Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotangwa sei pamwero wenyika kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofarira kuvimbisana kwehurumende, muitiro wavose, kana kuti muitiro wehurumende yehurumende. Nepo vaAmerica vazhinji vakarovedzana nenzira inoshanda nayo mutemo wehurumende, muitiro wemitemo wenyika unoshanda namavara ayo echienzi nemiitiro. Pamwoyo weiyi gadziriro unomira gavhuna, ane masimba emitemo emitemo nepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvikwereti zvinova mutemo uye izvo zvisingashandi. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera rwendo rwakaoma rwomutemo wenyika uye inonzvera basa rinotsoropodza vatongi vanoshandisa kushandura zvikarakadzo zvemitemo yemitemo inodzorwa.

Kunzwisisa Gadziriro Yehurumende

Hurumende dzinoratidzira kuparadzanisa kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, ichiparadzanisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoumba gadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikano zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa. Bazu remitemo, zvikurukuru rakaumbwa nedzimba mbiri (Dare neImba yavamiririri kana kuti Dare), rine mutoro mukuru wokugadzira nokupfuudza mutemo. Bazu redare, rinotungamirirwa nagavhuna, rinogombedzerwa nemitemo uye rinotarisira masangano ehurumende. Bazu redare rinodudzira mitemo uye rinopedza nharo.

Zvisinei, aya masimba haasati ari akaparadzana chose chose. Gavhuna navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kugoverana simba rokuita mitemo, uye vatongi vanofanira kushanda nedzinenge nharidzano dzavo dzose dzokuita mitemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nemirairo yenyika dzavo kuti vaite. Iri chiremera chinopfuudza chinoreva kuti mutemo unobudirira unoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu, nagavhuna anobatira vose vari vaviri seshamwari uye chekerero pachiito chemitemo.

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe rinorondedzera masimba chaiwo anopiwa kuna gavhuna wayo nedare rehurumende, izvo zvinoreva chiremera choutongi chinosiyana zvikuru mumativi enyika makumi mashanu. Vamwe vatongi vanoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamuitiro wemitemo kupfurikidza namasimba akasimba ehurumende, chiremera chokuronga, uye maropafadzo okugadza, nepo vamwe vachishanda namasimba ebumbiro remitemo akaganhurirwa zvikuru. Iyi mitoo inoratidzira nhau yezvematongerwe enyika, tsika, uye magamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo weHurumende: Kubva Mumufungo Kuenda Kubhiri

Uko Mabhiri Anobva

Muitiro wemitemo unovamba kare mutongo usati wasvika padhesiki ragavhuna. Mitemo mitsva inogona kubva kumanyuko akawanda. Vagari vemo vamwe navamwe, mapoka ebasa, masangano enyanzvi, masangano ehurumende, uye gavhuna amene anogona zvose kukarakadza mifungo yemitemo. Zvisinei, vatengi vemitemo vakasarudzwa bedzi ndivo vane chiremera chokusuma nenzira yapamutemo zvikwereti mudare rehurumende.

Apo muiti wemitemo anosarudza kubhadhara mari, vanoshanda navashandi vapamutemo vakananga kunyora chikarakadzo mumutauro wakafanira wemitemo. uyu muitiro wounyanzvi unovimbisa mari nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo uye kubatanidzwa zvakafanira nomutemo wehurumende uripo. Muiti wemitemo anosuma bhiri racho anova mutsigiri wake mukuru, uye zita ravo rinooneka pamutemo sezvarinofamba nomuitiro wacho.

Kuongorora uye Kuzvidzora kweDare

Kana zvangotangwa bedzi, zvikwereti zvinogoverwa kumatare akavakirwa panhau yawo. Chibvumirano chepepa chinobata nomuitiro wedzidzo chinoenda kudare redzidzo, apo mumwe anobata neruramisiro yamatsotsi anonongedzerwa kudare redare redare redare redare redare kana kuti rekotsekano yavose. MaBhiro anotapura bhajeti rehurumende anofanirawo kuenda kudare rezve. Iyi gadziriro yedare inobvumira vaiti vemitemo vane unyanzvi munharaunda dzakananga kuti vaite nzvero dzakadzama dzomutemo unokarakadzwa.

Mitongo yedare inogovera mikana yokutora rutivi mumitemo.Vagari vemo, mapoka ezviwaro zvemhindu, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kupupurira mukutsigira kana kuti kushora zvikwereti, vachipa vagadziri vemitemo mifungo inokosha pamusoro pokuti mutemo unokarakadzwa ungatapura sei nzanga dzavo. Mitezo yeDare inokurukura mipimo yezvikwereti, inokarakadza kugadziridza, uye pakupedzisira kuvhota kana mutemo uchifambisira mberi kamuri rakazara nokuda kwokurangarira.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Mabhiri anobudirira kunzvera dare anoenda kuuriri hwekamuri kuti akurukure kupfurikidza nemitezo yakazara. Pasi pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, pamutemo unowanzoraviwa katatu, nokuverengwa kwokutanga kubatira sechikamu chamashoko icho chinocherekedza mitezo bhiricha icharangarirwa. Mukati mokurava kwechipiri, vaiti vemitemo vanokakavadzana pamusoro pezvakanakira uye vangakarakadza kuti zvigadziridze mutauro wavo kana kuti ukuru. Kuverenga kwechitatu kunoguma nokuvhota kwokupedzisira pamashoko.

Kana bhii rikapfuudzwa mune imwe kamuri, rinopfuurira kuenda kune imwe kamuri apo rinoitirwa muitiro wakafanana wehwirudzuro yedare, kurukurirano youriri, uye kuvhota. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri achibvumira zvimiro zvakafanana zvechibvumirano, rinonyoreswa ndokugadzirirwa kupiwa kuna gavhuna. Zvisinei, kana rendiro yechipiri rikagadziridza pepa racho, rinofanira kudzokera mukamuri rokutanga kuti ritendere kuchinja ikoko. Kana makamuri asingagoni kubvumirana pakugadziriswa, vangagadza dare nemitezo yemitumbi yose kuti vakurukure shanduro inobvumirana.

Masimba AGavhuna Ebumbiro Remitemo Mukuita Mutemo

Gavhuna SoMutongi Mukuru

Basa rimwe guru ragavhuna munguva yazvino uno nderomuiti wemitemo mukuru, navacherekedzi vazhinjisa vachitaura kuti magavhuna ane pesvedzero huru zvikuru munhandare yemitemo sezvo vatangi vakuru vemiitiro na "vashanduri". Iri basa rinotambanukira kure kupfuura kungosaina kana kuti kubvisa zvikwereti. Gavhuna vanoumba zvirongwa zvemitemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yavo yeHurumende, uko vanoronga mitemo uye vanorumbidza mutemo wakati. Vanokarakadza bhajekedzo dzakajeka dzinoronga kupedza zvinhu zvinokosha nokuda kwehurumende. Vanoshandisa pesvedzero yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika kutsigira zvikwereti zvakanaka nechishoro kuti vashore.

Gavhuna vanoita mabasa matatu makuru pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende: vangakarakadza mutemo ndokupa zvinhu zvemiitiro zvokutanga kupfurikidza neHurumende yeAwaredhi yeHurumende, vangapiwa simba rokudana marusando chaiwo okutonga nezvinangwa zvakafanorongwa, uye vanoshandira pamwe uye vanoshanda nevanopa matare ehurumende. Aya masimba emitemo anovimbisa kuti magavhuna anoramba ari vatambi vakuru mukugadzira mutemo kubvira pakutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira.

Chiremera Chebhangi

Gavhuna vanotanga nokupa bhajeti dzegore negore kana kuti dzenguva dzose nokuda kwehwirudzuro netendero kupfurikidza nedare remitemo, uye munyika dzakawanda vane "mutsetse" simba rokubvisa rondedzero dzavanoramba, vachibvumira magavhuna navashandi vavo vebhajeti kuita basa rakasimba mukugadza zvinhu zvinokosha zvepfuma dzehurumende. Iri simba rebhajeti rinomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa zvehurumende.

Gadziriro yemari inodzorwa inowanzovamba mwedzi purogiramu yemitemo isati yatanga, namasangano ehurumende achipa zvikumbiro zvemari kuhofisi yebhajeti yagavhuna. Vashandi vagavhuna vanonzvera izvi zvikumbiro, vanorangarira zvikarakadzo zvemari, uye vanotanga gadziriro yokushandisa kwakazara inoratidzira gadziriro yemitemo yagavhuna. Painopiwa kudare remitemo, iyi bhajeti inobatira senzvimbo yokutanga yedzongedzero dzemitemo, ichipa gavhuna simba guru pamusoro pegadziriro yokutanga yemari inoshandiswa nehurumende.

Apo Mabhiri Anosvika Pamucheto waGavhuna

Nguva Yezvino uye Yokuhwirudzura

Mutemo wemitemo uri wose unopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende remitemo unopinzwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwokusaina, nemitemo yehurumende inogadza kuti inguva yakadini iyo gavhuna anopiwa kuti isaine kana kuti ive mutemo unokarakadzwa unotevera kupfuudzira, uye mutemo ungashanda pasina siginicha yagavhuna pashure pokunge nguva yakarairwa nenzira youdzidzisi yapfuura. Nguva chaiyo inosiana zvikuru pakati pehurumende, inoratidzira gadziriro dzakasiana dzebumbiro remitemo namagamuchidzanwa.

Apo mugadziri wedare anenge ari murusando, magavhuna anowanzova namazuva gumi (asingaverengerwi maSvondo) okusaina kana kuti kuisa zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, nechikwereti chakasainwa chichiva mutemo ndokubvisa zvikwereti zvisati zvava mutemo, kunyange zvazvo kukundikana kwagavhuna kusaina kana kuti kunyora mutemo mukati menhambo yezuva 10 kunoreva kuva mutemo. Iyi bvumirano inogaro inodzivisa vatongi kuuraya mutemo kupfurikidza nokungoramba bedzi kuita chiito pauri mukati merusando rwomutemo.

Mitemo yakasiana inowanzoshanda apo zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa kuna gavhuna pashure pokunge dare remitemo raita mvumo. Dzimwe nyika dzinotambanudza nhambo nokuda kwezvikwereti zvepashure pekudzosera, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta chikamu chenguva chimwe chetecho. Iyi mhesano inogona kutapura zvikuru gadziriro yemitemo, zvikurukuru pedyo nomugumo werusando apo zvikwereti zvakawanda zvingapfuudzwa mukutevedzana.

Zvisarudzo Zvitatu zvaGavhuna

Pavanopiwa mutemo, magavhuna anosarudza zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha. Chokutanga, vanogona kusaina mutemo wacho, vachiratidzira kutenderwa kwavo uye kuita kuti mutemo wacho ubudirire maererano nezvinotaurwa kana kuti mutemo wenyika.

Chechipiri, vatongi vanogona kuisa mutongo wacho pamutongo, kuuramba nokuudzivisa kuva mutemo kutoti mutezo wedare usati wadzoserwa kuimba yakatanga kuvapfuudza, pamwe chete netsinhiro yezvikonzero zvokusatendera kwavo. Iri shoko rinotsanangura kuramba kwagavhuna uye ringapesvedzera kana vaiti vemitemo vachiedza kubvisa dare kana kuti kuhwirudzura mutongo nokuda kwokurangarirazve murusando rwomunguva yemberi.

Chechitatu, magavhuna haagoni kuita chiito, achibvumira mutongo kuva mutemo pasina kusaina kwavo.Ichi chisarudzo chinogonesa magavhuna kubvumidza mutemo kushanda apo anoratidzira kusabvumirana pamusoro pezviri mukati mawo kana kuti kusvika.

Kunzwisisa Simba Rekufambisa Zvisingatani

Veto Yenguva Dzose

Vatongi vose 50 vehurumende vane simba rokuita zvirongwa zvose zvemitemo. Iyi yagara iripo kana kuti "Bishopi" inobvumira gavhuna kuramba mutemo wose, kudzivisa urongwa hupi nohupi hwayo kuva mutemo kutoti kana chigaro chemitemo chikakunda dare. Suto yenguva dzose inoshanda secherekedzo yakananga zvikurusa yagavhuna pasimba remitemo, ichimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kurangarira nzvimbo yagavhuna pakugadzira mutemo.

Gavhuna vanoshandisa simba nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana------. Vangaramba mutoo wetsika wemitemo, vachidavira kuti ingakuvadza nyika kana kuti vagari vemo vayo. Vangawana mutemo usingawirirani nemitemo kana kuti uri pamutemo. Vangashora pesvedzero yemari yokushandisa. Kana kuti vangashandisa kushandisa nhevedzano yokuwana kurukurirano nedare padzimwe nhau. Chipi kana chipi chingava sundo, veto inomirira chishandiso chine simba chesimba chepesvedzero yegabernator pamutemo wehurumende.

Vhito yakanyorwa nemutsetse

Gavhuna angava "nomutsetse wechinhu vhato" mativi emari, simba riripo mumizhinjisa asi kwete nyika dzose. Iyi nzira chaiyo yeveto inobvumira vatongi kurova zvikarakadzo zvakananga kubva mukupedza zvikwereti apo vaitendera zvakasara zvomutemo. Mutsetse - meta unoita kuti vatongi vadzore bhajeti remari yehurumende, kuvagonesa kurega kupedza mari vanorangarira kuva vanopambadza kana kuti zvisina kufanira pasina kuramba mabhadhari ose ebhajeti.

Ukuru hwechiremera chefodya yemutsetse vhato hunosiyana pakati pehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinoganhurira chose chose zvinhu mumari yemari yokuronga. Dzimwe kutambanudza kwakafara zvikuru kumutemo upi noupi une gadziriro dzinoshandiswa. Muchiverengero chakati chehurumende, magavhuna aka "kubvisa" kana kuti "chikamu" simba rokubvisa simba rekubvisa majeri, uye mamwe marudzi evharo anobatanidza "reduction" (imo gavhuna anogona kubvisa chinhu chebhajeti yebhajeti) uye "aidzororo yemitemo inokwanisa kugadziriswa). Izvi zvinoumba ganhuriro dzakasiana- siyana dzesimba pakati pavatongi namatare anotonga nyika.

Pocket Veto

Muchiverengero chiduku zvikuru chehurumende, mabhiri achafa (parocket devito) kutoti gavhuna achiaratidzira nenzira yapamutemo, muchiverengero chakati chamazuva. Thoko inoitika apo gavhuna asingatori chiito papepa uye mubati wemitemo apikira, achidzivisa mutemo kuva mutemo kupfurikidza nokusaita chinhu. Gavhuna anga "pocketveto" rugwaro rwakapfuudzwa mukati mamazuva matatu okupedzisira erusando kupfurikidza nokusainwa mukati mamazuva 14 pashure pokusaidzwa kwokupedzisira.

Muhomwe weveto unosiana newirirano yenguva dzose mukuti haigoni kusarurwa nedare remitemo, sezvo rusando rwemitemo rwaguma uye vaiti vemitemo havasati vachavapozve murusando rwokuvhota panzvimbo inodzorwa. Ikoku kunoita kuti tsvina iveto ine simba zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwayo kwakaganhurirwa kumigariro yakananga inorondedzerwa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe.

Simba Chairo Rokufambisa Mazai

Dzimwe nyika dzinopa magavhuna adzo mamwe masimba anopfuura zvisarudzo zvinotevedzerwa. Gavhuna anobvumira vadzori kudzorera zvikwereti kudare remitemo nerumbidzo dzakananga nokuda kwechinjo, kupa vagadziri vemitemo chisarudzo chokugamuchira chinjo dzagavhuna kana kuti kupfuurira neshanduro yapakuvamba. Iri simba rinogonesa magavhuna kutora rutivi nokushingaira zvikuru mukuumba mutemo panzvimbo pokungougamuchira kana kuti kuuramba.

Wisconsin anogovera zvichida chiremera chikurusa murudzi. Nepo nyika dzose 50 dzichipa magavhuna simba reveto uye zhinji dzichibvumira maveto, Wisconsin anopa gavhuna wake chiremera chakafara zvikuru kugadziridza mutemo kana uchienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika. Suto yeWisconsin yakabvumira magavhuna kurova mashoko mamwe, nhamba, uye kunyange kumira kumira kubva mumitero yeappropria, kunyorazve mutemo nenzira dzinogona kuchinja zvikuru revo yayo netapuro.

Muitiro Womutemo Unodzorwa

Dzivisa Zvinodikanwa

Mitemo ingakunda vhoti, kazhinji kazhinji nevota gurusa. Chikumbaridzo chakananga chinodikanwa nokuda kwokudzorwa chinosiana nehurumende, asi chinodikanwa chikurusa chinova chezvikamu zviviri kana kuti zvitatu muvatatu voruzhinji mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Mutengo wakakomba unogona kuva mutemo kana mitezo miviri yezvitatu yeimba imwe neimwe ipo kuti itonge gavhuna. Iyi dikanwo inovimbisa kuti inokunda apo bvumirano yemitemo yemitemo inovata inowirirana zvikuru ivapo bedzi.

Muitiro wokukunda unovamba zvikuru mukamuri umo mutengo wakavamba. Kana mitezo miviri yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri ivhota kuti ipfuure chikwereti, mutengo wose uchava mutemo pasina siginicha yagavhuna. makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kuvhota nenzira inobudirira kuti chive mutemo; kana nzvimbo ipi neipi ikatadza kuwana simba gurusa, veto inoramba uye muromo hauvi mutemo.

Kusiyana - siyana Kunodzosa Chiremera

Kushatisa zvinodikanwa kunosiana munyika dzose dzinokosha. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti yemitezo miviri yetatu iripo nevovhota, nepo dzimwe dzichiraira kuti mitezo miviri yezvitatu yakasarudzwa yose ivepo pasinei zvapo nokuti vangani varipo. Uyu musiano unogona kutapura zvikuru chinetso chokuwana kukunda, sezvo kuchida mitezo miviri yetatu yakasarudzwa yose ichiisa bhawa rakakwirira kupfuura mativi maviri ezvitatu aavo varipo.

Mitemo inosianawo mumirau yayo pamusoro peapo kukunda kunogona kuitika. Mitemo mizhinji inobvumira kukunda bedzi mukati merusando rumwe cheterwo umo mutengi unopfuudzwa ndokuitwa. Kana vamiriri vedare, banza rokukunda risingadzoreki. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira marusando chaiwo kunzi arangarire kukundwa kwechinokweviwa, kutambanudza nguva nokuda kwechingabvira chiito chewiso chemitemo.

Zvomene inoshanda ndeyokuti kukunda kunoramba kuri kushoma zvikuru munyika dzakawanda. Chinodikanwa chikuru chinoparira chikumbaridzo chakaoma kuwana, zvikurukuru muhurumende dzine hurumende dzakakamukana umo boka ragavhuna rinobata inenge chikamu chimwe chezvigaro mukamuri rimwe chete. Iri raidzo rinosimbisa simba revhu sechishandiso chegabhenatori uye rinotsanangura chikonzero nei vaiti vemitemo vachiwanzokurukura namadzishe mukati megadziriro yemitemo yokudzivisa zvigaro panzvimbo pekuvimba negadziriro yemitemo.

Kupfuura Kusaina Nokuridza Mberi: Imwe Pesvedzero Yokubereka Nayo

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Savatungamiriri vehurumende, vadzori vanofambira mberi nokuronda mitemo mitsva negadziriro zvakavandudzwa vachishandisa mhatsa yezvishandiso, pakati pavo zvirango zvehurumende, bhajeti, uye zvikarakadzo zvomutemo nezvirongwa. Mirairo yechiremera inobvumira magavhuna kutungamirira masangano ehurumende navashandi pasina kuda tendero yemitemo. Nepo mirairo yavakuru vakuru isingagoni kugadzira mitemo mitsva kana kuti mari yakafanira (masimba anochengeterwa kudare remitemo), vanogona kutapura zvikuru nzira iyo mitemo iripo inodzorwa nayo ndokushandiswa.

Gavhuna vanoshandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana: kurongazve masangano ebazu, kutanga masimba kana kuti masangano, kuzivisa nyika dzekurumidziro, kushandisa miitiro yehurumende, uye kutungamirira kuti masangano ehurumende anodudzira nokushandisa mitemo. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo nokuda kwavashandi vohurumende namasangano, kunyange zvazvo iwo anogona kudenhwa mudare kana akapfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kurwisana nemitemo iripo.

Ukuru hwechiremera chenhevedzano yavakuru vakuru hunosiyana pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pagadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedudziro dzinotonga. Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anopa masimba makuru avakuru vakuru, nepo vamwe vachirondedzera zvishoma zvikuru chiremera chehurumende. Matare anobatira savapisi vakuru vakuru vokupedzisira vezvipikirwa zvekuti kana mirairo yakananga yapamutemo inowira mumasimba apamutemo agavhuna kana kuti kupindira zvisina kufanira pamaruramiro emitemo.

Kudana Zvikamu Chaizvo

Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, magavhuna ane simba rokudana musangano wedare kuti rive murusando chairwo kunze kwekarenda yenguva dzose. Iri chiremera rinogonesa magavhuna kuisa ngwariro yemitemo pazvinhu zvekurumidziro zvisingagoni kumira kutozosvikira purogiramu yenguva dzose inotevera. Pakudana rusando chairwo, magavhuna anowanzoronga purogiramu, achiganhura misoro inogona kukurukurwa nedare remitemo mukati mechirongwa chacho.

Simba rokudana marusando chaiwo rinopa chiremera chinokosha chinoisa purogiramu. Vanogona kumanikidza kurangarira zvinhu zvavo zvokutanga, kuita chimwe chinhu kunjodzi, uye kuparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwechiito panhau dzakati. Zvisinei, kushanda kwamarusando chaiwo kunotsamira pasimba ragavhuna rokuvaka tsigiro yemitemo yezvikarakadzo zvavo, sezvo kudana purogiramu kusati kuchivimbisa kuti mutemi wemitemo achapfuudza mutemo unodiwa nagavhuna.

Simba Rokugadza

Gavhuna vanoita mitoro yavo yokutarisira neyoutungamiriri netsigiro yemadhipatimendi namasangano, vazhinji vavo vakapiwa simba rokugadza, uye vazhinjisa vamagavhuna vane chiremera chokugadza vatongi vehurumendewo, muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa kubva mundandanda yamazita anopiwa nedare rinodzorwa. Masimba anogadza anobvumira magavhuna kuumba murairo webazu ravakuru uye anova nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvavo zvokutanga zvinoitwa muhurumende yose.

Uku kukura kwechiremera chokugadza kunosiyana zvikuru pakati pehurumende. Mamwe magavhuna anogadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vazhinjisa, nepo vamwe vachigoverana simba rokugadza nemubatanidzwa wehurumende kana kuti kutarisana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvokuti nzvimbo dzakati dzinozadzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo yakakurumbira. Iyi misiano inotapura kuti vadzori vanodzora vanoshandisa zvakadini mabasa ehurumende uye kuitwa kwemiitiro.

Mutungamiriri Wematongerwe Enyika Neboka

Gavhuna vangashandisa basa ravo sevatungamiriri vomubato kukurudzira kutsigira nhano dzemitemo, uye pamwe chete navakuru vemadhipatimendi navashandi, vangatsvaka kupesvedzera fambiro mberi yomutemo kupfurikidza nemisangano yenguva dzose navaiti vemitemo, vakuru vakuru vemitemo, uye vamwe vaiti vemiitiro yemitemo. iyi pesvedzero yamasanga kazhinji kazhinji inobvumikisa kuva inokosha samasimba emitemo echirongwa mukusarudza miuyo yemitemo.

Gavhuna vanoshandisa nzvimbo yavo semukuru mukuru anooneka zvikurusa muhurumende kuumba murangariro wavanhu ndokuvaka tsigiro nokuda kwemiitiro yavo yedzose. Vanoshandisa chitarisiko chezvinobudisa nhau, zvinoitika zvavose, uye zvinobudisa nhau kuti vakurukure zvakananga nevagari vemo, vachiparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika pavaiti vemitemo kuti vatsigire kana kuti vashore zvikwereti zvakati. Vanoshanda navatungamiriri vemitemo kuti vatange unyanzvi, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuvaka batanidzwa. Vanoshandisa mari yavo yemari uye nhimbe dzokutsigira vatsigiriri vatsigiriri vehurumende.

Gavhuna ane unyanzvi mune zvematongerwe enyika ane mvumo yakasimba zvikuru anogona kubudirira kunyange ane masimba akaganhurirwa, nepo gavhuna asina simba kana kuti asingafarirwi angarwisa kufambisira mberi zvaanenge aronga pasinei nokuti ane zviremera zvakasimba zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kupindirana Pakati Pavanagavhuna Nemirau

Kushandira Pamwe uye Kusawirirana

Ukama pakati pavatongi navakuru vakuru vehurumende hunobatanidza zvinhu zvebatira pamwe nerwisano. Mapazu ose ari maviri anogoverana mutoro wokukurukura zvinetso zvehurumende nezvinobatira, achiumba sundo dzebatira pamwe. Bva anomirirawo mirangariro yakasiana-- siyana nemirangariro, namagavhuna akasarudzwa munyika yose navanogadza mitemo vanomirira maruwa chaiwo. Uku kusawirirana pakati pebatira pamwe nerwisano kunoumba simba rokuita mitemo yenyika.

Gavhuna nehurumende kana zvikava zvikuru zvebato rimwe chete, kushandira pamwe kunowedzera uye kurwisana kunoderera.

Hurumende yakakamukana, umo gavhuna nemakamuri emitemo kana kuti ose ari maviri anodzorwa nemapoka akasiyana, kazhinji kazhinji inowedzera rwisano uye inoita kuti kubvumirana kwemitemo kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Gavhuna vangashandisa majeni kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru, uye vabati vemitemo vangada zvishoma kugovera zvinhu zvokutanga zvehurumende. Bva hurumende yakakamukana inogonawo kuparira batira pamwe yebipartis apo mativi ose ari maviri anobvuma kudikanwa kwokupedza zvinetso zvehurumende ndokuratidzira mano avo okutonga nenzira inobudirira.

Kupopota uye Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Panzvimbo pokumirira kubhadhara zvikwereti zvavanoshora, magavhuna anowanzoshanda nevanogadzira mitemo mukati mokuita kuti mitemo igadziriswe munhungamiro dzinogamuchirika. Chibvumirano ichi chinoitwa nemhiko chinobvumira magavhuna kupesvedzera migumisiro apo anenge achidzivisa ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzehondo uye kukunda hondo.

Vatungamiriri vanotonga nenzira yakafanana vane sundo dzokutaurirana navatongi. Vanoda kupa mutemo uchava mutemo panzvimbo pokutarisana navarwi, uye vanoziva kuti magavhuna anogona kushandisa pesvedzero yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika kubetsera kana kuti kudzivisa zvinhu zvemitemo. Uku kutsamirana kunokurudzira kurukurirano inopfuurira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira muchirongwa chemitemo.

Muitiro wekurukurirano unowanzowedzera pedyo nokuguma kwezvirongwa zvemitemo, apo misi inoitwa inoparira dzvinyiriro yokupedza kusawirirana kwakatanhamara. Zvikwereti zvokubhadharisa mari zvikurukuru zvinoda kurukurirano huru pakati pamagavhuna navatungamiriri vemitemo, sezvo mativi ose ari maviri anotsvaka kufambisira mberi kupedza kwavo zvinhu mukati memasumo anowanika. Uku kuguma kwekurukurirano dzepurogiramu kunogona kuparira zvibvumirano zvakawanda izvo nhau dzakawanda pamwe chete, kuchibvumira mativi ose ari maviri kutaura kukunda uye kuita kubvumirana kuri madikanwa.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwesimba Rokugomera Nyika Dzose

Misiyano Yebumbiro remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vane mabasa akawanda nemitoro zvakafanana, ukuru hwesimba rehurumende hunosiyana - siyana zvichienderana nemitemo yenyika, mitemo, uye gamuchidzanwa. Iyi misiyano inoparira mapoka esimba rehurumende, namagavhuna akatanhamara pakati pevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru muhurumende yeAmerica uye vamwe vanoshanda vane chiremera chakaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Nyika dzesimba dzinotonga honor dzinoratidzira zvadzinowanzoratidzira mavara anoverengeka: gavhuna ane masimba makuru okugadza pavakuru vakuru vebazu; chiremera chikuru chinobatanidza mutsetse wezvinhu uye zvimwe zvigaro zvinozivikanwa; mano okubatira mashoko akawanda pasina ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo; uye chiremera chikuru chokuita bhangi. Masimba iwaya anogonesa magavhuna kudzora muitiro uye kushandisa udzori hukuru pamabasa ehurumende.

Nyika dzisina simba, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoganhurira chiremera chavakuru vakuru vebazu kupfurikidza negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinosarudza vamwe vakuru vakuru vebazu nenzira yakazvimirira, dzinoganhurira masimba okugadza, dzinoganhurira chiremera, dzinoisa ganhuriro dzenhambo, kana kuti dzinoderedza masimba okuita bhajeti. Muidzi nyika, vatongi vanofanira kugoverana simba navamwe vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa uye vanotarisana nechinetso chikuru mukushandisa purogiramu dzavo.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau

Simba rehurumende rakawedzera munguva kazhinji kazhinji sezvo hurumende dzakaita kuti hurumende dzadzo dzive dzazvino uno ndokupindura kudenho dzinokura. Mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji akagadzira vatongi vasina simba sedavidzo mukurwisana navatongi voumambo vanodzorwa, achibvisa simba ravakuru vakuru pakati pavakuru vakuru vazhinji vakasarudzwa uye achiganhurira mashoko ehurumende. Zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri rakaona kombamiro kukusimbisa chiremera chegubernator kupfurikidza nebvumirano dzamabumbiro emitemo nemhindu dzakasimbisa simba rechiremera, ganhuriro dzakawedzerwa, uye kuvandudza mashoko echikamu chehurumende.

Mhindumupindu iyi inoratidzira kariro dzinochinja pamusoro poutungamiriri hwehurumende. Magavhuna azvino uno anokarirwa kugovera nhungamiro yemiitiro, kutarisira zviremera zvehurumende zvakaoma kunzwisisa, kuita chimwe chinhu kunjodzi, uye kubatira sechiso chavose chehurumende. izvi kariro dzakasunda chinjo dzinopa magavhuna maturusi ari madikanwa kuita aya mabasa outungamiriri nenzira inobudirira.

Kutapura Kunoita Kutungamirira Mutemo Wehurumende

Apo Mabhiritsi Anova Mutemo

Kana bhoti rangosainwa nagavhuna kana kuti rava mutemo kupfurikidza neimwe nzira, rinopinda mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende ndokuita kuti rishandiswe. Zvisinei, nguva yeapo mitemo inoshanda inosiyana. Zvimwe zvikwereti zvinobatanidza misi chaiyo inoshanda, apo zvimwe zvinoshanda maererano negadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende. Mitemo mitsva mitsva yakawanda inoshanda pana August 1 kana rusando rwemitemo rusingatevedzeri rimwe zuva, kunze kwezvikwereti zvine maappropri, izvo zvinova zvinoshanda musi mumwe chetewo wegore regore regore regore rinovamba.

Zuva rinobudirira rinogona kuva netapuro huru zvikuru pamaitirwe omutemo nemigumisiro yawo inoshanda. Misi inokurumidza kushanda inobvumira mitemo kugadzirisa zvinetso nokukurumidza asi ingasapa vanhu vanenge vawirwa nechinetso nguva yakakwana yokugadzirira kuzviisa pasi. Nguva yakanonoka inogovera nguva yokuronga nokudzidzisa vanhu asi inodzosera mberi betsero dzomutemo kana kuti zvinodikanwa.

Kushandisa Nokumanikidza

Pashure pokunge mitemo yatanga kushanda, bazu guru rinotora mutoro wokushandisa nokuisimbisa. Masangano ehurumende anotanga mitemo, anoita miitiro yokudzora, uye anogovera mari kuti aite mirairo yomutemo. Basa ragavhuna muuyu mugadziriro yokuita chinhu rinokosha, sezvo vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vanotarira kuna gavhuna nokuda kwenhungamiro pamusoro pezvinokosha uye kutsanangurwa kwedonzo remitemo.

Vatongi ndivo vanogadza vakuru vemasangano vanoona kuti zvinhu zvinenge zvarongwa sei. Vanopa zvinhu nokushandisa mapurogiramu akakodzera kuti zvishandisirwe zvakanaka. Vanopa mirayiridzo uye mirayiridzo inotungamirira masangano kuti adudzire nokushandisa mitemo.

Chiremera ichi chinoreva kuti pesvedzero yesimba pamusoro pomutemo inotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura chisarudzo chokutanga chokusaina kana kuti kuisa mutemo. Kunyange mitemo inopfuudzwa pamusoro pechinodzorwa nagavhuna inofanira kuitwa namasangano ebazu makuru munhungamiro yagavhuna, kupa magavhuna mabanza okuumba mashandire anoita mitemo iyoyo.

Zvinetso Nemiitiro Zvinotevera

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Kuwedzera kwokuparadzaniswa kwemitengo yenzvimbo yehurumende kwakatapura kuitwa kwemitemo yenzvimbo yehurumende mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Sezvo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ava anopesana zvikuru uye anobatira pamwe mukati, hurumende yakakamukana yazova inokakavara zvikuru. Gavhuna navanogadza mitemo vanodzorwa namapoka akasiana - siana vanowanzoparapatika kuwana nzvimbo imwe, kuchitungamirira kukushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwezvipembenene, kuedza kwapanguva dzose zvikuru, uye chitambudzo chikuru mukupfuudza mutemo mukuru.

Uku kupesana kwakatapurawo nzira iyo magavhuna anoshandisa nayo masimba awo. Mamwe magavhuna akavimba zvikuru nemirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru nezviito zvokutonga kufambisira mberi nharidzano dzemiitiro apo batira pamwe yemitemo inobvumikisa kuva yakaoma. Vamwe vakashandisa simba ravo nesimba rakakomba zvikuru, vachiramba zviverengero zvikuru zvezvikwereti uye vachishandisa mavhoti semashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pezvishandisowo zvazvo zvemiitiro.

Masimba Ekurumidziro

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, zvikurukuru denda reCOVID, rakanangidzira ngwariro pamasimba ekurumidziro ekurumidziro. Mitemo mizhinjisa yenyika inopa chiremera chikuru chokuita nemigariro yakakomba, kubatanidza simba rokubudisa ziviso dzekurumidziro, zviwanikwa zvehurumende zvakananga, uye kushandisa zviito zvechinguvana pasina mvumo yemitemo. Kushandiswa kukuru kwamasimba aya mukati medenda racho kwakanyandura nharo pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pechiremera chehurumende netarisiro yemitemo mukati memigariro inokurumidzirwa.

Dzimwe nyika dzakapindura kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo unoganhurira nhambo yeziviso dzekurumidziro, unoda tendero yemitemo nokuda kwezviito zvakati zvehurumende mukati memigariro yekurumidziro.

Kubatanidzwa Pachena Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwachinja mashandisiro anoita vanhu mabasa emitemo uye mashandiro anoita masangano ehurumende.Masangano ehurumende ava kubvumira makombiyuta kuti apinde pamabhiri, madare anotonga, nharo dzepauriri, uye mapepa okuvhota. Gavhuna vanoshandisa masangano anoshandira pamwe uye mashoko okukurukurirana pafoni kuti vatsanangure zvinzvimbo zvavo pamitemo uye kuti vanhu vatsigire zvavanoisa pakutanga. Mapoka ezvokudzora kodzero dzevana vanounganidza vatsigiri kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzepaIndaneti uye kuronga makombiyuta.

Uku kujeka kwakawedzerwa nokuwana kwakarongwa kwakaita kuti kutora rutivi mukuita mitemo yenyika, kuchibvumira vagari vemo vakawanda kutevera mutemo, kukurukura navamiririri vavo, uye kuita kuti manzwi avo anzwiwe.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vagari Nevatsigiri

Kunzwisisa Zvaizoitika

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanotsvaka kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende, kunzwisisa basa ragavhuna mukuita mitemo kunokosha. Kupinza basa mumitemo kunoshanda kunoda kuti munhu aite mapfundo akawanda mumuitiro womutemo, kwete bedzi apo zvikwereti zviri kukurukurwa mudare kana kuti pauriri. Kukurukurirana nehofisi yagavhuna pamusoro pomutemo wakamirira kunogona kupesvedzera kana zvikwereti zvisainwa kana kuti zvigaro. Kuvaka ukama navashandi vegabhuerneria uye vagadziri vanogona kutapura kuti mitemo inodzorwa sei pashure pechikamu.

Vatsigiri vanofanira kunzwisisawo masimba ezvematongerwe enyika pakati pagavhuna nedare rehurumende yakabatana, kusimbisa nhamburiko dzokutungamirira voruzhinji kungava kunobudirira zvikurusa. Muhurumende yakakamukana, kuvaka zvikwata zvebipartisan nokuratidzira tsigiro yavose yakafara kunova inokosha zvikuru mukukurira gibernerator gizertiariai kana kuti chishoro chemitemo.

Kuongorora Zviito Zvokugadzira Mazai

Vagari vanogona kuongorora zviito zvemibato nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana. Mahofisi mazhinjisa amagavhuna anochengeta mawebsite ayo anoronga zvikwereti zvakasainwa nokuiswa, pamwe chete namashoko anotsanangura zvikonzero zvokuramba. Hurumende dzinoronga zvikwereti zvakapfuudzwa kuna gavhuna uye chimiro chavo chokupedzisira.

Kunzwisisa nguva yechiito chokuva murwi kunokoshawo. Kuziva apo zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa kuna gavhuna uye apo nhambo yehwirudzuro inopera kunobvumira vatsigiri kupedza kurukurirano dzavo nenzira inobudirira uye kugadzirira mhinduro kuzvisarudzo zvehurumende. Iyi zivo inogonesa kuwirirana zvikuru uye kunobudirira nomuitiro wokugadzira mitemo.

Kupedzisa: Basa Rinokosha raGavhuna

Basa ragavhuna mukuita mitemo yenyika rinotambanukira kure chiito chiduku chokusaina kana kuti kuisa zvikwereti. Gavhuna vanoumba zvirongwa zvemitemo kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvavo zvemiitiro nerumbidzo dzemari. Vanopesvedzera chisaririra chemitemo kupfurikidza nekurukurirano navatungamiriri vemitemo. Vanosarudza kuti imarii inova mutemo kupfurikidza nokusaina kwavo, vavhato, kana kuti kusaita chinhu. Uye vanotapura kuti mitemo inoshanda sei mukushandisa kupfurikidza nokudzora kwavo kuitwa kwebazu rehurumende.

Iri basa rine mibatanidzwa yakawanda rinoita kuti vatongi vave vatambi vakuru muhurumende yenyika, vachigoverana simba rokuita mitemo nevanogadza mitemo mugadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazi ripi neripi kudzora muitiro. Magavhuna chaiwo anoita zvakasiyana - siyana munyika dzakavakirwa pagadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, asi magavhuna ose anobatira sevose vari vaviri vakwanyina uye senzvero pachiito chomutemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti magavhuna anobatanidzwa sei mukuita mitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa hurumende kana kuti muitiro wehurumende. Masimba echirongwa okusaina neveto, akabatanidzwa nepesvedzero yamasanga yezvamatongerwe enyika nokushandisa chiremera, anoita kuti vatongi vave vatori rutivi vanokosha mukusika nokuparirwa kwomutemo wenyika. Sezvo hurumende dzinopfuurira kukurukura denho dzemiitiro yakaoma, basa ragavhuna mukuita mutemo richaramba riri chinhu chinokosha chehurumende yeAmerica nehurumende yedemocracy.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yemitemo yehurumende, Conference yeNational of State Legislatures inogovera zviteshi zvakawanda pamusoro pokuti mabhiri anova sei mitemo munyika dzakasiana. Gavhuna weNational Shungations Association anopa mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pamasimba ehurumende nemitoro yose inodzorwa namakumi mashanu. Mashoko ehurumende anogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nesangano rimwe nerimwe remitemo uye mahofisi avana vatongi, izvo zvinogovera kusvika kumitemo yazvino uno, kana kuti mashoko, uye zvimwe zvinhu izvo zvinoratidzira muitiro womutemo mukuita.