Kunzwisisa Mutezo Wemitemo Wokutanga: Nhungamiro Inoshanda Kukodzero Dzako Dzomutemo

First Amendment to the United States Constitution inomira sechinhu chikuru cherusununguko rweAmerica, chichibatanidza rusununguko rushanu runokosha runoumba chisakiso chikuru chokutora rutivi rwehurumende.

Kugadziridza kwacho kunoti: “Koreferi haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwenhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. ” Pasinei zvapo nokupfupika kwayo, uyu mutongo mumwe wakaparira mazana amakore okududzirwa kwapamutemo, kurukurirano, uye muenzaniso weDare Gurusa. Kunzwisisa idzi rusununguko shanu mumashoko avo ose kunopa vanhu simba rokushandisa maruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira uye kuziva apo kodzero idzodzo dzinotyisidzirwa.

Mavambo Enhau eFirst Amendment Yokutanga

Vamiriri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatora kubva mugamuchidzanwa rakapfuma romutemo wavose weEngland nouzivi hweKuvhenekerwa pakugadzira First Amendment. Vapesvedzerwa navafungi vakadai saJohn Locke, uyo akatsigira maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, uye John Milton, avo vakatsigira kutaura kwakasununguka mubhuku rake Aspopagica, vatangi vakatsvaka kudzivisa rudzi rwechitambudzo chorudzidziso nenzvero yehurumende izvo vakanga vawana mukutonga kweBritain.

Nyika yeAmerica yakanga yapupurira machechi akatangwa nehurumende uye kurovererwa mhaka nokuda kwokupandukira hurumende, uko vatsoropodzi vehurumende vakatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi. James Madison, muvaki mukuru weBill of Rights, akanzwisisa kuti riphabliki rinoshanda raida vagari vemo vaigona kutaura norusununguko, kutsoropodza vatungamiriri vavo, uye kutsigira chinjo pasina kutya kutsiva. Gadziriro yokutanga nokudaro yakagadzirwa kwete sedziviriro yorusununguko rwomunhu oga, asi sorutivi rwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga vanhu pacharwo.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwaingoshanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Zvisinei, kupfurikidza nokuregwa kweKineth Amendment muna 1868 uye nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, dziviriro zhinjisa dzeFirst Amendment dzakabatanidzwa kuti dzishande kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo uyewo. Uyu muitiro wokubatanidza wakasimbisa kuti rusununguko runokosha rwakarongwa muFirst Amendment rwaizodzivirira vaAmerica vose, pasinei zvapo nokuti mweroi wehurumende ingatsvaka kuvaganhurira.

Rusununguko Rushanu Rwakatsanangurwa

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirira kodzero yokutaura pfungwa, pfungwa, uye mashoko pasina kupindira kwehurumende. Iyi dziviriro inotambanudza kupfuura mashoko anotaurwa kuti ibatanidze mashoko akanyorwa, mabasa ounyanzvi, zviito zvokufananidzira zvakadai sokupisa mureza kana kuti kusungwa maoko, uye kunyange zvimiro zvakati zvomufambiro wokutaura. Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti rusununguko rwokutaura ndirwo hwaro pakavakirwa dzimwe kodzero dzedemocracy.

Kutaura kunodzivirirwa kunobatanidza hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura kwounyanzvi, kunzvera kwezvokutengeserana, kushambadzira kwezvokutengeserana (pakuzviisa pasi pomurayiro une mufungo), uye kutaura kusingazivikanwi. Dare rakaziva kuti kunyange kutuka, kusadiwa, kana kuti kutaura kworuvengo kunowana dziviriro, chero bedzi kusingawiri mumapoka akati okutaura kusina kudzivirirwa. Iyi nheyo yemitemo (jere rehurumende) yokuti ingasanyaradza kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti inoona pfungwa dzacho dzichigumbura — inoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kwokusatora rutivi kwakaiswa muFir Amendment jurisraippraince.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakasarudza mapoka anoverengeka ekutaura asingawani dziviriro yeFirst Amendment:

  • Kunyandurwa kuchiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo: Kutaura kwakanangidzirwa pakuita chiito chiri pedyo chisiri chapamutemo uye sezvingabvira kuparira chiito chakadaro, chakatangwa mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969].
  • mashoko anokunda [: Kutuka kwomunhu kunoitwa nomunhu angadai anyandura mhinduro yamasimba masimba, inozivikanwa mu Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT] [1942].
  • tyisidziro dzechokwadi: Kutaura uko mukurukuri anotaura vavariro yakakomba yokuita masimba masimba asingateereri mutemo pamunhu chaiye kana kuti boka.
  • Kufadza: Zvinhu zvinosangana nenzvero yemativi matatu yakaitwa mu Miller v. California [1773]), inoda kuti basa rifadze fariro dzendangariro, kuratidzira mufambiro wevatano nenzira inonyadzisa, uye kushaiwa zvinyorwa zvakaisvonaka, unyanzvi, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti ukoshi hwesayenzi.
  • Kuparadza[: Kutaura kwenhema kunokuvadza mukurumbira womumwe munhu, kunyange zvazvo nhamba dzavose dzichifanira kusvitsa mupimo wakakwirira wezvakaipa chaizvoizvo wakatangwa muNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964).
  • [ Zvinonyadzisira zvevana : Mifananidzo inoonekwa yevaduku vanobatanidzwa mumufambiro wevatano, iyo isingawani dziviriro yeFirst Amendment pasinei zvapo nokuti inowirirana here nomupimo wakashata.

Kupfuura iyi mhesano yakasiana, hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye mutoo pakutaura mumikana yavose, kugovera ganhuriro dzakadaro kuva dzinogutsa, dzakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro yehurumende inokosha, uye kusiya dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano dzakazaruka.

Zviratidzo Zvokutaura Zvinooneka

Kunzwisisa ukuru hwokutaura norusununguko kunoda kuongorora mienzaniso inokosha yakaumba kududzira kwayo:

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana pamusoro porudzidziso, izvo pamwe chete zvinoumba gadziriro yorusununguko rworudzidziso nepo zvichidzivisa kugadzwa kwehurumende yorudzidziso.

Kutangwa kwaClaus

Izvi zvinoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kugadzira chechi yenyika, kutsigira chitendero chakati pane zvimwe, kana kuti kuzvinamatira nemasangano ezvitendero.

Kusvika kweDare Rapamusorosoro kukugadza mhaka dzaClaus kwakachinja nokufamba kwenguva. Mu Lemon v. Kurtzman [71], Dare rakatanga nzvero yemativi matatu: chiito chehurumende hachisati chichiputsa Chigadziko chaClaus kana chine chinangwa chenyika, tapuro yaro huru haisati ichivandudza kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso, uye hachisati chichisimudzira hurumende yakanyanyisa kupesana norudzidziso. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kweLemon kwakashorwa ndokuchinjwa, kunoramba kuchipesvedzera muzvisarudzo zvedare rakaderera.

Kutanga nhau dzaClaus kunosanganisira:

  • Engel v. Vitate[[FLT: 1] (1962): Kunyengetera kwokuzvitutumadza muzvikoro zvavose, kuchiti kunyange munyengetero wokuzvidira, usiri wezvitendero wakaputsa Kugadzwa kwaClaus nemhaka yokuti waibatanidza kunyorwa kwehurumende nokutsigirwa kwechitendero.
  • Everson v. Board of Education[[FLT: 1] (1947): Yakabatanidza Kugadzwa kwaClaus kunyika kupfurikidza neMenderero yeMitemo ye 14 ndokutsigira kudzorerwa kwebhazi kuzvikoro zvorudzidziso, ichiita nheyo yokuti hurumende ingagovera nenzira isina muganhu betsero kumasangano orudzidziso.
  • Abington School District v. Schempp[[FL:1] (1963): Kudzongonyedza kurava Bhaibheri kwakarongwa uye kudzokororwa kwoMunyengetero waShe muzvikoro zvavose.
  • Lynch v. Donnelly (19984): Kurangarira kuratidzirwa kweguta kwechiono chomusimboti serutivi rweratidziro yezororo rakafara, kuchikarakadza ikoko mashoko akapoteredza mukusarudza kana mufambiro wehurumende uchitsigira rudzidziso.

Kurovedza Claus Kwakasununguka

Kudzivirirwa uku kunosanganisira rusununguko rwokuita zvinodavirwa nechitendero izvozvo nokunamata, kuchengeta, uye kuchinja vanhu.

Kwezana ramakore ramakumi maviri, Dare rakashandisa nzvero yakakomba kumitemo yairemedza rudzidziso, ichida kuti hurumende iratidzire fariro inogombedzera uye kushandisa mutoo muduku unoganhurira kuiwana. Iyi nzira yakasvika pakakwirira yayo mu Wissin v. Yoder [1997], apo Dare rakabvumira vabereki vechiAmish kubvisa vana vavo pachikoro pashure pegiredhi rechisere, kuwana kuti mutemo wokupinda unomanikidzirwa waWisconsian unoputsa Free Express Claus aioce apo aishandisirwa kuzvitendero zvorudzidziso zvapachokwadi zveAmish.

Nzvimbo yakachinjirwa zvinoshamisa mu Employment Division v. Smith (1990), umo Dare rairangarira kuti kusatora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji kunoshanda uko kushandisa kwemitoro yorudzidziso kusingaputsi Free Expression Claus. Mumhinduro kuichi chisarudzo, Congress Yakagadza Religious Reconsolement Act ya 1993 (RFRA), iyo yakadzorera kunzvera kwakakomba kwemitemo yehurumende iyo inoremedza zvikuru kusimbisa zvikuru kugadzirwa kworudzidziso. Magariro mazhinji akafanana ehurumende orudzidziso akapfuudza rusununguko rworudzidziso rwapamhizha rwaMabasa.

Zviitiko zvokurovedza muviri zvisinganyanyi kudyisa zvinosanganisira:

  • Reynolds v. United States (1878): Vakabatanidza mutemo wehurumende unorambidza barika, uchisiyanisa pakati pechitendero chorudzidziso (icho chakadzivirirwa chose chose) nomufambiro worudzidziso (uko kungadzorwa).
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (1940): Yakashandisa Free Express Claus kuhurumende ndokudzivirira Zvapupu zvaJehovha pakuda rezinesi rokukumbira rudzidziso.
  • Chitendero cheLukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993): Kuputsa guta chibayiro chemhuka dzeSanteria, kuchiita kuti mitemo iyoyo inonangidzira miitiro yakati yorudzidziso ipedze Free Express Clause kunyange kana isina rutivi muchitarisiko.
  • Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014: Yakacherekedza kuti masangano anosanozivikanwa aigona kutaura zvirambidzo zvorudzidziso muAffordal Care Act kumurairo weAfford Care Act wekudzivisa kunamba pamuviri, kukudza kusvika kwesununguro dzorudzidziso kumabhizimisi anowana mhindu.

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Rusununguko rwemapepanhau runoshanda basa rakasiyana munhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo: kugovera vanhu mashoko pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende uye kubatira secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende. Nepo mapepanhau ane maruramiro mamwe chetewo okutaura akasununguka savanhu vamwe navamwe, Press Claus yakadudzirwa kugovera dzimwe dziviriro dzegadziriro dzesangano, kubatanidza dziviriro kubva pakudzorwa kwapamberi pezvidzo nedziviriro chaidzo nokuda kwemibato yokuunganidza nhau.

Chinodzivirira chikurusa chenhau chirevo chokudzivisa ganhuriro yapamberi padai. chinodzivisa kubudiswa kusati kwaitika. Mu Nearbre v. Minnesota (1931]), Dare Gurusa rakaparadza mutemo wehurumende wakabvumira kudzvinyirirwa kwezvakaipa, kunyadzisa, uye mapepanhau anonyadzisa, unotanga kuti kudzora kwapamberi ihombe ikusatenderwa. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswazve mu [FLT Times:]. New York Times. Co. United States [7]] (1871], Pentagton Cage Cage , umo Dare rakaramba kubudiswa mapepa pamusoro pehondo.

Mapepanhau anogamuchirawo dziviriro chaidzo mumutemo wokuzvidza. Mu New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964), Dare rakaramba kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kuwanazve kuvadziko nokuda kwokushorwa kutoti vabvumikisa kuti mupomerwi akaita kutaura kwenhema nechakaipa chaikoiko. [Ruzivo] rwokuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuzvidza nenzira yokusangwarira zvokwadi yakwo. Iwoyu mupimo wakatambanurirwa kumienzaniso yavose mu Curtis Publication. Co. v. Butts[FLD:] [127]] [197]) uye unogovera nzvimbo yakafara nokuda kwokutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende namabasa avanhu vose.

Dzimwe dziviriro dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinosanganisira:

  • Accounts kudare [: Vhezi renhau rine maruramiro anokwanisa okupinda mumitongo youtsotsi nemimwe mitongo yokutonga, zvinozivikanwa mu Richmond Mapepanhau, Inc. v. Virginia (1980).
  • Kudzivirirwa kwamanyuko akavanzika: Nepo isiri yakakwana, nyika zhinji dzine mitemo inodzivirira vatori venhau pakugombedzerwa kuzivisa ufakazi hwakavanzika mumanyuko mazhinjisa.
  • Rusununguko pamutero unoiswa pauri: Hurumende ingasaisa mitero chaiyo pamapepanhau kana kuti zvinyorwa zvakati nokuda kwokubatwa kwomutero kwakasiana.

Zvisinei, rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau runoramba rwuri pasi pemitemo yose zvayo yokusasarura, kubatanidza mitemo inorambidza kudzorwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzomunhu, kudarika mutemo, uye kuba.

Kodzero Yokuungana

Kodzero yokuungana norugare inodzivirira mano evanhu okuunganidza pamwe chete nokuda kwezvinangwa. Kodzero iyi inokosha nokuda kwokuva pamutemo mune zvematongerwe enyika, masangano enzanga, uye chiito cheboka. Kodzero yokuungana ine chokuita zvikuru norusununguko rwokutaura nokusonganirana, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaiziva sekodzero inokosha inodiwa pakushandiswa kwedzimwe rusununguko rweFirst Amendment.

Kodzero yokuungana inoshanda kumapoka akawanda, kusanganisira kunyunyuta mune zvematongerwo enyika, mabasa echitendero, kurovha vashandi, misangano yemakirabhu, uye mhemberero dzetsika.

Nepo hurumende isingagoni kurambidza magungano akavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti murangariro, ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo dzenguva, nzvimbo, uye tsika kuti itarisire nhevedzano yemisangano yavose. Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo yokufambisa mvumo kuti ridzivirire nharaunda dzinogara, kana kuti miganhu yezviteshi yapamativi ezvikoro nedzimba dzedare. Zvisinei, ganhuriro dzakadaro dzinofanira kuva dzinogutswa nedzisingakwaniswi, uye dzinosiya dzimwe nzira dzakafanira dzekurukurirano.

Zviitiko zvinokosha zvokuungana zvinosanganisira:

  • Deme Jonge v. Oregon (1937): Dare rakaziva maruramiro okuungana semaruramiro anokosha akadzivirirwa pachiito chehurumende kupfurikidza nePramende ye14, richiparadza kupwiswa kwokutora rutivi mumusangano weBoka rechiKomonisiti.
  • [APP v. Alabama[FL:1] (1958): Kudzivirira mitezo yeNAACP pandandanda yezivikanwa yehurumende, kuziva kuti kugombedzera kuziviswa kwoutezo hwesonganiro kungagona kutonhodza maruramiro okuungana nokusonganirana.
  • Gregory v. Chicago [1969]: Yakasimbisa maruramiro okuungana norugare kunyange mukutarisana nechishoro choutsinye. Dare rakapidigura kutenderwa kwavamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo avo vakasungwa apo boka rakava vasingadzoreki, vakabata kuti vamiriri vamadhemoni havagoni kurangwa nokuda kwezviito zvavakwidziri.
  • National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie[FLT:] (1977]): Muchisarudzo chenharo, Dare rakadzivirira maruramiro avaNezi vatsva okufamba munzanga navapukunyuki vazhinji Vokuparadza kukuru, vachibata kutuka ikoko kwoga hakugoni kururamisa kudzvinyirira gungano rine rugare.

Kodzero Yokukumbira Hurumende

Kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokutsiva zvichemo inobvumira vanhu kuita gunun’udzo, kutsvaka betsero, kana kuti kutsigira chinjo dzemiitiro pasina rutyo rwechirango. Iyi ndiyo maruramiro adzororic rekaresa muAborigine neAmerican jurisprade, anovambira shure kuna Magna Carta naKill yeGream Reques ya1689. Hurumende inovimbisa kuti inoramba ichiita chimwe chinhu kuvanhu vainodzora.

Kukumbira kunobatanidza mibato yakasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza:

  • Kupomera mhaka [ kurwisana nehurumende kana kuti vanhu vakavanzika kutsvaka mishonga yapamutemo.
  • Vaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru vebazu kutsigira kana kuti kushora mutemo.
  • [ Kuratidzira nokupa zvikumbiro kumasangano ehurumende.
  • [ Kuedza[ pakutonga kwapachena uye miitiro yemitemo.
  • Tsamba dzinonyorwa [, kutumira maemail, kana kuti kuridza runhare kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa.
  • [ Mipimo yemazakwatira [[FT:1] uye mahestoramendi mumitemo inobvumidza utongi hwakananga.

Dare rapamusoro rakadzivirira nguva dzose kodzero yokukumbira, kunyange apo kukumbira kunobatanidza kutsoropodzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti zvisakiso zvisingafarirwi. Mu United States v. Cruikshank (186), Dare rakarondedzera kodzero yokukumbira sechiratidzo chorudzi runodzivirira kodzero yavanhu yokukumbira kubatira Congress nokuda kwezvigumbu. NAACP v. Bott[FF:3] [1963]), Dare rakadzivirira muitiro weNaACP wekukumbira kodzero dzavanhu nokuda kwokuparwa mhaka dzavagari vemo, richiita kuti kunyoreswa kwechimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvisinei, kodzero yokukumbira inokosha. Chikamu chechikumbiro hachidziviriri kukumbira kusingashandiswi kunetsa kana kuti kukuvadza vamwe, uye hurumende ingaranga vanhu vanokwidza mhosva dzisina basa kana kuti vanotaura zvenhema vachiziva mukuongorora kwehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi dzepanguva ino kunokosha kuti tishandise nheyo dzeFirst Amendment munyika yemazuva ano.

Kubudisa Mashoko Pasocial neInternational

Kumuka kwezvikamu zvemasangano zvenzanga kwakamutsa mikana isingaenzaniswi yokutaura apo kumutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekudzivirira kweFirst Amendment mumitemo yemitemo. Makambani epachivande akadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube ane mwero zviri mukati mawo panzvimbo dzawo dzemibato, izvo zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti zvikuva izvi zvinofanira kubatwa savatambi vehurumende vanodzorwa neMitemo yeFirst Amendment. Mutemo wazvino uno unova nomutemo unowanzoita kuti makambani emunhu oga angava nemwe ane mwero sezvaanosarudza, kunyange zvazvo kurukurirano pamusoro peChikamu 230 cheNhevedzero nemitemo yepadhi rePreji dzinoda kupfuurira kugadziridzwa.

Venga Kutaura Nokutaura

Kuoma kwakaita kudzivirira kudzivirira kusarura nokunetsa kunoramba kwakanyanya mumayunivhesiti. Nepo First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kworuvengo uye kunotsamwisa mumashoko akawanda, mayunivhesiti anofanira kudzikamisa kudzivirira uku pamisengwa yawo pasi peTitle VI yeChibvumirano cheHurumende yeCivil Rights kuti achengete mhoteredzo dzedzidzo dzisina kunetswa. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti kutaura kwevadzidzi mumayunivhesiti makuru kunodzivirirwa zvakazara muFirst Amendment, asi zvikoro zvingaganhurira kutaura kunoumba tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunetsa, kana kuti kunyandurira masimba masimba.

Mipimo yokutaura iyo inoranga kutaura kworusaruraganda yakaparadzwa kazhinji kazhinji seyakanyanyowanda kana kuti isina kujeka, asi mayunivhesiti angagamuchira nguva yokurangarira, nzvimbo, uye mirau uye angaranga vadzidzi nokuda kwomufambiro, mukupesana nokutaura, uko kunopesana nemitemo yokunetsa. Gakava pamusoro pekutaura kwepachikoro rinopfuurira kuva rinochinja, nedzimwe nyika dzinogadza mutemo unoda mayunivhesiti oruzhinji kuti awane dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka.

Mari Sekutaura

Kuziva kweDare Gurusa kuti kupedzera mari kutsigira kana kuti kushora vadaviri vezvamatongerwe enyika kunoumba kutaura kwakadzivirirwa pasi peFirst Amendment kunoramba kuri imwe yenharaunda dzinoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kuvamba ne Buckley v. Valeo [7] uye kupfuurira mu [[FLT:] [[20] . .[FLT] .CCCheon] [5] [0] uye kuderedza ganhuriro dzemari, kuita kuti hurumende irege kupedza ganhuriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvidikanwa. [5]

Kusunungurwa Kworudzidziso Nemitemo Yokuvenga

Gakava pakati pemirayiro yerusununguko rworudzidziso nedziviriro dzinorwisana neRFRA rakaparira rwisano inokosha mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kuhesvurwa kworudzidziso kubva kumasangano eroorano youtevedzeri, zvinodikanwa zvokuvhara kunamba, uye LGBTQ zvinodzivisa kusarurana zvakaedza miganhu yeFree Execlence Clausease ne RFRA. Chisarudzo cheDare reProfet:0] Mastercanchop, Ltd. v. Coloradovian Rights Commission [ (20: 8)) yakadzivisa mubvunzo mukuru wokuti kana varambi vezvitendero vangaramba basa rimwe chetero, panzvimbo pezvo kutonga pamusoro pezvivako zvinoyera. Nhau yacho inoramba ichipfumbarwa kupfumbarwa kupfuvura nyika yakaderera munyika.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Yokushandisa Kodzero Dzako

Kunzwisisa First Amendment hakusi kungoshandisawo zvako kudzidza, kuziva kodzero dzako kunokusimbisa kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira mukuzvitonga kwehurumende yeruzhinji uye kudzivirira kodzero idzodzo padzinodenhwa.Hedzino mirangariro inoshanda yokushandisa rumwe norumwe rweminvumo mishanu:

  • Speech: Yeuka kuti nepo hurumende isingagoni kunzvera kutaura kwako mumamiriro ezvinhu mazhinji, masangano akavanzika akadai savashandirwi, zviteshi zvesociation, uye mayunivhesiti avanhu oga angaisa ganhuriro dzawo amene. ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinofanira kuva dzinogutswa nedzisingasarudzwi, asi hauna maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okutaura panzvimbo yapachivande pasina mvumo yamuridzi.
  • Chitendero: Une maruramiro okushandisa rudzidziso rwako pasina vhiringidzo yehurumende, asi mufambiro worudzidziso unodzorwa nemitemo isingatori rutivi, inowanzoshanda. Kana mutemo uchiremedza zvikuru kushandiswa kwako kworudzidziso, ungatsvaka kusunungurwa mumitemo yorudzidziso yeRFRA kana kuti yorusununguko rwehurumende.
  • Preftis[[FLT: 1]: Mapepanhau anofarikanya dziviriro dzakasimba paganhuriro dzapamberi pezvisakiso, asi vatori venhau havana maruramiro chaiwo okuwana zvinhu zvehurumende kupfuura izvo zvinopiwa kuvoruzhinji. Vatori venhau vangadikanirwa kupupurira pamusoro pomubato woutsotsi wavanopupurira, uye vanodzorwa nokudarikawo kwose nemitemo yakavanzika.
  • Njodzi: Ungaronga ndokutora rutivi mutsutsumo neratidziro zvine rugare pasina tendero yehurumende, asi ungada mvumo nokuda kwekuungana kukuru kunotapura chengeteko yemotokari kana kuti yevoruzhinji. Ziva kuti hurumende ingaisa nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro, asi haigoni kusarura pahwaro hweshoko rako.
  • Chirango[: Une maruramiro okukurukura navakuru vakuru vehurumende pamusoro pezvichemo kana kuti muitiro pamusoro pezvishuvo pasina kutya chirango. Uku maruramiro anotambanukira kururimiso, kukumbira, uye kupa tsinhiro pamiraudzo inokarakadzwa. Hurumende inofanira kurangarira chikumbiro chako asi haidikanwi kupa yamuro yaunokumbira.

mhedziso

First Amendment inomirira musengwa unoshamisa kurusununguko rwomunhu oga uye kuzvitonga kwehurumende. Rusununguko rwayo rushanu ($speech, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro) nyora migariro yenzanga umo vagari vemo vanogona kuzvifunga vamene, kutsoropodza vatungamiriri vavo, kutsigira chinjo, uye kuita kuti hurumende izvipiwe mhaka. Kunzwisisa ukoshi neganhuriro zvaaya maruramiro kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokudzivirira fariro dzako umene asi nokuda kwokuzadzika mitoro yako somugari womuparatisi munyika inoteverwa nomutemo.

Nepo miganhu yakananga yedziviriro dzeFirst Amendment inopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka kupfurikidza nerondedzero nemutemo, nheyo dzapakuvamba dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose: hurumende ingasanzvera kutaura kwakavakirwa pamurangariro wayo, ingasatanga kana kuti kufarira rudzidziso rupi norupi, uye inofanira kuremekedza maruramiro avanhu okuunganidza, kutaura, uye kukumbira chinjo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi nheyo uye boka rakapfuma romutemo wenhau izvo zvinodzidudzira, vanhu vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo nechivimbo ndokutora rutivi rune redonzo rinopfuurira rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve paFirst Amendment jurisprudence, Cornell Information Institute inogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda, uye Pepalments dzeAmerican Liberties Union[ inopa kuongororwa kunopfuurira kwenhau dzematauriro nedzinochinjika. [[FLT:] Free Speciex Specity Center ku Central Tennessee State University inotsigira shoo yemist yenhau dzeFind Reformation nedzidzo.