Chiremera chedare chinotsamira pamano acho okupa zvisarudzo zvokurangarira, zvisingachinji, uye zvinomanikidzirwa. Nzira inotora kubva mukurongwa kwemitemo yedare rokutanga kuchisarudzo nedare rakakwirira zvikurusa rinowanika inorondedzerwa namazana amakore omutemo wetsika, wakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa budiriro nekodzero huru yokunzwiwa. Kunzwisisa iyi nzira kunogovera nzwisiso inokosha mukuchengetwa kwenhevedzano yenzanga mumutemo uye nzira iyo kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzikamiswa nayo mukurwisana nefariro dzenzanga nehurumende. Iyi rwendo, nepo rwakasiana mumitemo yakati kumativi enyika, runotevera chiteshi choupenyu chakajeka.

Hwaro Hwezvisarudzo zveDare

Pamberi pokunzvera nhano dzakananga dzenhau, kunokosha kunzwisisa uzivi hukuru. Gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica igadziriro inodzorwa, umo mapoka maviri anopesana anopa ufakazi hwavo nenharo kumutongi kana kuti dare risingatori rutivi. Iyi gadziriro yakasiana kubva kumiitiro yebvunzurudzo inowanwa mudzimwe nyika dzehurumende, umo mutongi anoita basa mukunzvera maidi. Ruramisiro rweiyi nzira inodzivirira nomurangariro we muitiro wenhau , unoiswa muImbaredhi yemitemo yeshanu ne 1450. Mutemo wemitemo unoda kuti hurumende iremekedze maruramiro ose apamutemo, inovimbisa, kuzivisa, uye kururamisira, kudzorodzwa nokuteverwa kwedare rose. [FT]

Kutonga — Chokwadi Chinojekesa

Kutonga idanho rine hwaro apo mhaka inovakirwa paufakazi hwechokwadi. Iyi nhambo inoitira hanya zvikurukuru kupindura mibvunzo miviri: Chii chakaitika? uye imirairoi yapamutemo inoshanda kumaidi iwayo? Chikamu chokutonga chinodzorwa nemitemo yorumano, yakadai se Faderal Procedurel Migament of Civil Procedure[[FLT] mumatare ehurumende, uko kunoraira kuti nhau inobva sei mugakavawo zvaro kutonge.

Kushora uye Kutungamirira

Dare harigoni kunzwa nhau pasina kupomera mhaka . [ichi chiremera chapamutemo chokuita chisarudzo chinosunga mapoka.] Ichochi chinobatanidza [ simba rechidzoreso chenhau [[ (simba redare pamusoro porudzi rwenhau]) uye [[FLT:]] chiremera [[FLT]] [simba redare pamusoro pavanhu vakati kana kuti masangano anobatanidzwa). Muitiro unovamba nokukohwa [[FLT:] [FLT] [5] kupfurikidza nenhau inoziviswa, iyo inoronga mativi ose, iyo inonyorwa nokuda kwesuturo yemitemo. Ipapo inotsvakwa. [FT] [FFT]

Kuwana Kwazvakaita

Kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kunoumbwa nenhambo yokuwana. Nguva iyi yokuongorora isati yaitwa inobvumira mativi ose kuti aunganidze uchapupu kubva kune mamwe uye kubva kumativi matatu kubvisa zvishamiso pakutongwa. Zvishandiso zvokuongorora zvinosanganisira:

  • [[[FRATO: 0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko.
  • [[FOL:0] Miganhu:[ Chipupuriro chapamuromo chinoitwa mumhiko kunze kwedare, kuchibvumira magweta kunzvera kuvimbika kwechapupu nechikiyi muuchapupu hwawo.
  • [[FTRO] Kukumbira Kuburitswa: Kuda kwezvinyorwa, maemail, zvibvumirano, uye mashoko emagetsi (e- purofiti).
  • Tsvakauro dzeChibvumirano: Tsime dzinofanira kubvumwa kana kuti kurambwa kupeta kakavadzano dzeidi.
  • Wipotiss Witness: Muzvinoitika zvakaoma, nyanzvi muminda semishonga, injiniya, kana kuti mari dzinogovera mishumo inonzvera ufakazi.

Kuwana kunowanzodhura zvikuru uye rutivi rwenguva rwokuongorora, asi kunokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti kutongwa kwacho kwakavakirwa pamaidi akakwana.

Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika

Dare risati ratanga, vamwe vangakumbira mutongi kupedza nhau kana kuti kumanikidzira nhau. A manzwiro okudzinga[ (zvakadai seMurairo 12(b) (6) kukundikana kutaura zvinotaura) vanoramba kuti kunyange kana chinhu chose chinotaura kuti ndechechokwadi, mutemo haugoveri mushonga. Chishandiso chine simba zvikuru ndicho [ chinoitwa nokuda kworutongeso rwokupfupikisa [ (Rungure 56), chinotaura kuti hakuna nharo dzechokwadi dzeidi uye kuti kufambisa chinhu kunofanira kutongwa sechinhu chomutemo. Kana mutongi akapfupikisa, chiitiko chacho chinopera pasina muedzo.

Kutongwa

Kana nhau ikapukunyuka kutongwa kusati kwaitwa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Zvikamu zvikuru zvokutonga zvinosanganisira:

  1. Chisarudzo (Voir Dire): Vatakuri vamasumo vangada kuziva rusaruro uye kuvimbisa nzvimbo isina rusaruro.
  2. Kutaura kwokuvhura: rutivi rumwe norumwe runoratidzira ufakazi hwazvichapa. Ihwohwu hahusi ufakazi, asi mepu yedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  3. Case-in-Khief: Mupoka (kana kuti kuroverera mhaka) anopa ufakazi hwavo pakutanga, achidana zvapupu nokuda kwokunzvera kwakananga. Kudzivirira ipapo kune mukana wokuyambuka zvapupu izvozvo. Kuzvidzivirira kunopa ufakazi hwazvo nezvipupu pashure pomupometi.
  4. Kutaura: Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopeta ufakazi uye runotaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kutonga mufariro yavo.
  5. Mirayiridzo: Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamutemo wakananga unoshanda kunhau yacho. Iri itsime rakawanda rezvikumbiro, sezvingangoita kuti patsikwe paine padivi.
  6. [[FLT: 0] DARIVERAT and Vrect: Vatongi vari voga vanoronga kusvika chisarudzo. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, mutoro wechibvumikiso ndi kudarika kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo[. Munhau dzehurumende, i [[FLT:] inoparira mhaka uchapupu [[ (ingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kusadaro).

Pashure porutongeso, mutongi anopinda murutongeso. Mukutonga, mutongi anoita somuchengeti wesuo romutemo, nepo vatongi vari muwani wezvokwadi.

Kukwezva — Kuhwirudzura Chikanganiso

Kukwirira hakusi kutonga kwechipiri. Mutongi haagoni kungotaura kuti vatongi vakanga vasina kururama. Panzvimbo pezvo, chikumbiro kuhwirudzurwa kwechinyorwa chokutonga kuti vaone kana dare rokutonga rakaita mhosho yapamutemo yakatapura muuyo. Papati yacho inofadza i [ appant, uye boka rinopikisa ndiro allelle [[[FLT]]].

Kodzero Yokukwirira

Mugadziriro yehurumende, hamuna maruramiro anozviitikira ebumbiro remitemo okukwirira kutendero youtsotsi kana kuti rutongeso rwavagari vemo. Kodzero yokukwirira inotangwa nomutemo. Muitiro unovamba nokurongedza rugwaro rwechikumbiro. Dare rinofanira ipapo kuraira kunyorerwa pakukwirira [, kunobatanidza chinyorwa chokuedza, ufakazi hwose hunobvumwa pakutonga, uye zviratidzo zvose. dare reApplette rinotsamira pachinyorwa ichi chose; hapana ufakazi hutsva hunopiwa.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Mwero wokunonoka kutongwa unopa kudare rakaderera unotsamira parudzi rwenhau inohwirudzurwa:

  • Mibvunzo yoMutemo (De Novo): Dare rinoongorora kududzira kwedare repasi kwemutemo kubva pakukwazurwa, kusaregeredza. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuhwirudzura mirayiridzo yedare redare redare nerevo yemirau.
  • Mibvunzo yeIdi (Ndokwadi Isiri yematongo): Mukutonga kwebhenji (kutongwa nomutongi pasina dare rinobetsera vatongi), dare rinongoshandura bedzi kuwana kwechokwadi kana kuchishata zvakajeka) kureva kuti dare rinosiiwa nepwiso chaiyoiyo uye yakasimba yokuti chikanganiso chaitwa. Mumitongo yedare redare, zviwanwa zvechokwadi zvinodokuva zvisingabviri kushandura kana zvichitsigirwa noufakazi hupi nohupi hune mufungo.
  • Zvisarudzo zveNyanga nePuro: Vatongi vokutonga vane chisarudzo chikuru pamusoro penhau dzemifungo, zvakadai sokubvuma chipupuriro chenyanzvi kana kuti kupa kupfuuridzirwa. dare rinotonga richangochinja bedzi zvisarudzo izvi kana mutongi akatonga akaita nenzira isina mufungo kana kuti nenzira isina mufungo.

Zvikonzero Zvokuchinja

Hakusi kukanganisa kwose kunobvumira kuchinjwa. Matare anosiyanisa pakati:

  • Chikanganiso [[FT:0] Chikanganiso chisina kukanganisa. Chisarudzo chinomira.
  • Chikanganiso chisingachinjiki: Chikanganiso icho sezvingabvira chakatapura muuyo wokutonga, kuchida dare redare rapamberi pedare kuti risarudze ndokuraira kutonga kutsva kana kuti rutongeso rwakachinjwa.
  • [[FTRAN:0] Chikanganiso chaPlain: Chikanganiso chakakomba chakaitika kunyange kana paine parakasaramba pakutonga. Uku kusiiwa hakuwanzobvumidzwa, sezvo tsika yeadversaria ichida kuti vanhu vasarudze kuchengetedza nhau yacho nokukurumidza kuti vakwidzire.

Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitwa zvokukwirira zvinosanganisira kubvuma uchapupu husina kukodzera hwekunzwa, mashoko omutongi anosarura, kubatsira kusingabudiriri kwezano (mumhosva dzoutsotsi), uye mirayiridzo isina kururama yedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Muitiro Wokuda Kuwana Chimuko

Nyaya dzokutongwa dzinosarudzwa neboka revatongi (zvikurukuru vatatu). Muitiro wacho unobatanidza:

  1. Kupindura: Mubati anoisa kutsanangura kupfupi zvikanganiso zvakaitwa uye nei zvichibvumira kuchinjwa. Apelle anopa mhinduro pfupi inoramba kuti rutongeso rwakanga rwakarurama kana kuti kuti chikanganiso chipi nechipi chakanga chisingakuvadzi.
  2. [[FT:0] Tsvakano: Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopiwa nhambo pfupi (kazhinji kazhinji maminiti 15 kusvikira ku 30) kupindura mhaka yavo nokupindura mibvunzo inobva kuvatongi. Nheyo dzinorevedza dzinobvumira vatongi kuedza simba rokurangarira kwapamutemo.
  3. Chisarudzo: Dare rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa. Murangariro unga [[FLT:] Afright dare rakaderera (rinochengeta rutongeso), [ shandukira [kudzosa rutongeso], kana kuti na

Kuhwirudzura neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kana mubatanidzwa ukarasikirwa muDare rePuremhession of Appeals rehurumende. Kana Dare gurusa rikarasikirwa nedare rehurumende rehurumende, vangakumbira Dare rapamusorosoro reU. kuti ripindure mativi anenge 80. Dare ] rinopa chikumbiro chena. Rakasiyana nokukumbirwa kweruramiso yerurama, certiorari ivhuri. Dare repamusoro rinowana mikumbiro inopfuura 7 000 gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinongopa kuhwirudzura kwakazara kunenge 80. Dare racho rinorayira kuti kana matare mana avhotanwa kuti anzwe nyaya yacho, writ inobvumirwa. Dare rinowanzonzwa kuti nyaya yacho inosanganisira nyaya huru, kupesana kwemagaro makuru ehurumende, kana kuti kupesana kwenhau yehurumende yehurumende.

Kumanikidza 3: Kuziva Kutonga

Kubudirira pakutonga kunongova hafu yehondo yacho, imwe hafu iri kuuwana uye kuuita kuti urambe uchiita basa racho kunova nechokwadi chokuti chisarudzo chedare chacho chine migumisiro inoshanda.

Kusarudza Mari

Kana rutongeso ruchida kuti mutezo unorasikirwa uripire mari, boka rakapararira (mukweretesi wechisarudzo) rinogona kushandisa zviitiko zvendangariro kuwana zvinhu zvebato rinorasikirwa (mukweretesi werutongeso). Mitemo yokutera inobatanidza:

  • [[[FT:0] Kuparwa kwemhosva: Murayiro wedare unoraira mutongi kuba ndokutengesa zvinhu kuti agutse rutongeso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Garashi: Murairo wedare unoda kuti mushandirwi womukwereti anyime mugove womubhadharo ndokuubhadhara kumukweretesi.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Revhi: Kusunungura maakaundi ebhangi omukwereti nokuraira bhangi kushandura mari.
  • [[FOL:0] Regist Liens: Kupomera pfuma chaiyoiyo yomukwereti, kuchidzivisa kutengeswa kwezvinhu kutozosvikira chikwereti chabhadharwa.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwedare

Nokuda kwemirairo inoda mubato kuita chimwe chinhu (kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu), dare rinotsamira pasimba raro rokuzvidza. Chinorongedzero kumanikidzira kuwirirana nemurairo wedare, zvakadai sokupa mari yakaisvonaka kana kuti kuenda kujeri kusvikira parumwe rutivi. ruzvidzo rworuzvidzo rworuzvidzo [ runoshandiswa kuranga mufambiro wakatoputsa murayiro wedare, wakadai sokukundikana kuoneka nokuda kwokunzwa kwakarongwa. Simba rokuzvidza rinokosha kuchiremera chejantiry; pasina, miraidzo inongovawo zvayo dare.

Kupfuura Nzira Yamagamuchidzanwa: Matsive Nezvienzi

Nzira yokutonga yegamuchidzanwa haisati iri nzira bedzi yokupedza nayo nharo. Kutarisira ndyiko yakakwirira nokunonoka kwekutonga, gadziriro yapamutemo yakakudziridza dzimwe nzira nematare chaiwo.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Matare anoramba achida kuti vanhu vaedze ADR vasati vatongwa.

Matare Anokosha

Kuti vabate nouzhinji uye kuoma kunzwisisa kwemhaka dzakati, matare akawanda akagadzira matare chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, Dare reMitero reUnited States rinotonga nharo pakati pevateresi neIRS, nepo Dare reBhankiptacy reUnited States rinobata kugadziridzwa kana kuti kubudiswa kwezvikwereti. matare ezvinodhaka nematare ezvoutano hwepfungwa ichinetso chinovakirwa panhau yokugadziridza nokurapa panzvimbo pokuranga, kazhinji kazhinji kacho achigovera imwe nzira yokutsiva nayo dare routsotsi.

Kuparadza Kunoita Nyeredzi

Chimwe chemigumisiro inokosha zvikuru yechisarudzo chedare rapamusoro musimba rimwe chetero. Pasi penheyo ye stares decisis (chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa"), matare maduku anosungirwa kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare makuru mudare rimwe chetero. Murangariro unobudiswa kubva kudare rehurumende reAsperm communments unobatanidza matare ose eruwa mukati medunhu raro. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare gurusa redare rinosunga dare riri rose muUnited States. Iyi dzidziso inoumba dare rinowirirana uye nzvimbo yapamutemo inotsigarira, inobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye misesarudziro pasina kuva nenhau iri yose. Kuchinja bedzi mumutemo kana kuti chisarudzo chapashure mudare gurusa unogona kusimutsiridza mutevedzero.

mhedziso

Nzira inotora kubva pakuronga kunyunyuta kusvikira pakushandiswa kwechisarudzo chokupedzisira irwendo rwakanyatsorongwa. Chikamu chokuedza chinotanga maidi ndokushandisa mutemo wakagadzwa. Chikamu cheApellate chinovimbisa kuti muedzo wacho wakaitwa zvakanaka uye zviri pamutemo, kururamisa zvikanganiso uye kujekesa mutemo panhau dzinotevera. Kutsaurwa kwepepa kunoshandura nhevedzano yepepa renyika chaiyo. Pamwe chete, mativi aya anoumba tsika yakagadzirirwa kwete kupedza bedzi nharo, asi kuita kudaro nenzira inowirirana, yakajeka, uye inoita nenzira yakarurama. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pomuedzo nekwirirano, basa rokuhwirudzura, uye reteko rezvo. Munhu upi noupi anofamba nomuitiro womutemo kana kuti anotsvaka nzira yokunzwisisa nayo ruramisiro inoitirwa munzanga yazvino unotevedzerwa.