Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Muuzivi Kuenda Kutsika

Kuumbwa kwomutemo kunotanga kare apo muiti wemitemo mutsva upi noupi usati wavhota. Pfungwa yomutemo mutsva inogona kubva mumhatsa yamanyuko: mutezo weCongress, mubatanidzwa, boka rokuva mutezo, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti kunyange mugari wemo akavanzika. Zvisinei, muitiro wakarongwa unovamba apo muiti anosimudzira mutendi ndokuusuma muimwe yedzimba mbiri dzebazu rewiscrogist. muUnited States pamwero yehurumende, irori rinoreva Imba yavamiriri kana kuti Dare. Mutengo wacho unopa nhamba, unodhindwa, uye unogoverwa kudare rine chiremera chakafanira.

Kuongorora kweDare: Kudzora Kupiwa Kwomutemo

Chikamu chedare ndechinopupurira kuti mari yakawanda yezvikwereti ingava yakanatswa kana kuti inofa. Matare mapoka chaiwo evanoronga mitemo vanoisa pfungwa panzvimbo dzakananga, dzakadai sokurima, mari, kana kuti ukama hwokumwe. dare richava nokunzwa uko nyanzvi, vatsigiri, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachapupurira nezvetapuro yemitengo ingavapo. Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinopinda mu "mascroup" rusando, apo mitezo inokarakadza kugadziriswa, kuchinja, uye kuvhotera kana mari yacho ichatumira bhiri racho mukamuri rakazara. Chikamu ichi chakakomba nemhaka yokuti chinochekenura mutemo wakaiswa zvakanaka uye chinoumba mutauro wokupedzisira wemutemo. [[FLT: 0].[FFF:]

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Kana mutengi ukashumwa kuti uri mudare, unoenda kuuriri hwekamuri raunobva kuti utaure. MuImba, gakava rinowanzodzorwa zvakasimba neDare reMitemo, iro rinogadza ganhuriro dzenguva ndokusarudza kuti idzorei inogona kupiwa. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova rakajeka, uye vagadziri vedare vanogona kunonozetsa kutora nhau kupfurikidza nepo panzvimbo yemavhoti 60 okuvhota. Pashure pokugumisa, vavhoti veimba yakazara. Rurati runodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudza muzviitiko zvizhinjisa. Kana chirevongo chikashaidzo chacho chikapfuudzirwa kune imwe imba, apo muitiro wose unovambazve.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Matare Omusangano

Hakuwanzoitiki kuti Imba neDare zvipedze shanduro dzakafanana dzemutemo mumwe chetewo. Apo misiano inomuka, mutemo unoenda kudare redare remusangano rinoumbwa nemitezo yemakamuri ose ari maviri. Iyi dare rinoita shanduro inobvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira inofanira kutenderwa nezvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare muvhoti inodzorwa, pasina kumwe kugadziridzwa kunobvumirwa. Iyi nhambo inoda kukurukurirana kwokungwarira, sezvo vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinhu zvokutanga zvinokwikwidzana kuita rugwaro rwokupedzisira runogona kuchengetedza tsigiro yavazhinji mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Chiito Chine Chinotungamirirwa Nechiremera: Kusaina kana kuti Kuvhara

Kana nzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri dzangobvumirana pashanduro yokupedzisira, pamutemo unopiwa Purezidhendi (kana kuti, pamwero wenyika, gavhuna). Mukuru mukuru ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka: kusaina mutezo mumutemo, kana kuti kusaita chiito. Kana Purezidhendi akauratidzira, mutengi anova mutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akauisa pasi, mutongo wacho ukava mutemo. Zvisinei, kana Congress akaudenti ikadzokera kuCongress, inogona kudzosa muganhu nevhota mativi maviri makuru mudzimba dzose. Kana Purezidhendi asingatori asingatori basa kwemazuva gumi apo Courserosarce iri murusaiti, musero wogadziro unova pasina kunyorwa pamutemo. Zvisinei, kana Congresssioningsworsy mukati nhambo iyoyo yezuva gumi, chirevoko chinofa mukuita chinozivikanwa sechiito chinozivikanwa se "pockvetvettook." Chikamu chamateshinati chikamu chamageswo chinoitwa chikai. Chikamu chenyika chenyika. Chikamu chino chenyika chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chi

Unyanzvi Hwokumanikidza: Kuunza Mitemo Kuupenyu

Kuita mutemo ihafu bedzi yehondo. Murayiro inongova hawo mashoko papeji kusvikira aitwa uye amanikidzwa nebazu guru. Purezidhendi, samukuru mukuru wevakuru vakuru, anopomerwa mumutemo kuti angwarire kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Iri basa rinopiwa kusangano guru remasangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi, uye masangano anodzika mutemo anoshandura vavariro yemitemo kuva chiito chaichoicho.

Kutungamirira Nezvokutonga

Mitemo yakawanda yakanyorwa nomutauro wakafara, ichisiya udzame hwakajeka hunofanira kuzadzwa namasangano anotungamirira. Somuenzaniso, Ceaner Air Act hairongedzi mwero uri wose wokubudisa unobvumirwa; panzvimbo pezvo, inobvumira Environmental Protection Agency kugadza nokushandisa mipimo chaiyo. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa sokuita mitemo inokarakadzwa, inobatanidza kunyora mitemo inorongwa, kuibudisa muFederal Register, kukumbira tsinhiro yavose, uye kugadza mutemo wokupedzisira. Iyi miraudzo ine simba rakazara romutemo uye inodzokororwa kutongwa. Rega.]

Kumanikidzwa Kuteerera Mutemo uye Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Panzvimbo pekumanikidzira mutemo pane masangano anochengeta mutemo akadai seFBI, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemars and Explosives (ATF), uye, pahurumende nemwero yomunzvimbomo, madhipatimendi emapurisa nehofisi dzehurumende. Masangano aya anoongorora kufungidzirwa kuputswa kwechitsoropodzo, uye anosunga vanhu vanoputsa mutemo. Mapurisa anoshandisa chisarudzo chakati mukusarudza kana vangapa nyevero, kana kuti vangasunga mhaka. Kungwarira uku kunotungamirirwa nokurovedza, mirano yemasangano, mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, uye mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo echiitiko chimwe nechimwe.

Kungwara Kwokutonga Nematare

Kana munhu angopomerwa mhosva, muitiro wokuita kuti mitemo iende kudare. Vachuchisi, avo vari rutivi rwebazu guru, vanosarudza kuti imhosvai yokuisa pafoni, kana kuti kukumbira mutengo, uye nzira yokugovera nayo zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa. Uku kungwara kwomuchuchisi chishandiso chine simba chinoumba mashandisirwe emitemo. Somuenzaniso, muchuchisi angasarudza kuisa mhaka dzechisimba pamhosva duku dzezvinodhaka, anonyatsosarudza zvinonyanya kukosha kunyange apo mutemo pachawo hauidzitsamisi. Pashure pokunge matare aita kuti ape mhosva, matare anotonge aita kuti azvidzore.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Nokuhwirudzura Mitemo

Bazu redare rinobatira somupinyi wokupedzisira wezvinoreva mutemo uye kana uchiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rehwirudzuro, rakatangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo cheDare Gurusa Marbury v. Madison [1803]), rinobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo mukuru wenyika. Pasina iyi nzvero, mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira aigona kupfuura miganhu yawo yemitemo nokusarangwa.

Zvivako zveDare Rehurumende

Dare redare rehurumende rakarongwa kuva nhurikidzwa nhatu: matare oruwa, matare edunhu ezvikumbiro, uye Dare reruwa. Matare edare eruwa matare okutonga apo ufakazi hunopiwa, madare edare anoiswa panzvimbo yenhaka, uye zvisarudzo zvokutanga zvinopiwa. Masangano anokundikana panzvimbo yoruwa anogona kukwirira kumatare edunhu, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chemhosva dzemhosva dzemitemo. Dare repamusoro idare rezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira, rinongotonga chikamu chiduku chenhau dzinokurukurwa gore rimwe nerimwe. Dare rinosarudza nyaya dzinokosha dzinopa mibvunzo kana kuti kurwisana kwematunhu, richivimbisa kutongwa kwedare repamutemo.

Kududzira Chiratidzo uye Kutsanangura Zvisarudzo

Apo dare rinorondedzera mutemo, rinofanira kusarudza chinangwa chedare. Vatongi vanoshandisa maturusi akasiyana- siyana, kubatanidza revo yakajeka yorugwaro, nhau yomutemo, uye marusabhedhi akagadzwa okuvaka. Dzidziso ye stare decis[ (kurega chisarudzo chacho]]]) (kurega matare achisunga matare okutanga kutevera mipimo yapakuvamba kutoti pane chikonzero chinogombedzera kuibvisa. Iyi nheyo inosimudzira dzikamo nokudekara mumutemo, inobvumira vagari vemo namabhizimisi kuvimba nemitemo yapamutemo isingachinjiki. Zvisinei, matare anewo simba rokuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu echipoka, sezvinoratidzirwa muzvinoitika se [FLT:]Brow. Dare redzidzo reD [FFFF] [5]

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Bazu redare harina kudzivirirwa pakunzvera namamwe mapazu. Chivako chinogona kupfuudza mutemo mutsva kujekesa kana kuti kudarika kududzira mutemo wedare, uye chinogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kuti ritsigire mutemo wedare. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, kuisa kuumbwa kwejaji mumaoko emapazu ezvematongerw enyika. Zvikurukurukuru izvi zvinovimba nebazi revakuru vakuru kuti vatsigire mitemo yavo, kutsamira pamiteveno yaiedzwa munguva dzakadai seyaPrezidhendi Andrew Jackson yainzi kushora Dare Gurusanhuru mu [FOct:]. Georgia v [5] [1]).

Kugadzira Mutemo weHurumende: Kushandisa Miitiro

United States inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika. Iyi mhesano inobatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo, iyo inoronga masimba chaiwo ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuumba mari, uye kuzivisa hondo. Tenth Amendment inochengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Somuuyo, nyika dzine chiremera chakafara chokubatanidza munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, mutemo wezvinhu, mutemo wemhuri, uye mapurisa omunzvimbomo.

Simba Riri Kuvapo Nerwisano

Munharaunda dzakawanda, dzose dziri mbiri hurumende yehurumende nehurumende dzine chiremera chokubatanidza. Idzi dzinozivikanwa semasimba ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, dzose dziri mbiri dzinogona kuisa mitero, kupfuudza mitemo yeutsotsi, uye kudzora mabhizimisi. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Supremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo inoraira kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande, kana ukasairirwa nechiremera chehurumende. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa separation, yave inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzinovambira pakudzorwa kwemitemo yokupinda munyika kunzvimbo yakapoteredza. Dare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinorwisana nokusarudza kana mutemo wehurumende wakarongwa kubvisa mutemo wenyika, sezvinooneka muzvinoitika [FLT:]. Azoka] v. United States[FLD1]

Mitemo yeHurumende NavanaGavhuna

Nyika imwe neimwe ine mutumbi wayo umene wemitemo, unoumbwa zvakatanhamara neDare neImba yaVamiririri, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru anotungamirira nagavhuna. Muitiro wokuita mutemo mudare rehurumende unoratidzira muitiro wehurumende munzira dzakawanda: zvikwereti zvinotangwa, zvinogoverwa kumatare, zvinokakavadzana, uye zvinotumirwa kuna gavhuna kuti zvitenderwe. Zvisinei, pane misiano mikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhara mugavhura mitemo yose kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokutanga, umo mitemo inogona kuiswa pabhorati kupfurikidza nechikumbiro uye kuiswa nemitemo yakananga yavanhu. Kuisa California 13 muganhu webasa rekurapwa nemisvomhomba yemba yeradzi yakasiana -.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mumuitiro Wepamutemo

Kunyange zvazvo masangano ehurumende achiita mabasa okuita mitemo uye okuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukuumba nokuchengeta gadziriro yemitemo.Mutemo hausi mubatanidzwa wemitemo yakarongwa ichibva kumusoro; igadziriro mhenyu inoita chimwe chinhu kumipimo, zvinodikanwa, uye zvinodikanwa zvavanhu zvainodzora.

Kufarira uye Kutsigira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanopesvedzera nayo kuita mutemo iri kupfurikidza nebhokisi rezvikamu. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru vanogoverana mirangariro yavo, vavhoti vanosarudza nhungamiro yemitemo yehurumende. Kunze kwokuvhota.

Basa reJury Nokuzvidavirira Mumutemo

Seriyo ibasa rakananga rougari hwemo mukuchengetwa kwemitemo. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga kunoitwa nedare rinosarudza mumitongo youtsotsi, ichiisa vagari vemowo zvavo mubasa remuwanwa weidi nomubvunzi wetsika. Juries anosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kuva asina mhaka uye, mune dzimwe zviitiko, kurumbidza mitongo. Vatongi vakuru, rimwe sangano revagari vemo, vanosarudza kana paine chikonzero chokupa mhaka. Mabasa aya anovimbisa kuti kutevererwa kwemitemo kuratidze mipimo yenzanga uye kubatira secherekedzo pasimba rokutonga. [FLT: 0] Dare reU.[FLT:]

Mhinduro Yavose Nechikamu Zvinobatanidzwa

Sezvambotaurwa, muitiro wokuita mitemo unowanzobatanidza nguva yetsinhiro dzavose, uchibvumira vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye mapoka ezvidzidzo kuzviisa pasi pemitemo inokarakadzwa. Iyi nzira yokupa miuyo inogonesa hurumende kuunganidza unyanzvi, kuziva miuyo isingakanwi, uye kuyera mirangariro yavose mutemo usati watanga. Nenzira yakafanana, misangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, dare rinogarira dare, uye marusando ezvikoro anopa vagari vemo mikana yokuumba mitemo nemitemo izvo zvinotapura zvakananga nzanga dzavo. CONCOP idic idiction redeographic real, kuvimbisa kuti mutemo unoramba uchigamuchira vanhu vaunobatira.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokuita nokushandisa mitemo inobatanidza zvikuru pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende, nebazu rimwe nerimwe richiita basa rakasiana asi rinotsamirana. Basa rebazu remitemo rinoronga mutemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wamaune wekurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, bazi rinounza mutemo kuupenyu kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa nokutarisira, uye bazi rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unodudzirwa nenzira yakarurama uye nguva dzose nenheyo dzemitemo. Iyi gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inogadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe nokuwana simba rakanyanya, kudzivirira maruramiro nerusununguko zvavanhu. Padanho riri rose, kubva pakusuma chirevo chokuteerera chikumbiro chokupedzisira, muitiro wemitemo unoratidzira nhamburiko inopfuurira kudzikamisa nhevedzano, ruramisiro, uye rusununguko runochinja nzanga.