Muitiro wokuita zvisarudzo zvapamutemo ikokusi yenzvimbo yehurumende inotonga yehurumende inotonga, inobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwakaoma kwemirau, zvisarudzo, uye kududzira dare. Pamwoyo petsika ino pane kuongorora kwedare, simba rokuyera kubatana kwemitemo uye mirau. Nyaya inopa kuongorora kwakakura, nenzira yakajeka kuti mabasa okuongorora, kuti matare anodzokororwa sei, uye kuti zvisarudzo zvisingaperi zvinei panzanga. Nokunzwisisa izvi, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuongorora uye kudzikamisa kudzivirira kodzero dzomutemo mumwe nomumwe.

Kunzwisisa Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare chiremera chinopiwa kumatare kunzvera kana mutemo, muitiro, kana kuti chiito choukuru chinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Iyi nheyo inokosha kukuchengeta mutemo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazu rehurumende rinodarika miganhu yaro yebumbiro remitemo. Pasina hwirudzuro yedare, vakuru vakuru vemitemo kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vasingakwanisi vanogona kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Simba harina kushata chose chose chose chose; matare kazhinji kazhinji anohwirudzura bedzi nhau umo makava nepo panebato rine kumira kukwidza.

Mavambo Enhau Nenheyo Dzezviratidzo

Murangariro wehwirudzuro wakasimbiswa zvakasimba muUnited States nenhau yechiratidzo Madison (1803). Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akasimbirira kuti i “nenzira nemusengwa zvedare redare kuti zvitaure kuti mutemo ndeupi.” Iyi chisarudzo chakaisa nheyo yebasa rejudicariary somuturikiri akazvimirira webumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira miitiro yakafanana: muUnited Kingdom, hwirudzuro yekutonga yakabuda kupfurikidza nomutemo wavose, nepo mitemo yevagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakazvitsaurira matare emitemo yemitemo yapamutemo, zvakadai sedare reGermany redare remitemo renyika yose. Kuhwirudzura dare redare remitemo kudzokorodza mutemo kunoratidza kubatira pamwe chete.

Nhano Nenzira Yokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunowanzoitika kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yakarongwa yezvikamu:

  • Kusarudza: Matare anowanzoshandisa uchenjeri mukusarudza mhaka dzipi dzokunzwa. Anoisa mhaka dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti uko matare akaderera akasvika tsananguro dzinopesana. MuDare Gurusa reU.S., ikoku kunobatanidza mavambo ecertiorari, inoda dzinenge matare mana kuti abvumirane.
  • Kupa: Mapati anoisa mipfupiso ine udzame inoratidzira zvibvumikiso zvavo, mienzaniso yapamutemo yakafanira, uye dudziro dzebumbiro remitemo. Amcus curiae (“shamwari yedare”) pfupi inobva kumapoka enzvero kana kuti masangano ehurumende angachengetwawo kuti agovere mifungo yokuwedzera.
  • Commentaral Arguments: Vatengi vanopa mhaka dzavo pamberi pedare, mibvunzo inobuda mudare. Iyi purogiramu inokosha nokuda kwokujekesa mapfundo asina kujeka uye kuedza simba rekurukurirano imwe neimwe.
  • [ Kutonga kunosangana mumusangano wapachivande kuti vakurukure nhau yacho. Vanosarudza nenzira yakananga, uye ruramisiro huru muvoruzhinji inogovera basa rokunyora murangariro.
  • [ Kunyora kweOpinion:[ Dare rinopa chisarudzo chakanyorwa chinotsanangura kufunga kwaro. Mirangariro mikuru inogadza muenzaniso unowirirana, nepo ichiita mifungo inopa dzimwe rondedzero idzo dzingapesvedzera nhau dzomunguva yemberi.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana - siana yokunzvera kuchitsamira parudyi rwuri padanda kana kuti rudzi rwechiito chehurumende chakadenhwa:

  • Rational Basiss Review:[[FT: 1] Mupimo wakaderera zvikurusa; mutemo unorangarirwa kuva unoshanda kutoti hauna ukama hwakafanira nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Kushandisirwa kumirairo yemari nemitemo yenzanga yakawandasa.
  • Scrimeti: inoda kuti mutemo uve une chokuita zvikuru nedonzo rinokosha rehurumende. Inoshandiswa mumhaka dzinobatanidza rusaruro rwevatano kana kuti kutaura kwezvokutengeserana.
  • Scrutiny: Mupimo wakakwirirasa; hurumende inofanira kuratidza fariro inogombedzera uye mutemo unofanira kugadzirirwa zvishoma kuti usvike fariro iyoyo. Kushandiswa kumaruramiro makuru (um., kutaura kwakasununguka, kuvhota) uye mipimo inofungira (umt., dzinza, mavambo orudzi).

Basa Redare Pakuputsa Mutemo

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira zvinoitwa navatongi kana kuti matare mumhaka dzapamutemo. Kubva pakupedza mhaka dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe, iyi mirau inoparira mipimo inogadza iripo neinotangira iyo matare maduku anofanira kutevera mumhaka dzomunguva yemberi dzakafanana. Dzidziso ye stare decis[ (chiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira kupfurikidza nenhau dzakasarudzwa”) inovimbisa kusachinjika nokudeya kutemwa mumutemo, kunyange zvazvo matare angakanganisa muenzaniso apo mipimo yechipo kana kuti nzwisiso yebumbiro remitemo inotenderwa inoshanduka.

Mativi Epfungwa Dzokutonga

  • Chimiro Chokurangarira: Mufungo wakabvumirana navazhinji vevatongi, vachisimbisa kutonga kunosunga kwedare. Kurangarira kwaro kunova muenzaniso.
  • Chimiro Chomurangariro Chinobvumiranwa:[[FLT: 1] Yakanyorwa navatongi vasingabvumirani nevoruzhinji, vanoramba pfungwa dzoruzhinji uye vanogona gare gare kuva hwaro hwokuputsa muenzaniso.
  • Chimiro Chinowirirana: Chinobvuma nomuuyo asi chinopa kurangarira kwakasiana kwapamutemo. Kupindira kungapesvedzera matare enguva yemberi apo anotsvaka mifungo yakatsinhana.
  • Per Curiam Chimiro Chomurangariro: Mufungo mupfupi, usina kuiswa zita wakapiwa nokuda kwedare, kazhinji kazhinji unoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvishomanene zvenharo kana kuti zvinowirirana.
  • Chimiro Chomurangariro: apo kunenge kusina mufungo mumwe chete unowana voruzhinji, murangariro nezvivhoti zvizhinjisa ungadzora bedzi kuva kwake kwakaganhurirwa, kuchisiya kujeka nokuda kwematare akaderera.

Kutonga Kunoshamisa Nesimba Rako Roupenyu

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinogona kudzorera nzanga. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakazivisa dzinza rakasiana muzvikoro zvavose mukusasarura, kushandura “musiyano asi wakaenzana” dzidziso nekamukaka kuronga kodzero dzevagari vemo. Roe v. [[FLT] [1073])) yakaziva kodzero yemitemo yepamutemo yokubvisa pamuviri, kushandura makumi amakore ekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika neyapamutemo. [[FL:4] Oberge. v. Hodges [FLD:5] yakatanga kurudyi kuroorano imwe neimwe yorudzi urwu. Chisarudzuro cheidzo dzomutemo dzinoratidzira sei kuti idzokororerwe mutsika dzapamutemo, kunyange ruramisiro idzokororongedzero inodzo inodzorwa munzanga.

Filosofi of Detanuro: Activism v. Bartive

Kukakavadzana pakati pechiito chokutonga nokudzora kwokutonga kunoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira redare.Uhwu uzivi hunopesvedzera nzira iyo vatongi vanosvika nayo nhau, zvikurukuru apo bumbiro romutemo risinganzwisisiki kana kuti risingatauri pamusoro penhau.

Kutonga

Chiito chorutongeso chinonongedzera kuvatongi vanodisa kuputsa mitemo kana kuti kuwedzera maruramiro akavakirwa pakubvisa tsika dzenzanga, pane dzimwe nguva kudarika rugwaro kana kuti vavariro yapakuvamba yebumbiro remitemo. vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuita chiito kunobvumira matare kurapa kusaita kwemitemo uye kudzivirira vashomanene vasina dziviriro. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunosekesa kuita chisarudzo chehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokutsiva zvisarudzo zvemitemo nokuda kwaavo vamiriri vakasarudzwa.

Kuganhurirwa Kwokutonga

Kuganhurirwa kwemitemo kunokurudzira matare kuwirirana namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, kuchipindira bedzi mumhaka dzakajeka dzokuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vanodavira kuti miitiro yedemokrasi inofanira kupedza gakava rakawanda zvikurusa uye kuti vatongi vanofanira kudzivisa kuisa mirangariro yavo yomunhu oga mukuwirirana nedzidziso yapakuvamba kana kuti rugwaro rwapakuvamba.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo

Chisarudzo cheDare guru reU.S. mu Chinoisa marusarudzo eUnited[FLT' (2010) chinowanzodudzwa semutsigiri mumurangariro wetsika wakasiana---shaiana (kukunda ganhuriro dzenhimbe), nepo Lhance v. Texas[[FLT]] [2003] [2003] [kudzongodzi mitemo)) inoonekwa seyomutsigiri mumurangariro wakasununguka. Zvisarudzo zvakashata zvingabatanidza [[FTLT:4] Nationalgation of Independent COS v. Sebelius[[FLT] [[FLT] [FF] [FLT] [02], izvo zvinotsigira Afford Carence Act Active Arces Congmentstionsction, zvinodzivisa kurava kwa Croooooooooooo Crea.

Kutsanangura Kunoita Matsananguriro Anoita Mitemo uye Bumbiro Remitemo

Dare rinoshandisa nzira dzinoverengeka dzokududzira nadzo kuti rione zvinoreva mitemo uye urongwa hwebumbiro remitemo.

Kunyora Nokutanga

Textism inonangidzira ngwariro parevo yakajeka yorugwaro rwemitemo panguva yokuitwa. Chitendero chapakuvamba chinotsvaka kunzwisisa revo yapakuvamba yavanhu kana kuti vavariro yavamiriri. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru wezvose zviri zviviri. Uku kusvika kunovavarira kuganhurira chisarudzo chedare nezvisarudzo zvezvibatiso mumipimo yemipimo.

Kurarama Kwomutemo

Murangariro uyu unotaura kuti zvitsama zvakafara zvebumbiro remitemo (g., “kukurumidza,” zvirango zvechienzi” zvinofanira kuturikirwa muchiedza chemipimo yenzanga nemipimo yazvino uno. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unodzivisa rugwaro kuva rusina kusiiwa. Vatsoropodzwa vanotaura kuti runobvumira vatongi kunyorazve bumbiro remitemo.

Kushatirwa uye Kudzikamisa Miedzo

Somuenzaniso, munyaya dzokutaura makasununguka, matare angadzikamisa kufarira hurumende kuchengeteka kwavose mukodzero yomukurukuri yokutaura.

Muitiro Wokudenha: Kuvambira Pakutongwa Kuenda kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kuhwirudzura dare kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma pamwero wokutongwa, uko matare makuru anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rakaderera.

Nzira Yokukwirira

  1. Rutongeso rwokupedzisira:[ Vapamberi vanofanira kuva nerutongeso rwokupedzisira kubva kudare rinotonga kana kuti sangano rinotarisira.
  2. Tnoice of Appeal: Pepa rinokwezva rinoisa chiziviso mukati menhambo yorumano.
  3. Dare repasi rinotumira nyaya yacho kudare redare renhau.
  4. [[FOL:0] Nheyo neMhesva:[[FL:1] mativi ose ari maviri anopa nharo dzakanyorwa, uye dare ringaronga nharo dzinotaurwa.
  5. Decision: Boka ravatongi rinopa murangariro wokusimbisa, kushandura, kana kuti kudzorera mhaka nokuda kwezvimwe zvinoitika.
  6. Kudzokororazve: Mumiitiro mizhinjisa, mubato unogona kukumbira dare rapamusoro zvikurusa (muchib., Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S.) nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kwokungwarira, asi mikumbiro yakadaro haiwanzopiwa.

Zvinorehwa Nokukwirira Kwokupindirana

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvikumbiro interlocations kukutonga kwaitwa pamberi porutongeso rwokupedzisira(-) zvinobvumirwa nokuda kwemibvunzo inomanikidzira yomutemo. Izvi zvinogona kupfupikisa mhinduro dzenhau huru dzebumbiro remitemo pasina kumirira kutongwa kwakazara.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pahwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Kuhwirudzurwa kworutongeso kuripo muzvimiro zvakasiana - siana munyika yose, kunoratidzira magamuchidzanwa akasiana - siana emitemo nezvimiro zvebumbiro remitemo.

Muenzaniso weUnited States

U.S. ine gadziriro yakadzikama umo dare rehurumende ripi neripi rinogona kupinda mukuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga, neDare Rapamusorosa somupi wenhau wokupedzisira.

Muenzaniso Wematare OkuEurope Anotevedzerwa Kuburikidza neBumbiro Romutemo

Nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, dzakadai seGermany, Italy, uye France, dzine matare epamutemo chaiwo akaparadzana nedare remitemo renguva dzose.Idzi matare ane chiremera chakakwana chokuhwirudzura kuva kwemitemo, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro isina mufungo (denho yakaunzwa pasina mhaka chaiyoiyo) kana kuti kuhwirudzurwa chaikoiko (kubva mumashoko chaiwoiwo). Geremani Federal Constitution Court, somuenzaniso, maruramiro makuru nemasimba ehurumende uye akapa zvisarudzo zvinopesvedzera pamusoro pezvakavanzika nechiremera chohunhu.

Umambo Hwose uye Kushanduka - shanduka Kwomutemo

UK haina bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa mupfungwa yeAmerica, asi hwirudzuro yedare iri iripo mumutemo wevose kuti ivake kuti masangano avose haapfuuri chiremera chawo chomutemo kana kuti kuita nenzira isina mufungo.Murayiro weHuman Rights Act unobatanidza European Convention on Human Rights 1998, uchibvumira matare eUK kubudisa ziviso dzokusawirirana nechakadai sokusaparadza Mabasa eParamende.

Zvinetso Zvokutonga Zvinohwirudzurwa Munyika Yose

Mune dzimwe nyika, hwirudzuro yedare inotarisana nokuramba kudzorwa namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupazwa kwedare, kubviswa kwemitemo, uye kusawiriraniswa nezvisarudzo zvinotyisidzira kuzvimirira kwomutemo. Somuenzaniso, chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muPoland neHungary dzakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuderera kwefundo yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunosimbisa kusashanda zvakanaka kwomutemo.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Dzokuhwirudzura

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, hwirudzuro yedare haisati iri isina gakava. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inhau inorwisana zvikuru nehurumende nehurumende, uye kuti vatongi vasina kurongwa vanogona kuchinja mitemo inopfuurwa navanogadza mitemo vakasarudzwa nehurumende. Iyi “chinetso chehurumende chehurumende” chakanyandura gakava pamusoro poutsoropodzi hwedare.

Kupiwa Mhaka Nokuzvidavirira

Vatongi vanofarikanya upenyu hunofadza kana kuti mashoko marefu mugadziriro dzakawanda, vachiadzivirira pakuzvidavirira kwevavhoti.vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti uku kuzvimirira ndiko chaizvoizvo kunovabvumira kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji muudzvinyiriri hwakawanda.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokugadza Kutonga

MuUnited States, kugadzwa kweDare Rapamusoro kwazova kunorwisana zvikuru, uye vamirine kazhinji kazhinji vanokarira kunamatira kuuzivi hwakati hwedare. Uku kunyanduka kunoparira ruvimbiko rwavanhu mukusasarura kwedare. Zvibvumikiso zvakakwirira zvazvino uno uye zvisarudzo zvenharo zvakawedzera kuongororwa.

Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Matare anotsamira pamamwe mapazi kuti ashandise mirau yawo. Kuramba kwemitemo, kuzvidza kukuru, kana kuti kudzorwa kwavose kunogona kudzongonyedza tapuro yezvisarudzo zvedare. Somuenzaniso, pashure pe Brown v. Board of Education[, nyika zhinji dzeMadokero dzakadzivisa kubatanidzwa kwamakore. Dare rakanga risina simba rokuchengeta, richida kupindira kwemubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Mugumo: Revo Isingaperi Yokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare zvinokosha kukushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vanovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoramba rakaganhurirwa uye kuti maruramiro avanhu anodzivirirwa kunyange muzvinhu zvikuru zvakakurumbira. Kubva mumuenzaniso we Marbury v. Madison[ kunharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechiito chechiito nechidzoreso, basa rehurumende rakachinja kugonana nedenho dzenyika inochinja. Kunzwisisa iyi nzira inokosha nokuda kwomupi noupi anokoshesa mutemo. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa neiyi nheyo kupfurikidza nedzidzo yavose, kurukurirano yavose, kana kuti kuvimbika nokuda kwedare remone. [vF], , .[5]