Democracy haisi mutambo unoona zviitiko zvokushingaira kubva mumativi ose enzanga. Asi, vechiduku vanoramba vari rimwe ramapoka anopinzwa pasi zvikurusa mumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, pasinei zvapo nokuva mugari wemo wevapfumi zvikurusa mumiitiro yenguva refu. Mukaha pakati pefariro yepwere munhau dzenzanga uye kubatanidzwa kwavo chaiko mukusarudzo, mapoka ehurumende, uye udzori unowanzorondedzerwa sechinetso chemireza. Nyaya ino inonzvera chikonzero nei nhau dzepwere, mhinganidzo dzinodzichengeta dziri parutivi rwemitemo yapanguva refu. Ufakazi, zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa kubva pakutaura kwechibvumirano kuenda kukutora rutivi chairwo.

Chikonzero Nei Kubatanidzwa Kwepwere Kuchisimbisa Ubati Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yavose

Kubatanidza vanhu vaduku mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hakusati kuchingovawo hako chiito chokufananidzira.

  • Utano hwenharaunda hwenguva refu: Tsika dzokuvhota nokutora rutivi kwenzanga dzinoumbwa mupwere dzinopfuurira munduramo yeupenyu hwose. Nzvero ya2020 yakaitwa naCIRCLE paTufts University yakawana kuti vanhu vaduku vanovhota muchisarudzo chavo chokutanga vangava vane bviro huru zvikuru yokupfuurira kuvhota nguva dzose. Kuwana mubatanidzwa wapakuvamba kunovaka nhambo yezvironzevero yekuita rutivi rwamatomutomubato wedemocracy.
  • Kutangwa kweProtolic: Vanhu vaduku vanounza mifungo mitsva panhau dzakafanana nechinjo yomugariro wokunze, maruramiro emitemo, chinjo yedzidzo, uye kuwanika kwedzimba. Zviitiko zvavo zvakararama kazhinji kazhinji zvinochinja zvikuru kubva kuchizvarwa chakura, zvichiita kuti mubatanidzwa wavo uve unokosha nokuda kwemitemo inoramba iri madikanwa kwamakumi amakore anouya.
  • , pamutemo uye chivimbo: Apo vanhu vaduku vanoona kuti manzwi avo anonzwiwa, chivimbo mumasangano edemokrasi chinokwira. Nenzira inopesana, kubvisa kunoparira kusada kutendeka. Chirongwa chePew Research Center chakaratidzira kuti vakuru vari pasi pe 30 muhurumende dzinotonga dzakaderera kupfuura mapoka akura.] mukaha unobatanidza zvakasimba nokushaikwa kwemireza inofungwa.

Kunzwisisa idzi betsero kunogadza mavambo okuziva mhinganidzo chaidzoidzo idzo dzinodzivisa pwere kupinda mumabasa ehurumende anoshingaira.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinotadzisa Vechiduku Kubatanidzwa

Nepo fariro munhau dzenzanga dzakadai seruramisiro yedzinza, chiito chomugariro wemhoteredzo, uye kuenzana kwezvemari yakakwirira pakati pavanhu vaduku (zvikurukuru muChizvarwa Z neMireniyumu), simba iroro hariwanzoshandurirwa muchiito chehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Zvinetso Zvematuro Nezvemari

Kutora rutivi kwepwere hakuna kuenzana nekwavose.

  • Kunyoresa kwakakomba: Nyika dzakawanda uye nyika dzine miitiro inonetesa yokunyoresa, nemisi yakaoma kuendesa vanhu vaduku, vakabatikana. Mushumo 2023 wakabva kuBrennan Center for Justice wakawana kuti kunyoresa kunotevedzerwa kunoratidza kuti nokuvhota kwoga kunooneka kuva pwere dzinokwira zvikuru.
  • Ndyiko huru yokutora rutivi:[[FLT: 1] kupinda horo dzetaundi, kuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe, kana kuti kunyange kuvhota mukati memaawa ebasa kunogona kuva nendyiko dzakananga nedzakananga idzo vanhu vaduku vane mari yakaganhurirwa havagoni kupinza.
  • Kusaenzana kwemashoko: Hadzisi pwere dzose dzine mvumo yakaenzana yokuwana mashoko akavimbika, asingapinyi pamusoro pevanoda kutemwa, nhau, uye miitiro yokuvhota. Kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama kunotapura zvikuru vechiduku vanotsamira zvikuru pamarobhoti enhau dzenzanga.

Mhinganidzo Dzoruzivo Rwendangariro Nedzetsika

Kupfuura nhau dzinobatanidza zvinhu, pane pfungwa yakadzika yokuora mwoyo inoshanda sechidziviso chine simba. Vanhu vaduku vazhinji vanorangarira zvamatongerwe enyika senhandare yakashata, yokuzvitsigira uko vhoti yavo imwe kana kuti inzwi risingasaruri. Iyi nzwisiso inosimbiswa na:

  • Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika inodudzwa: nguva dzose kuratidzirwa kuupengo, denho dzinovhozhokerwa, uye zvipikirwa zvakaputsika zvinoparira pfungwa yokuti gadziriro haigamuchiri. Mukuwirirana nenzvero 2021 yeInstitute for Politics paHarvard Kennedy School, 31% bedzi yavaduku veAmerica vakarangarira kuti hurumende iri kushandira betsero yavanhu vose.
  • Rack yemienzaniso yemienzaniso yakare: Apo vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakura zvikuru uye havaratidzi mhatsa kana kuti zvinoitika zvoupenyu zvepwere, vanhu vaduku vanoparapatika kuzviona vamene mumabasa iwayo. Iyi misiyano yemifananidzo inoratidzira kuti kuona munhu anozvida amene ari munzvimbo yesimba kunosimudzira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kutya kusakwanirisa: Vavhoti vaduku vazhinji vanoshuma vachinzwa vasingadi kuyera nhau dzemiitiro yakaoma, vachiparira kudzivisa. Vanonetseka kuti kushaiwa kwavo unyanzvi kunopedza kutora rutivi kwavo kunozivikanwa sechirwere chehoster muupenyu hwevagari vemo.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvesangano Nezvemashiripiti

Kunyange apo vanhu vaduku vanosundwa, miitiro imene inogona kuva isina kukodzera:

  • Mabanza akajekeswa emubato une revo: Nhevedzo dzakafanana nokuteerera kwavose kazhinji kazhinji dzinorongwa mukati memaawa echikoro kana ebasa, uye chimiro chinogona kuva chinotyisa. Upwere hunoda nzvimbo umo mirangariro yahwo isinganzwiwi bedzi asi inoitwa.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvezera rokurangarira: Nyika zhinji pazera 18, dzimwe dzakarangarira kana kuti kuita kuti zera rive 16. Nzvero inobva Austria, umo vatsva vamakore 16 vanogona kuvhota musarudzo dzorudzi, inoratidza kuti vavhoti vaduku vanovhota pamwero yakaenzana namapoka akura apo tsika inogadzirirwa kuva pwere shamwari.
  • Mutauro usinganzwisisiki nemiitiro: Mawebsite eHurumende, zviyero, uye magwaro emitemo zvinowanzonyorwa muchidhindo chakaoma. Ichi chidziviso chokugona kurava nokunyora chinotapura nomutoo unopesana vaduku, panguva yokutanga.

Mhinduro Dzinobudirira Dzokutora Rutivi Rwepwere Dzinoshingaira

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda nzira yakasiyana - siyana inobatanidza dzidzo, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja masangano, uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nenzanga. Hapana mhinduro yakakwana; migumisiro yakanakisisa inobva munhamburiko dzinobatanidzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Inopfuura Mabhuku

Zvisinei, zvikoro zvinogara zvichingogara zvichingogara zvichingogara zvichingotaura nezvemapazi ehurumende zvinobatsira vanhu kuti vave nounyanzvi kana kuti vade kuita zvinhu.

  • Dzidzo yezvemari: Purogiramu dzinotevedzera miitiro yemitemo, sarudzo dzokunyepedzera, kana kuti hurumende yavadzidzi inovaka maoko panzwisiso. 2019 fundo yakaitwa neCentre for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Circlement (CIRC) yakawana kuti vadzidzi vaitora sarudzo yokunyepedzera yakanga iri mifungo misere yemifungo miduku zvikuru yokufunga kuvhota savanhu vakuru.
  • Kubatanidza kurava nokunyora:[[FLT: 1] Kudzidzisa vanhu vaduku maonere enzvimbo, kuziva masangano okuparadzira mashoko, uye kuita zvinobudirira paIndaneti kwakakomba sokudzidzisa chimiro chehurumende. Nyika dzakafanana neFinland dzakapinza kurava nokunyora mashoko munyika yose mudzidzo yezvinobudisa nhau nebudiriro inodzivisika mukuderedza kunzwika kweparadziro.
  • Zvikoro zvamasangano epwere: Zvikoro zvinogona kukoka mapoka akafanana neYMCA Upwere & purogiramu yeHurumende, 4-H, kana kuti madare epwere omunzvimbomo kupinza zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika zvenzanga mukirasi.

Kushandisa Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Kuzvipingamupinyi Zviduku

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kudzidzisa uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kana rukashandiswa nokufunga.

  • Nhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau: Platforms dzakafanana neInstagram, TikTok, uye YouTube dzine simba rokusimudzira kuziva pamusoro pemisipi yokunyoresa, nzvimbo dzezvokuvhotera, uye nzvimbo dzokuvhotera. 2020 yeU.S. yakawana wedzero mupwere yakabatanidzwa murutivi rwakabva kuhedheni nezviyeuchidzo zvezera. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvinofanira kusimudzirwa muidi, zvisisiri rutivi rwenhau kuti zvisashande mashoko okushambadzira.
  • . .Digital ream reverm nezvinonyorwa namashoko: nyoresa kwakapfava paIndaneti nezviri nyore apo munhu muduku anotendeuka 18 anogona kuwedzera zvikuru marobhoti. Maturusi akadai seTurbovote naBallot Really anoderedza kukwikwidza kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko omunhu oga, omunzvimbomo.
  • Kubatanidza nokuvimbisana: Zvikarakadzo zvakafanana neISlide Na kana kuti Votesmart zvinoita kuti kudzidza pamusoro penzvimbo dzavada kufunda kubatsire. Vamwe vagari vemo vaedzesei negadziriro dzemari dzokupa paIndaneti uko vagari vemo, kubatanidza pwere, vanogona kukarakadza nokuvhota pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokushandisa nzanga. Izvozvi zvinopa revora rapapidhi yapakarepo kuti nhau imwe.

Kugadzira Nzvimbo Dzokuronga Kupinzwa Kwenzwi Repwere

Zvivako izvi zvinofanira kuva zvinopfuura zvokufananidzira, asi zvinofanira kuva nesimba chairo kana kuti zvinenge zvichida kukwanisa kutowana zvakananga vanhu vanoita zvisarudzo.

  • Madare echiPuroriti namapapu echiPuroriso: Maguta mazhinji zvino ane matare epwere ayo anoraira dare remitumbi yeguta pamusoro penhau dzakadai sekufambiswa kwavose, mapaka, uye ukama hwamapurisa. Kuti iwaya ashande, mitezo inofanira kugamuchira rovedzo (kubvisa mhinganidzo dzenzanga dzezvemari), uye mhinduro inovimbiswa kuzvikarakadzo zvavo. National League of Cities inoshuma kuti maguta anochengeta zvivako zvepwere, uye avo vane vashandi vakazvitsaurira uye vanoona muuyo wakakwirira.
  • Kupa zera rokuvhota: Vatsigiri vanowedzera vesangano nokuda kwokubvumira 16 na 17 wemakore kuti vavhote muvhoti dzomunzvimbomo. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti iri boka rezera kazhinji kazhinji rinonyoreswa mumakirasi ehurumende uye rinogara munzanga dzechikoro dzakatsiga, kuchiita kuti kuve nyore kusvika ndokuvanyoresa. Takoma Park, Maryland, rakava U.S. guta rokuderedza kuvhotera kusvikira zera ramakore 16 nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende muna 2013; tevere kunzvera kwakaratidza kuderera pakati pa 16-gore regore regore negore ramakore akaenzana ne18.24-makore anoregerekakura.
  • Zvikamu zvepwere mumapati ezvamatongerwe enyika namatare: Mipimo inochengeta chiverengero muzana chezvigaro zvemibato yenhume kana kuti nzvimbo dzomukati nokuda kwemitezo iri pasi pe 30 inovimbisa kuti mirangariro haifuratiri. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzeEurope dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzakadaro, nemiuyo yakananga pamamiitiro enhau dzinotaura pamusoro penhau dzepwere dzakadai nemamiriro okunze.

Vakadzi Venzanga Nezviito Zvevezera Ravo

Zvigadzikiso zvakakwirira zvoga hazvigoni kukurira kuperevedza kwechivimbo.

  • Mibato yokuvhota: Apo vazvipiri vaduku vanogogodza pamasuo kana kuti rugwaro rwavaenzani vavo pamusoro pesarudzo, shoko racho rinonzwa riri rechokwadi. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vaenzani vachienda kurupinzwa vanowedzera nomutoo unobudirira zvikuru kupfuura vapari vetsamba. Masangano akadai seVote.org neSepGen America akakwidza nhamburiko dzakadaro nebudiriro inoisvoronzeswa.
  • Nhau yakapfuudzwa nepwere: Panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu isina kujeka, vanhu vaduku vazhinji vanounganidzwa nenhau dzakati dzakadai seruramisiro yemamiriro okunze, nyaradzo yavadzidzi, kana kuti chengeteko yepfuti. Misangano dzakadai saMarch nokuda kwaMirimo Yedu neSunrise Movement yakaratidzira kuti kushingaira kunogona kushandura kuva kuvimbisana kwechisarudzo apo vanhu vaduku vanoona batano yakananga pakati pemitemo noupenyu hwavo.
  • Gadziriro dzechimurenga chemumazera okubereka: Kubatanidza vanhu vaduku vane vashingairi venzanga vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kunobetsera kubvisa muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvaka pombi yevatungamiriri vomunguva yemberi. Programs dzakadai seYouth Leadership Institute muCalifornia dzakaratidza kuti kupfuurira kuva murayiridzi kunosimudzira zvose zviri zviviri chivimbo uye kutevera zvichienda mberi.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Muchibvumirano Chouduku Chinobudirira

Kupota nyika yose, mienzaniso yekongiri inoratidza kuti musiyano wacho hauchinjiki.

Scotland: Michina ine makore 16

Scotland yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kuva 16 nokuda kwedanho rehwumwe ra2014. Voter yakacherekedzwa pakati pe 16-makore na 17 eaundi yakafungidzirwa kuva pa 75%, yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura boka rezera ra18-24. Vanzveri vanoti izvi zvakapa zvikonzero zvinoverengeka: assendum yakanga iri projekti yakakwirira, vhoti imwe yakafunga kuti yaidiwa; zvikoro zvakabatanidza zvikuru kunyoreswa mukirasi; uye nguva yokuvhota yakabatanidza kupera kwevhiki kuti igamuchira vadzidzi. Kubudirira kwakakuchidzirwa zvikuru kwokuvhota muvhotera muScoshictic muvhotarogian uye mishandira yezvimwe zvikamu zveUK.

Finland: Dare Repwere reNational Council

Finland Nuorosovaltuusto chirongwa chemari inorongwa nemitemo muruwa rwuri rwose. Dare rinoumbwa nepwere dzakasarudzwa dzine makore 13-17, idzo dzine maruramiro okubudisa nhau dzose pamusoro pavanhu vaduku. Dzinogamuchira migove yemari yemari uye dzinogona kukarakadza nhano dzakananga kudare renyika. Kunzvera 2020 kwakawana kuti aya masangano anowedzera pfungwa yavanhu vaduku yebudiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokutungamirira kuchinjo dzemiitiro yetsika, dzakadai semibayiro yavose pamusoro pevana vaduku namabasa outano hwendangariro akakukura. Mutevedzero zvino unofundwa namamwe marudzi epwere.

United States: Hurumende Yose Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Pamayunivhesiti, ALL MU CAmpes Democracy Challenge inogovera gadziriro yokuti masangano asangane navavhoti vavadzidzi. Kutorawo zvikoro zvinogamuchira tsigiro yokushandisa basa rokunyoresa, zviyeuchidzo zvezuva resarudzo, uye gadziriro dzedzidzo. Gadziriro yacho inoparira: mukati mesarudzo 2020, zvivako zvakawana "mipimo mikuru" yakaona mwero yokuvhota yavadzidzi inopfuura 60%, zvichienzaniswa neavhareji yorudzi ya 48% nokuda kwa 1824 gore rezera. Chinetsoro chinogovera mutevedzo unowirirana noukuru hunobatanidza kuzvidavirira nezviwanikwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoyera: Zvinonzi Zvinoitwa

Kuti urambe uchiita zvakanaka, zvinokosha kuti uone kana kuvimbisana kuchishanda chaizvoizvo.

  • Kuchinja kunoitwa neboka rezera: Nyika zhinji hadzibudisi mashoko akakwana akaputsika pazera, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuziva zvinetso kana kuti kuchengeta fambiro mberi. Kuraira aya mashoko kubva kumasangano anosarudzwa inhano yokutanga kukuzvidavirira.
  • Mwero yokunyoresa: Kunyoresa chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuvhota. Kunzvera mukaha pakati pepwere dzinokwaniriswa naavo vakanyoreswa kunozivisa parinokundikana. Gadziriro dzokuzvidira dzokuvhotera dzinoderedza zvikuru mukaha uyu; masangano akafanana neOregon akaona mwero yokunyoresa pakati pemakore 18 okurenda kukwira kubva pa 65% kusvikira ku 90% pashure pokushanda.
  • Kuvhota kwechiNgezi: Kutora rutivi mumapoka evagari vemo, kupinda misangano yavose, uye kuvimbisana mumichina yokunyora zvibvumirano zvinokosha zvakafanana. Nzvero dzakadai seYouth Civic Incivement Index yakakudziridzwa naCharles F. Kettering Foundation kuedza kubata iyi family.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvimbisana kwakapinzwa: Ko munhu muduku anovhota pazera ramakore 18 anopfuurira kuvhota pa 22 ne25?

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Wokugoverana

Kuvimbisana kwepwere muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hakusati kuri basa romutsa kana kuti kuva nechakanaka chakafanira nokuda kwegadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasimba, inosimba. Mhinganidzo ndedzechokwadi: iretia, kusaenzana kwenzanga, uye kusawirirana kwetsika pakati pevatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika navanhu vaduku. Bva mhinduro hadzisi dzakavanzika. Robsult regiontion dzidzo yehurumende, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwoushamwari hweshamwari, nzvimbo dzakarongwa nokuda kwenzwi repwere, uye zviito zvezera ramazera ose zvinoratidzira kushanda apo dzinoitwa nouchokwadi nezvishandiso zvakakwana.

Mutoro weiri basa unowira kuvatambi vakawanda: vadzidzisi vanodisa kuvandudza, vagadziri vemiitiro yokuchinja miitiro, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anodisa kugoverana simba, uye vasingadi mibayiro yokusakurira midzi. Asi kupfuura zvose, kunofanira kuva navanhu vakuru kuteerera (h_okuzvikwidziridza, asi kushamwari. Apo vaduku vanoona kuti kuvimbisana kwavo kunoparira miuyo yakajeka, vachapinda mubasa ravo savagari vemo kwete nemhaka yokusungirwa, asi nemhaka yokupwiswa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemiitiro yakavakirwa paufakazi, rangarira kunzvera basa re CICIRE paTufts University, Conference yeNational of State Legislatures [, uye [[FLT] programmes] yeUROPEA yePUPU] purogiramu dzepwere dzeIPUPU. Chinjo chaiyoiyo inovamba apo tinobata pwere kwete sevoki vomunguva yemberi, asi seshamwari dzazvino uno mudemocracy.