Kusarudza Kunoita Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Nhungamiro Nenzira Imwe Neimwe Yevagari

Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira sedare redare rinotonga rakakwirira zvikurusa munyika, rinoshandisa simba rokududzira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuumba nzvimbo yepamutemo yorudzi. Nokuda kwavagari vazhinji, mutoo uyo Dare rinosvika nawo zvisarudzo zvaro rinogona kuratidzika kuva wakajeka kana kuti usingasvikiki. Zvomenei, rwendo kubva pagakava rapamutemo kuenda kudare rechiratidzo renhau runotevera nhambo inorongwa, gadziriro yenzvimbo yakasiyana yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chefungidziro, kururama, uye kujeka. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu hakusati kuchingoita bedzi kuti Court’ asi kunopawo vagari vemo varomato kuti vabatane nebazu rinotonga rehurumende. Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa rutivi rumwe norumwe runodenha, kubva mukunyorwa kwokutanga kwechinyorwa kwechibvumirano chomufungo kupfurikidza nomutengo.

Nzira Yokuenda kuDare Repamusorosoro: Kubva Pakukumbira Kuhwirudzura

Dare harinzwi kukumbira senyaya dzose dzinosvika pasuo raro.

Kukumbira Kushatirwa Kwecertiorari

Rwendo rwokuDare Rapamusorosoro runotanga apo mubato uyo akarasikirwa mudare rakaderera unonyora chikumbiro nokuda kwechikumbiro checertiorari. Ichi chikumbiro chikumbiro chapamutemo chikukumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro kuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rapasi. Chikumbiro chinofanira kujekesa chikonzero nei nhau yacho inokosha zvakakwana kufanidzira nguva yeDare, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti mubvunzo wapamutemo wakasarudzwa nenzira yakasiana nematare akaderera, kuchiparira chinozivikanwa se “circit chakaparadzana.&rto; Mubvunzi, boka rakawina mudare rakaderera, ipapo nyora nhau pfupi muchishoro, chikonzero nei Dare richifanira kuramba kuhwirudzura.

Mitsetse yeNguva yeChikamu Chishanu yeNguva Dzakawanda; uye Chisarudzo Chemhosva

Gore rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinenge 7 000 kusvikira ku 8 000 nokuda kwecertiorari, asi rinobvumira kudzokororwa kwakazara kunenge nhau 80 kusvikira ku100. Muitiro wokusarudza unodzorwa ne “ Rure rweFour ” — muitiro wakare-karesa umo mhaka inogamuchirwa nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa kana inenge mitongo mina papfumbamwe ichivhota kuti ipe certioriri. Vatongi vanotsvaka nhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, dzinobatanidza matare makurusa ehurumende kana kuti matare makuru enyika, kana kuti kusimudza nhau dzoukoshinga dzorudzi. Matsoro anenge ane zvikanganiso zvogaro kana kuti anobatanidzwa bedzi pamutemo zvichirambwa zvapamutemo.

Musangano ne “ Dyscus Sul ”

Pamberi pokuvhota kwakazara pacertiorari, vatongi mumwe nomumwe ’ vanamabharani vanohwirudzura zvikumbiro ndokugadzirira jwaranda kupedzisa nhau uye kurumbidza chiito. Vatongi vamene vanosangana mumusangano wapachivande kuti vakurukure kuti imhakai dzokugamuchira. Nhau idzo ruramisiro ipi neipi inoda kukurukura dzinoiswa parusando rwe “ discus paw &rtó; zvinoitika zvisipo zvinoshoo zvinoshorwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti nhau dzinoisvonetswa bedzi nedzinokosha zvikurusa uye dzapamutemo dzinosvika pachikamu chezvibvumikiso chomuromo.

Kuvaka Chinyorwa Chacho: Kupfupikisa uye Uchapupu

Apo bedzi Dare rinopa certiorari, nhau yacho inopinda mudanho pfupi, umo mativi ose ari maviri anopa nharo dzawo dzapamutemo dzakazara muchinyorwa.

Kupfupikisa: Kukakavadzana Kwemakori

Mutengi nemupinduri mumwe nomumwe anopa zvikwaniriso zvemitemo zvipfupi ne—a gwaro rine udzame rinoratidzira chikonzero nei dare rapasi ’ zvisarudzo zvinofanira kusimbiswa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Iyi mipfupi inofanira kunamatira kuforano yakakomba nezvinodikanwa zvourefu zvakarongwa neDare. Zvinowanzobatanidza kutaura kwamaidi, kupfupikiswa kwemibvunzo yapamutemo yakapiwa, uye kuongororwa kwakakwana kwemiraurongwa, zvisarudzo, uye gadziriro dzapamutemo. Runako nokujeka kwaaya manyoro anogona kupesvedzera zvikuru ruramisiro ’ kunzwisisa mhaka.

Zvipfupi: Shamwari dzeDare

Kupfuura mapoka anobatanidzwa zvakananga, mativi echitatu anofarira angapa anicus curiae, kana kuti &lquio; shamwari yedare, ” pfupi. Iyi mipfupi inogovera mifungo yokuwedzera panhau dzapamutemo dziri padanda, kazhinji kazhinji kubva kumapoka ezvemari, masangano emitemo, vapurofesa vehurumende, vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kana kuti magweta ehurumende. Amicus anogona kusimbisa mifungo mikuru yenhau uye kupa unyanzvi uhwo mapoka angave asina kugovera. Munhau dzakakwirira, Dare ringagamuchira zvakawanda zvemifungo yakadaro. Mitemo inotonga inoda kuti vabvume vanhu vachibva kumapati kana kuti dare rinofamba.

Mashoko Okuwedzera Akabatana

Gwaro iri rinosanganisira mashoko okutonga, mapepa edare repasi, uye pfungwa dzedare repasi.

Kupokana Nemashoko: Kuonekwa Nedare

Kana kupfupikisa kwapera, Dare rinoronga nharo dzinotaurwa. Ndirwo bedzi rutivi rwavose rwemuitiro wokuita chisarudzo, uye rwunopa ngwariro isingawanzooneki mukutonga Kunotonga ’ kufunga.

Kuvakwa Nokugara Nguva Yake

Nharo dzamashoko dzinopiwa mudare guru rechivako cheDare Rapamusorosoro muWashington, D.C. rutivi rumwe norumwe runopiwa zvarwo maminiti 30 kuti rupe nhau yarwo, kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachiwanzodzongonyedza mibvunzo. Mukumbiri anoramba achitaura kutanga, achiteverwa nemhinduro. Mutetereri angachengetawo chikamu chenguva yavo nokuda kwokutaura. Nharo dzinozarukira vanhu vose, uye marekodhi enzwi anobudiswa pakupera kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chevhiki.

Basa Remibvunzo Inobva kuBench

Mukati menharo dzinotaurwa, vatongi vanopanikira nokushingaira magweta, vachinzvera utera mukurangarira kwavo, vachiedza migariro inofungidzirwa, uye vachinzvera miuyo inobvira yemiuyo yakasiana - siana. Mibvunzo iyi inogona kuzivisa apo ruramisiro ’ magariro anoitira hanya anoreva nhema uye pane dzimwe nguva anokarakadza kuti angavhota sei. Nokuda kwagwetanu, kutaura ibasa rokufunga kwokukurumidza uye kururamisa; vanofanira kudzivirira nzvimbo dzavo mukunzvera kukuru vachiramba vachiremekedza nokunyengetendisa. Varari voga ’ mhinduro dzinogona kuva netapuro huru paCourt ’ kunzwisisa nhau yacho.

Mutungamiriri Wehurumende ’ Basa

United States Solicitor General, uyo anomirira hurumende yehurumende pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro, mutori wegakava mukutaura. Hurumende ibato munenge chikamu chimwe chezvitatu zvenhau dzinotongwa neDare rinotonga gore rimwe nerimwe, uye muSolicitor General ’ hofisi inoisawo hofisi yeacicus mudzimwe nhau dzakawanda. VaAttorney vanobva muhofisi ino vanorangarirwa zvikuru sapakati pavatsigiri vezivo zvikurusa murudzi, uye nharo dzavo kazhinji kazhinji dzinova noukoshi hukuru navatongi.

Musangano: Kusunungurwa Mumasuo Akavharwa

Pashure penharo dzokutaura, vatongi vanodzokera kumusangano wakavanzika kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokusaidzira vhoti dzavo dzokutanga.

Gadziriro Yomusangano

Vatongi vanosangana mukamuri remisangano rakatarisana neMutongi Mukuru ’ makamuri. Vanokurukura nhau imwe neimwe munhevedzano youkuru, neMutongi Mukuru achitaura pakutanga, achiteverwa neruramisiro hurusa yesonganiro, uye zvichingodaro kusvikira kururamisiro yakaderera zvikurusa. Ruramisiro imwe neimwe inopa mirangariro yavo panhau yacho, uye vhoti yedare inotorwa. Musangano unodzorwa nemitemo yorumano yechakavanzika; kubuda kupi nokupi kubva muidziro hakuwanzowaniki zvikuru uye kunorangarirwa kuva kuputswa kwakakomba kwemitemo inotendwa.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu

Pashure pevhoti yokutanga, basa rokunyora murangariro weDare rinogoverwa. Kana Mutongi Mukuru ari muruzhinji, vanopa murangariro; kana kuti, ruramisiro hurusa muvoruzhinji inoita mugove wacho. Munyori wemifungo ane mutoro wokunyora gwaro rinotaura kuti Court’s anobata ndokutsanangura kurangarira kwapamutemo. Munyori anofanira kuraira tsigiro yedzinenge ruramisiro shanu kuti dziumbe murangariro wevoruzhinji.

Kuchinja uye Kusimbisa Pfungwa Dzacho

Kunyora pfungwa ndiko kunozopedzisira kwaitwa. Izvi zvinogona kutora mavhiki kana kuti kunyange mwedzi, uye kazhinji kacho zvinobatanidza kukurukurirana kukuru pakati pevatongi.

Kushandiswa Kwefora

Vatongi vanotanga kuvhota vobva vachinja pfungwa dzavo pashure pokunge vaverenga nyaya yacho, uye vangasarudza kubatana nepfungwa inowirirana kana kuti yokupesana. Vavariro ndeyokubudisa pfungwa inoratidza zvakarurama maonero evoruzhinji uye inogona kumira panenge paine pfungwa dzavo.

Mirangariro Inowirirana

Ruramisiro ipi neipi inovhota nevoruzhinji inganyorawo murangariro unoita kuti ive. Kubvumirana kunobvumirana nomuuyo wenhau yacho asi kungasabvumirana nevoruzhinji va’ kurangarira kana kuti kuda kusimbisa pfundo rakati. Mifungo inovapo inogona kupesvedzera kuti matare akaderera anogona sei kutsanangura chisarudzo uye angaisawo hwaro hwezvinoitika zvapamutemo zvomunguva yemberi.

Mirangariro Isingabvumirani

Vatongi vasingabvumirani nevoruzhinji vanganyora mirangariro inopesana. Kusabvumirana kunotsanangura chikonzero nei ruramisiro ichidavira voruzhinji vakanganisa, kana mududziro yayo yomutemo, kushandiswa kwayo kwapashure, kana kuti kunzwisisa kwayo maidi. Nepo kupesana kwemirangariro kusati kuri simba romutemo, ivo vanoshanda basa rinokosha mugadziriro yemitemo. Vanogona kusimbisa utera muvoruzhinji ’ kurangarira, kugovera nhungamiro kuvatsigiriri vemirayiro nematare akaderera, uye, mune dzimwe nhau, vanoisa hwaro nokuda kwekudzorwa kwevoruzhinji ’. Seizvo Justice Charles Evans Hughes akambocherekedza, chirambidzo i “ chikumbiro chekurangarira kumudzimu womutemo, kumusoro wezuva rapamberi.

Mutongo Wokupedzisira: Kuzivisa Nokuzivisa

Kana dare racho rangopiwa chete pfungwa dzaro uye zvarinotaura zvatotongwa, Dare rinozivisa mudare repamusoro - soro kuti zvarinotaura zvinobudiswa zvobva zvazova mudare reSarudzo Repamusorosoro.

Chiziviso Chechisarudzo

Pamazuva echisarudzo, akarongwa kubvira pakupera kwechirimo kusvikira kumavambo echirimo, Dare rinobudisa mifungo yaro. Munyori wemurangariro woruzhinji angarava pfupiso yechisarudzo chiri pabhenji, uye ruramisiro inopesana ingaravawo kusabvumirana kwavo. izvi zviziviso zvipfupi zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji zvinogarisa maminiti mashomanene bedzi, asi zvinoratidzira mugumo wemwedzi yebasa.

Kubudiswa Mumishumo yeUnited States

Rudzi rwenhau rweDare Repamusorosoro riri rose runobudiswa muUnited States Reports, mavhoriyamu anoumba chinyorwa chakakwana cheCourt’s zvisarudzo.

Muuyo Wacho Wapakuvamba

Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro chinosungisa pamatare ose ehurumende akaderera uye matare ehurumende panhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Kurangarira kunoiswa mumurangariro woruzhinji kunofanira kuva muenzaniso uyo matare anofanira kutevera mumhaka dzomunguva yemberi dzinobatanidza nhau dzapamutemo dzakafanana. Dzidziso yokutarisisa, iyo inoreva kuti “ kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa, ” inoda kuti matare anamatire kumipimo kunze kwemigariro yechienzi. Somuuyo, zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusame zvinogona kuva nemiuyo inotambanurira zvikuru kupfuura mativi ose.

Kumanikidzwa Nokushandiswa

Dare rakaderera rine basa rokuita chisarudzo chacho, zvingasanganisira kuita mutongo wokupedzisira, kurayira, kana kuti kurayira kuti nyaya yacho iziviswe.

Kuchengetwa chaikoiko kweDare &squo; zvisarudzo zvehurumende, zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pabatira pamwe yebazu guru. Somuenzaniso, Dare ringaraira kusunungurwa kwomusungwa, kubviswa kweruwa rwechikoro, kana kuti kubhadharwa kwecharango, asi kunotsamira paPureziridhe namasangano emitemo ehurumende kuti aite mirairo iyoyo. Munhambo dzisingawanzoitiki umo kubvumirana kwave kuchinonoka kana kuti kuchidziviswa, Court’ chiremera chetsika uye simba remurangariro wavose kazhinji kazhinji zvakabvumikisa kuva zvinokosha. Seizvo Mutongi Mukuru Johane Marshall akataura nenzira yakakurumbira, “ irwo inhau ine simba guru redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo, &cro; asi simba guru reDare rinotonga rinopa simba raro.

Tapuro Yezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa paUpenyu hweAmerica

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinobata anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kumirando yemari nedzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Landmark inodzora zvakadai se Brown v. Board of Education[ [1954] [1954]), iyo yakaguma nokusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, R. [[FLT] v [7773]), iyo yakaziva kodzero yemitemo yokubvisa pamuviri, uye [[FLT].[FL:]

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzakadai setarisiro youtano, kutama, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye ukuru hwesimba guru zvakamutsa kurukurirano huru yavose.Kunzwisisa kuti Dare rinosvika sei zvisarudzo zvaro — kupfurikidza nomuitiro wamaune, wenzvimbo dzakawanda unorondedzerwa pamusoro pe— vagari vemo vanonzwisisa simba reidzi mirau inotonga uye kuyera kurangarira kumashure kwadzo. Inosimbisawo ukoshi hwezvirongwa zvokutonga, somugadziri weDare rinopesvedzera zvakananga nhungamiro yehurumbiso.

Kubatanidzwa Kungaita Vagari Vomunyika Nedziri Mudare Repamusorosoro

Kunyange zvazvo Dare Repamusorosoro ringaita serisiri pedyo noupenyu hwezuva nezuva, pane nzira dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzokuita nadzo basa raro.

  • Atten Oral Argument: Hurusando dzeDare ’ marusando dzakazarukira vanhu padanho rokutanga, hwaro hwokutanga. Zviteyi zvenhau dzakakwirira dzeprofile kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda kufanorongedzerwa, asi kupinda chibvumikiso chinoitika chisingakanganwiki.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mirangariro Yokurava: Mifungo yose inowanika pachena panzvimbo yedare reDare rapamusoro-soro [[FLT:] uye kupfurikidza nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvapamutemo. Kurava manyuko makuru kunopa simba vagari vemo simba rokuumba marutongeso avo vamene.
  • Acces Reducations: Inhindiso dzakadai se [[[FT:2]] LGELT Information Institute ne American Bar Association inopa nhungamiro dzinosvikika kuDare &squo; miitiro nezvisarudzo.
  • Tevera Kunzvera Kwenyanzvi: Mabhuku apamutemo, nyaya dzemutemo, uye tsinhiro zvinobva kumasangano akadai se STUSFROg[ inogovera munzvero dzakadzika-dzika ndokutsanangura revo dzinoshanda dzeDare ’ miraudzo.
  • Particate muCivic Education: Nyika zhinji dzinoda vadzidzi kudzidza pamusoro pebazu redare. Kupinda muzvikoro, mapoka enzanga, kana kuti kosi dzepaIndaneti kunogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa vanhu veDare &ctrsquo; basa.

mhedziso

Muitiro unoita nawo zvisarudzo Dare Gurusa unoratidza kuti chisarudzo chokungwarira, chinogara. Kubva pachikumbiro chokutanga checertiorari kupfurikidza nokubudiswa kwokupedzisira kwemurangariro, nhano imwe neimwe yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti Court’ zvisarudzo zvinodzikamiswa mukunzvera kwapamutemo kwapamutemo uye kuti kurangarira kwacho kuri pachena uye kunogara. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa uyu muitiro hakusi muitiro wedzidzowo zvawo; inheyo yokutora rutivi ruzivo rwehurumende. Court’ zvisarudzo zvinorondedzera miganhuro yekodzero dzemitemo, zvinoumba kushandisirwa kwomutemo wemubatanidzwa wenyika yose. Kudzidza nzira iyo zvisarudzo izvozvo zvinoitwa nayo, vagari vemo vanova vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vachengetere basa ravo rokutonga, kuti vanzwisise kukosha basa rayo, uye kuti vatonge vatonge vachitaura mutemo wenyika yose.