramisiro hurusa muvoruzhinji inoita mugove wacho. Iri simba romugove rinokosha nenzira yakarongwa, sezvo vatongi vakasiana - siana vangasimbisa mativi akasiana - siana okurangarira kwapamutemo.

Mafungiro Edare Repamusorosoro

Kunzwisisa aya marudzi akasiyana - siyana epfungwa kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti Dare rinoita sei kuti zvisarudzwe uye rifunge.

Mafungiro Akawanda

Mafungiro mazhinji anomirira chisarudzo chepamutemo cheDare uye anosainwa neanenge vashanu vevatongi vapfumbamwe. Mafungiro aya anoratidza muenzaniso wepamutemo unofanira kutevedzerwa nematare epasi pevhu. Vakawanda vanotsanangura mafungiro eDare, vanotsanangura zvirongwa nemirau yemitemo yepamutemo yakabatana, uye vanoshandisa nheyo dzemitemo pamaidi enhau yacho. Murangariro uyu une chiremera uye unoumba mutemo weAmerica unopfuurira mberi.

Pfungwa Dzinowirirana

Kupfuurirazve, kana Ruramisiro inobvumirana nevoruzhinji asi ichida kujekesa kana kuti kutsanangurazve nhau, vangapa murangariro unowirirana nomurangariro unowirirana nomuuyo unosvikwa noruzhinji asi vachipa kurangarira kwakasiana - siana kana kuti kusimbisa nheyo dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo. mirangariro inovapo haisati ine ukoshi hunowirirana hwemuenzaniso, asi inogona kupesvedzera kuti matare enguva yemberi anodudzira sei murangariro woruzhinji uye angaratidzira nharaunda umo mutemo ungatanga nenzira yakasiana munguva yemberi.

Mirangariro Isingabvumirani

Kana ruramisiro ikapesana, vanganyora pfungwa yakasiyana neiyi. Murangariro unopesana unotsanangura chikonzero nei mumwe kana kuti vatongi vazhinjisa vanodavira kuti vakasvika mhedziso isina kururama. Nepo vasingabvumirani nemitemo vasina simba rapamutemo, vanogona kuita mabasa anokosha: vanogona kunyengetedza matare enguva yemberi kuti arangarirezve pfungwa dzoruzhinji, vanochengeta dzimwe rondedzero dzeBumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokurangarira kwomunguva yemberi, uye vanogona kupesvedzera gakavadzano yavose pamusoro penhau dzemitemo.

Mimwe yemirangariro yakakurumbira zvikurusa inopesana munhau yeDare guru pakupedzisira yazova murangariro mukurusa. Somuenzaniso, Mutongi John Marshall Harlan akapesana naye oga muPlessy v. Ferguson (1896), uyo akatsigira dzinza, akatsigira kuti "Bumbiro remitemo yedu rakapofudzwa noruvara. ” Uyu murangariro wakarevererwa anenge makore 60 gare gare muBrown v. Board of Education (1954), iyo yakarova chikoro.

Maonero Okuti Munhu Mumwe Chete

Pane dzimwe nguva, vatongi vashanu kana kuti kupfuura vanobvumirana pamusoro pomugumisiro wenhau, asi havagoni kubvumirana papfungwa imwe chete. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, pfungwa yokuti vavhoti vazhinjisa (asi vari pasi pevoruzhinji) vanonzi murangariro wakasiyana - siyana. Mifungo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru muukoshi hwavo hwenhau nemhaka yokuti havamiriri kurangarira kwevoruzhinji veDare. matare epasi anofanira kutevera muuyo asi angaparapatika kurangarira kuti irangarirei yokushandisa munhau dzomunguva yemberi.

Pfungwa Dzepepuri

Kana certiorari yangopiwa, Dare ringanzwa nyaya yacho nekakavadzano dzinotaurwa kana kuti rikapa chisarudzo pasina kutaurirwa, chinozivikanwa sechisarudzo chenhau imwe chete.Mufungo woga woga hauna kunyorwa neDare sepfungwa yose panzvimbo pokunyorwa nedare rakati.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura Munhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Sezvo Dare rinorangana pachivande kuti risvike chisarudzo, Dare rinoganhurirwa nokuzviisa pasi kwaro rinofanira kukwanisa kuita chisarudzo chakaderera chedare, mupimo wokuhwirudzura. mupimo wokuhwirudzura unosarudzwa kupfurikidza nokuti nhau yacho yakakwirira inhau yapamutemo, nhau yechokwadi, kana kuti nhau yechisarudzo. iyi mipimo inodzora zvikuru sei Dare Rapamusoro Zvisarudzo zvakaderera.

Nenzira inokosha, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinosarudza zvikurukuru mibvunzo yomutemo panzvimbo pokuwana maidi. Munhau zhinjisa, matare maduku anogadza chinyorwa chechokwadi ndokuronga nhau dzemitemo, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rinohwirudzura kuti mutemo wakashandiswa sei kumaidi iwayo. Uyu musiano unokosha mukunzwisisa basa reDare Rapamusorosoro sedare redare.

Kupfuurirazve, Dare richasimbisa chisarudzo chakaderera kana chikanganiso chacho chikanyunyuta chisingakuvadzi kudai rutongeso rwacho rwaizodai rwakanga rusinawo chikanganiso. iyi dzidziso isina ngozi inodzivisa Dare Rapamusoro Kuputsa zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvounyanzvi izvo zvisina kutapura muuyo wacho.

Kukura Kwakaita Kuongorora Kutonga

Simba rehwirudzuro yokutonga rinotambanukira kumitengo yose yehurumende namarudzi ose ezviito zvehurumende. Kunzwisisa ukuru hwesimba iri kunobetsera kutsanangura basa guru reDare Gurusa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwemitemo Yehurumende

Munhambo ya 1960-2019, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaita mitemo 483 isina kubvumirana muukuru hwose kana kuti murutivi.Ichi chinoratidzira kuti nepo hwirudzuro yedare iri chishandiso chine simba, Dare rinokushandisa nenzira inosarudzwa. Dare rinogona kuputsa mitemo yehurumende inoputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kana kuve kupunzwa ikoko kunobatanidza maruramiro omunhu oga, kuparadza masimba, kana kuti nheyo dzehurumende.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwemitemo yeHurumende Nemitemo

Dare rinotaurawo kuti rinogona kuzivisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nemirairo yenyika isiri yemitemo. Aya masimba ehwirudzuro yedare anogona kutsaurwa nenzira ine mufungo mumabasa anozivisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika nenhau dzinoparadza zviito zvehurumende dziri pasi pehurumende. Simba pamusoro pemitemo yenyika nemitemo yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ichikakavadzana panguva zhinji munhau, rinogona kururamiswa nenongedzero kuChikamu VIII cheU.S. Constitution, iyo inotaura zvakajeka kuti Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo nemitemo zveUnited States zvinoumba "mutemo webumbiro remitemo yenyika" pasinei zvapo nechinhu chipi nechipi chiri muhurumende kupfurikidza nemitemo.

Uku kukura kwemashoko kunovimbisa kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzehurumende dzinodzivirirwa zvakafanana munyika dzose, kuchidzivisa hurumende kugadza mitemo inoputsa zvinopikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kuhwirudzura kwemitemo yehurumende kwave kuchikosha zvikuru mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvoukuru

Kuongorora uku kunoratidza kuti bazi rinotungamirira rinoshanda mukati memitemo uye haripfuuri simba rinopiwa neCongress kana kuti Bumbiro Remitemo.

Ganhuriro Pakuhwirudzura Kutonga

Nepo kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kuri chishandiso chine simba, chiremera cheDare Rapamusoro harina kuganhurirwa. Chimiro chakakomba chinoverengeka chokuti Dare rinogona kushandisa sei uye rini simba iri.

Mhaka Kana Kuti Gakava Racho

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira Dare kubata ne "Cases" ne"Counterer". Ikoku kunoreva kuti Dare harigoni kubudisa mirangariro yenhema kana kuti kusarudza mibvunzo yemitemo. Panofanira kuva negakava chairoiro pakati pamapati nechechoimo chaidzoidzo mumuuyo. Ichi chinodikanwa chinova nechokwadi chokuti Dare rinosarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamaidi akasimba panzvimbo pezvinoitika zvokufungidzira.

Kumira, Kutsvinda, uye Kupeta

Pamusana penhau kana kuti chinodikanwa chegakava idzidziso dzinoverengeka idzo dzinoganhurirwa apo makwikwi angagona kuunza nhau kudare.Kumira kunoda kuti pave nekuvadziko chaiyo inogona kurondwa nechiito chakadenhwa uye kuti chisarudzo chedare chakanaka chingagadziriswa.Kuzvipira kunodzivisa matare kusarudza nhau apo gakava rakapedzwa kana kuti matare asati azova negakava.

Dzidziso Yemibvunzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Dzidziso yezvamatongerwe enyika inodzivisa matare kusarudza nhau dzinopiwa mumutemo kumamwe mapato ehurumende kana kuti dzisino mipimo inotongwa.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokutonga Nokuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Nepo iyi mhaka yakabatira sechikamu chehwirudzuro yedare chifo chenguva iyeyo, matare anofanira kungwarira kusapunza kuparadzana kweMasimba dzidziso pakupinda mukuhwirudzura kwokutonga. Nepo iri basa redare kutsanangura mutemo ndokusarudza kuti imitemoi inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, vatongi navatongi vanonzwisisa kuti havafaniri kubvuta basa remitemo kuti vatange mutemo. Iyi nheyo yokudzora yedare inokurudzira matare kuzviisa pasi pamapazu akasarudzwa apo kunobvira uye kudzivisa mitemo yakafara nenzira isiri madikanwa.

Kunzvera Kwedare Pasimba Rokutonga

Chinombova chinodzora chinopfuudzira zvikuru chinobva kuchiremera cheCongress kusarudza kuti imatare mangani anogara paDare. Congress napurezidhendi vane simba rokusarudza hwerengedzo yenhamba yeruramisiro kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwemitemo. Simba iri ringagona kuva rinokosha nemhaka yokuti kudai Dare rakaita chisarudzo chinomutsa nharo ne5 kusvikira ku 4, kuwedzera kwevatongi vatsva vaviri kungagona kushandura chisarudzo ichocho, kufungidzira kuti hapana zvimwe zvinhu zvinochinja pfungwa kana kuti mitezo. Zvisinei, simba iri harina kumboshandiswa, uye kuedza ku "pack" Dare rave risingabudiriri mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Dare rinogona kubviswa nokugadziriswa. Zviito zvakadaro zvakaitika, asi nemhaka yomuitiro wakaoma wokugadzirisa, hazviwanzoitiki. Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo kunogona kukurira zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro yakakwirira yokurega Bumbiro remitemo inoreva kuti ikoku kuchaitika kazhinji kazhinji.

Nhau Dzokutanga Dzokupomerwa

Nepo nhau zhinjisa dzeDare Rapamusoro dzichisvika nomuitiro wokutonga, Dare rinewo simba rapakuvamba pamarudzi akati enhau, kureva kuti idzi nhau dzinogona kuchengetwa zvakananga neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa pasina kutanga kupinda mumatare akaderera.

Zvine chiremera kunzwa nyaya dzakatongwa mumatare echiduku, uyewo kudzora kwepakutanga mukurwisana kwehurumende kana kuti kwehurumende.

Nyaya dzehurumende dzinowanzova nharo pakati pehurumende. Nhau idzi dzinowanzobatanidza nhau dzounyanzvi dzakadai semitsetse yemuganhu kana kuti kodzero dzemvura. Pave pane mhosva dzisingasviki 20 pakati pa2000 na2026. Apo Dare rinoshandisa simba raro rokutanga, rinowanzogadza tenzi chaiye kuti aunganidze chokwadi uye arumbidze matare asati asarudza nhau dzepamutemo.

Basa Rezvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Precedence, inozivikanwawo neshoko rechiLatin "stare decisis" (kureva kuti "kumira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo), inoita basa rinokosha mumahwirudzuro anoita Dare Gurusa mitemo ndokuita zvisarudzo. Iyi nheyo inoti matare anofanira kutevera zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba apo anosarudza nhau namaidi akafanana nenhau dzapamutemo.

Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogadza mutemo mumhaka imwe, matare eduku namativi eDare gurusa romunguva yemberi anokarirwa kutevera mutemo iwoyo.Izvozvi zvinoparira mubatanidzwa unotsinhirana womutemo webumbiro remitemo unotungamirira chiito chehurumende uye unodzivirira maruramiro avanhu.

Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro harina kusungirwa chose chose nemienzaniso yaro rimene. Dare rinogona kukurira zvisarudzo zvaro zvekare apo rinogumisa kuti zvisarudzo izvozvo zvakasarudzwa nenzira isina kururama kana kuti kuti migariro yakachinja inoda mutoo wakasiana.

Pakurangarira kana kukurira muenzaniso wokutonga, Dare rinonzvera zvinhu zvakadai sokuti muenzaniso wacho wakabvumikisa kuva usingashandiki mukushanda, kana wakasekeswa nezvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinotevera, kana pave pane ruvimbiko rukuru pamuenzaniso wacho, uye kana muenzaniso wacho wakarangarirwa zvisina kutsarukana. Dare rinofanira kudzikamisa betsero dzokururamisa chisarudzo chakaipa mukurwisana nendyiko dzokudzo dzokudzongonyedza kariro dzakagadziriswa.

Kutapura Kunoita Zvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa KuAmerica

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvine tapuro inokosha panzanga yose zvayo, kwete bedzi pamagweta navatongi. zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvinoumba mativi anokosha oupenyu hweAmerica, kuvambira pakodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kumipimo yezvemari nerusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinotonga mutemo seusingabvumirani nemitemo, mutemo iwoyo unogona kuva usingamanikidziki muUnited States yose. Ikoku kunogona kuva nemiuyo yapakarepo uye inosvikwa kure. Somuenzaniso, apo Dare rakarova muganhu wechikoro muBrown v. Board yedzidzo, yakashandura zvikurukuru dzidzo yeAmerica nenzanga. Apo Dare rakabvuma roorano youtevedzeri sekodzero yemitemo muObergefell v. Hodges, rakatapura nokukurumidza mitemo yeroorano muzvinyorwa zvose 50.

Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinopesvedzerawo kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende.Zvisarudzo pamusoro poukuru hwesimba resangano, chiremera chikuru, uye uchangamire hwehurumende zvinoumba chimiro chehurumende yeAmerica.idzi zvisarudzo zvinosarudza kuti mweroi wehurumende inogona kudzora mativi akasiyana - siyana oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kukuva nehanya kwoutano kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kururamisiro youtsotsi.

Kupfuura migumisiro yazvo yepamutemo yapakarepo, zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvinodzora hurukuro yavose uye kupesvedzera manzwisisire anoita vaAmerica kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoparira kukurukurwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau, gakava ravose, uye mhinduro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutsoropodza Nenzvimbo Dzinoitirana Nharo Dzakapoteredza Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Simba rokuhwirudzura kutonga rave richimutsa nharo chifo charo.Vatsoropodzi navatsigiri vakakakavadzana ukuru hwakafanira hwesimba iri uye kuti rinofanira kushandiswa sei munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu.

Chinetso Chokurwisana NaMajorita

Kumwe kutsoropodza kukuru kwehwirudzuro yokutonga ndekwokuti kunobvumira vatongi vasina kusarudzwa nenduramo kuputsa mitemo inoitwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa nehurumende. Iyi chitambudzo che "nyika inotonga" chinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poukodzeri hwekuhwirudzurwa kwedare mutsika yedemokrasi. Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo pane dzimwe nguva kunoda kunzvera voruzhinji, uye kuti Bumbiro remitemo pacharo rinomirira chimiro chakakwirira zvikuru chokuita chisarudzo chehurumende.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Ukuru nokushandiswa kwehwirudzuro yedare zvave zviri nhau dzekurukurirano inopfuurira, zvikurukuru pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pechiito chokutonga nemutsigiri. Vatsoropodzi vanopomera vatongi nokuda kwe "chiito chedare" apo vanodavira kuti vatongi vari kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvemitemo panzvimbo pokududzira Bumbiro remitemo nokutendeka. Vamwe vanotaura kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga iri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo uye kunzvera hurumende inonyengera.

Mitoo Yokududzira

Vatongi havabvumirani pamusoro penzira yokududzira nayo Bumbiro reMitemo, uye uku kusabvumirana kunoumba nayo nzira yavanoita nayo dare. Dzimwe ruramisiro dzinotsigira dzidziso yemavambo, iyo inodudzira Bumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yavanhu yapakuvamba apo inotenderwa. Vamwe vanotsigira mutoo mhenyu webumbiro remitemo, unorangarira Bumbiro remitemo serinochinjika kumigariro inochinja uye mipimo. Kunyange zvakadaro vamwe vanosimbisa muenzaniso, mashoko, marongerwo, kana kuti miuyo inoshanda. Uku kutsanangura kwakasiana kwakasiana kunogona kutungamirira kumhedziso dzakajeka pamusoro pokuti mitemo ndeyebumbiro remitemo.

Kubudirira Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Muhwirudzuro Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Pari zvino, nhau dzeDare Gurusa dzakasaina zvisarudzo pamhaka dzinenge 60 pagore. Izvozvo zvaderera kubva painopfuura 160 muma1980 uye zvakaderera zvikuru kupfuura nhamba yenhau dzakasarudzwa makore 15 chete apfuura. Uku kuderera kwedare kwakamutsa gakava pamusoro pokuti Dare riri kusarudza mhaka shomanene zvikuru uye rinosiya mibvunzo yapamutemo yakawanda zvikuru isina kugadziriswa.

Dare rakatarisanawo nokunzverwa kwakawedzerwa pamusoro pemiitiro yaro nemitemo. Majaji paDare Gurusa reU.S., zvisinei, akanga asina bumbiro remitemo kana kuti bumbiro remitemo retsika kwaanopfuura makore 230. Pana November 17, 2023, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakazivisa kugamuchirwa kwemitemo yeChiimo neTreaume. Iyi dare rinoratidzira kukura kweitiro hanya yavose pamusoro petsika dzokutonga nokuzvidavirira.

Dare rakawedzerawo kushandiswa kwaro kwe "shootret" `zvishandiso zveshoo youngwaru""" ---mhiko dzedzimwe nhau zvakasarudzwa pasina kupfupikisa kwakazara uye kutaura. Uyu muitiro wakaparira gakava, navatsoropodzi vachiramba kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru hazvifaniri kuitwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inorangarirwa pasina mutoo wakazara wokuzvidemba.

Kunzwisisa Mashoko Anokosha Emitemo

Kuti tinzwisise zvizere kuti Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rinohwirudzura sei mitemo, kunobetsera kurovedzana namashoko anokosha apamutemo akashandiswa mumuitiro wacho wose.

  • [[FT.0] Appal:[ Chikumbiro kudare rapamusoro kuhwirudzura ndokuchinja chisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Kukwirira kunonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo panzvimbo pokudzoserazve maidi.
  • Appantant/Petitioner: Bani rinokumbira chisarudzo chedare rakaderera kudare rapamusoro, richikumbira dare rapamusoro kuhwirudzura ndokuchinja chisarudzo.
  • Appele/Respect:[[FL:1] Mubato akawina mudare rapasi uye anowanzoshora kukwirira, achiramba kuti chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinofanira kutsigirwa.
  • [[[FOL:0] Certiori:[[FT:1] A kana kuti murairo uyo dare rapamusoro rinohwirudzura rutongeso rwedare rakaderera. Dare rapamusoro rine chisarudzo chokupa kana kuti kuramba zvikumbiro nokuda kwecertiorari.
  • Concitution: Mutemo mukuru weUnited States, kusimbisa chimiro chehurumende, kurondedzera masimba ehurumende, uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga.
  • [[FOLT:0] Tsitsi: Mufungo wakanyorwa nedare rimwe kana kuti akawanda asingabvumirani nechisarudzo choruzhinji, achitsanangura kurangarira kwavo kuti vasvike mhedziso yakasiana.
  • Judicial Review: Simba rematare rokunzvera mitemo nezviito zvehurumende kusarudza kana zvinowirirana neBumbiro remitemo, uye kurerutsa avo vasingaripi.
  • Juristition: Chiremera chedare chokunzwa ndokusarudza nhau. Dare rapamusoro rine maruramiro ose ari maviri apakuvamba (nokuda kwemimwe mhaka inoiswa zvakananga neDare) uye chiremera chehurumende (pakuti mhaka dzakakwidzwa mumatare akaderera).
  • Chimiro cheChimiro cheMagariro: Chisarudzo chapamutemo cheDare, chinomirira mirangariro yedzinenge shanu. Murangariro uyu unosimbisa muenzaniso unowirirana.
  • Commentaul Arguments: Chikamu chomuitiro weDare rapamusorosa apo magweta erutivi rumwe norumwe anopa nhau yavo ndokupindura mibvunzo kubva kuvatongi.
  • Chisarudzo chedare rakapfuura icho chinobatira somuenzaniso kana kuti nhungamiro yokusarudza nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi. Dare rinowanzotevera muenzaniso munheyo yokutarisisa decisis.
  • : apo dare rinotumira nhau kudare rakaderera nokuda kweimwe dare rinowirirana nechisarudzo chedare.
  • Stare Decis: chiLatin nokuda kwechi "zomira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa". Nheyo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso uye kwete kudzongonyedza nheyo dzapamutemo dzakadzikatidzwa pasina ruramiso yakasimba.
  • Writ: Murayiro wakanyorwa wakabudiswa nedare. Kushandiswa kwecertiari ndiwo rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rwekushandiswa kweDare Rapamusoro.

Nzira Yokutevera Nayo Mhaka Dzakanyanya Kutongwa

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kutevera mhaka dzeDare Rapamusorosoro nokunzwisisa kuti Dare rinohwirudzura sei mitemo, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika kuvoruzhinji.

Website yeDare reChikurusa ( www.upremecourt.gov) inogovera kubvumirano, mashoko okutaura uye makarekodhi, chiteshi chedare, uye mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yeDare. Mifungo yose yeDare rapamusoro inobudiswa pawebsite yacho nokukurumidza pashure pokunge yaziviswa.

SCOTUSblog ( www.scotusblog.com iwebsite yakazvimirira inogovera kufukidzwa kwakakwana kweDare Gurusa, kubatanidza kuongororwa kwenhau dzakamira, kupetwa kwezvisarudzo, uye zviverengero pamusoro pebasa reDare. Razova chisakiso chinokosha nokuda kwamagweta, vatori venhau, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira Dare rapamusoro.

Oyez ([[FL:0] www.oyez.org) inogovera kuwanika kwapachena kwezvinyorwa zvenhau dzinorekodwa, pamwe chete nepfupiso dzenhau namashoko pamusoro pevatongi. Nzvimbo yacho inoita kuti nhau dzeDare Rapamusoro dziwanike kuvanhu vose.

Masangano makuru enhau anopa mishumo inokosha yezvisarudzo uye nharo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuhwirudzura

Simba reDare rinokosha nerinomutsa nharo rehwirudzuro yedare mupiro unokosha wetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeU.S. kutsika yenyika yose yokutonga. Zvikurukuru chifo cheHondo Yenyika II, itiro hanya dzakakura kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakarondedzerwa sehurumende dzoudzvinyiriri dzakakwana. Kuhwirudzura Dare kwazova muenzaniso wehurumende dzinotonga dzamatongerwe enyika dzemitemo munyika yose, nenyika dzakawanda dzichigamuchira chimiro chakati chehwirudzura pamutemo nematare.

Sezvo chaunga cheAmerica chinopfuurira kuchinja, basa reDare reChikurusa mukuhwirudzura mitemo richaramba riri renhando kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo. Ruzivo rutsva, mipimo yenzanga, uye zvinetso zviri kumuka zvichapa mibvunzo yemanyuko yebumbiro remitemo kuti Dare ripedze. Nhau dzakadai sechivande chemagedhi, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, kuchinja mamiriro okunze, uye sayenzi yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvichada kuti Dare rishandise nheyo dzebumbiro-mitemo kumigariro yetsika-mutemo kumamiriro ezvinhu zvisati zvagona kufungidzirwa kuti zvive.

Sezvo vatongi vatsva vanokumbanira Dare, vanounza mifungo yakasiana pakududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo uye mupimo wakafanira wesimba rokutonga. iyi chinjo dzinogona kutungamirira kuchinjo mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo uye mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuhwirudzura mitemo.

Kunzwisiswa kwavose uye kuvimba neDare Gurusa kucharamba kuchikosha kumaruramiro nebudiriro zveDare. Simba reDare pakupedzisira rinotsamira pakugamuchirwa kwavose kwechiremera charo nokudisa kuwirirana nezvisarudzo zvaro. Kuchengeta uku kuva pamutemo kunoda kuti Dare rishandise simba raro rokurangarira nokungwarira uye kutsanangura zvisarudzo zvaro nenzira idzo vanhu vanogona kunzwisisa nokuremekedza.

mhedziso

Simba reDare Gurusa rokuhwirudzura mitemo rinokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende yeAmerica. Nokuongorora kwedare, Dare rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana neBumbiro remitemo, zvinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye zvinochengeta kuenzana kwesimba pakati pemapazu ehurumende. Muitiro unoshandiswa neDare kuongorora mitemo kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro zvokutanga zvokutaura, kurangarira kwemisangano, uye kunyora pfungwa.

Kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusoro Rinoongorora sei mitemo kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa basa remitemo muhurumende yeAmerica uye ukoshi hwenheyo dzemitemo mukuumba muitiro wehurumende.

Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinopfuurira kupedza denho itsva ndokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nokuda kwenguva dzinochinja, kuhwirudzurwa kwaro remitemo kucharamba kuri rutivi runokosha rwehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.