Kutanga Kuita Mitemo

Muitiro wokuita mitemo inzvimbo inodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kushandura kuda kwavanhu negadziriro zvinoda mitemo inomanikidzirwa munzanga. Painoumbwa, kugadzira mutemo muitiro wamaune, wenzvimbo dzakawanda wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inokarakadzwa inosanorongwa inodzorwa, inokurukurwa, uye yakanatswa isati yava inosunga. Nokuda kwavadzidzi venhau nehurumende, kunzwisisa muitiro uyu unozivisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei, kuti fariro dzinokwikwikwidzanisva sei, uye kuti mutemo unotsigirwa sei. Nyaya ino inofamba mudariro rokutanga rechikarakadzo kumurairo wokupedzisira.

Zvainyanya Kuitwa Pakuita Mitemo

Nepo vanamakanika chaivoivo vachisiana kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakakwirira — kunyange panzvimbo yehurumende, mugadziriro dzeparamende mudzimwe nyika (8) miitiro yakawanda yokugadzira mitemo inotevera mativi akafanana: chikarakadzo, kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, kurukurirano youriri uye kuvhota, mvumo yehurumende, uye kushandiswa. Zvikamu zvinotevera mashoko mamwe namamwe sezvazvinowanzoitika muUnited States Congress, nenongedzero kumisiano apo inorairidza.

Chirango: Kuberekwa Kwebhiriji

Mutemo mumwe nomumwe ungatanga sepfungwa. Mufungo iwoyo ungabva kumuiti wemitemo, muiti, mutsigiri webasa, sangano rehurumende, kana kuti kunyange Purezidhendi. MuU.S. Congress, bedzi mutezo weImba kana kuti Dare unogona kusuma nenzira yapamutemo mutero. Mutezo wacho unonyorwa nebetsero [[[FLT: 0]] Office yeLegislatity Readition [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FF]] [3] uye akagovera nhamba (g., H.R. 1 nokuda kwechirevo chehomwe chirevo cheImba, S. 1 nokuda kwechirevo chedare) uye musoro mupfupi. Sumo yacho pachatsanangura chikanganiso chenhau yedare rokutanga.

Zvikarakadzo zvinogona kubva mumanyuko akawanda. Somuenzaniso, mutemo mukuru wakadai seAffordble Care Act wakabva mudanho rapurezidhendi nekurukurirano yedare, nepo zvikwereti zviduku zvinowanzobuda muitiro hanya dzohumwe kana kuti boka refariro. Conreg.gov shopu inobvumira vanhu kuronda rugwaro rwuri rwose kubva pasumo kuenda kumutemo, kupa hwindo rinojeka mudariro.

Kuongorora kweDare: Engine of Decration

Matare anowanzonzi “mabhiza anoshanda” edare. Kana mutemo wangonongedzerwa, dare(kana kuti rimwe rematare) acho rinotanga kudzokororwa kwamashoko. Chikamu ichi chinobatanidza mibato mikuru mizhinji:

  • Kunzwa[: Matare anokumbira zvapupu //vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi dzinopa nhau, vatsigiri, uye vagari vakatapurwa(kupupurira.] Uku kunzwa kunounganidza maidi nemirangariro yakasiana. Somuenzaniso, Gaza reImba neFFFL Komiti rinodzosa mirangariro pamutero, kunzwa kuvatungamiriri vezvemari navatungamiriri vebhizimisi.
  • Maphawu: Pashure pokunzwa, kurukurirano dzedare dzinogadziridzwa kumuganhu wegweta palayini. Ndokuno apo mutauro webhukwana unonatswa, gadziriro dzinowedzerwa kana kuti kubviswa, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunobviswa. Mitezo yedare bedzi inogona kuvhota mukati morukudzo.
  • Kushuma[: Kana dare richitendera mutengi (nevoti zhinji), rinopa mushumo unorondedzera chinangwa chechibvumirano chacho, kurangarira kwedare, uye mirangariro ipi neipi inopesana. Uyu mushumo unova rugwaro runokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri.

Mabhiri mazhinji anofa mudare. Mukuwirirana namashoko akabva kuGovTrack.us, isingasviki 5% yezvikwereti zvakasumwa yambova mutemo. Iri basa rokuchengeta masuo rinovimbisa kuti zvikarakadzo zvapamberi zvikurusa nezvinokosha bedzi zvinosvika mukamuri rakazara. Zvisinei, matare anogonawo kushandiswa ku block[FLT] mutemo kupfurikidza nemuiti /a chirongwa chinozivikanwa se “pigehon.".” Zvigaro zvamatare amadare, zvinodzora zvirongwa, zvinoshandisa simba rakati kuti fambisire mberi kana kuti zvikwereti zvokuta.

Kuchinja Mumakomiti

Mugadziriro dzeparamende dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, matare kazhinji kazhinji ane simba shomanene kupfuura muUnited States Congress, uye zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinoratidzika kuva zvinodzora. Mumatare ehurumende, miitiro yedare inogona kuva yakasununguka zvikuru, nenzwi shoma zvikuru uye nokupa mari nokukurumidza. Pasinei zvapo, dare rinoramba riri nzvimbo huru yokunzvera nokurukurirano yemabhipartani.

3. Kukakavadzana Nokuverenga: The Public Arena

Kana mutengo wangoshumwa bedzi mudare, unoiswa pakarenda yemitemo. MuImba yaVamiririri, Dare rinosarudza kuti inguva yakawanda sei yekurukurirano inobvumirwa uye kana tsidzo dzichigona kupiwa. MuDare, gakava harina kuganhurirwa, rinobvumira nokuda kwechikwata chedandemutande (chinobatira uriri kuti chinonotse kana kuti chivhare vhoti.

Gakava reFloor rinoshanda madonzo akawanda: iro rinodzidzisa mitezo navose, rinomanikidza vatsigiri navashori kutaura nzvimbo dzavo, uye rinogovera mabanza okugadziridzazve. Pashure pokurangarira, mavhoti enzvimbo. MuImba, mavhoti mazhinjisa ndeemagetsi kana kuti nenzwi. MuDare, kuvhota kwakarongwa kunozivikanwa navose nokuda kwomutemo mukuru. Voruzhinji (50% + 1) vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuura muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo Dare rine chikumbaridzo cha 60 chemari yokupfuudza zita [[FLT: 0]]] ] uye kuguma nedare guru.

Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana - siana dzemutemo mumwe chete, dare remusangano(_____nobatanidzwa yemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri) rinoparira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Shanduro yayananiswa ipapo inofanira kupfuurazve makamuri ose ari maviri isati yagona kuenda kuna Purezidhendi.

Muenzaniso wenhau: Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu cha1946 chakatarisana ne 75 mazuva 75 muDare risati rakumbirwa nevhoti 71-29. Rudzi urwu rwehondo yezvikwata zvinorwisana namashoko runoratidzira kuti kukurukurirana kwouriri kunogona sei kuva chishandiso chinobvisa maruramiro nechombo. Nokuda kwezvimwe zvenhau yevana, ona U.S. peji yedare paPionbilibers nemhetem.

4. Kubvumira Kutungamirira: Chibvumirano chaPrezidhendi kana kuti Veto

Pashure pokunge shanduro dzakafanana dzapfuura makamuri ose ari maviri, bhiri racho rinonyoreswa ndokutumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Purezidhendi ane mazuva gumi (anopfuura maSvondo) okuita chiito. Zvisarudzo ndeizvi:

  • [ Chiratidzo chemutengo [: Chinova mutemo pakarepo (kana kuti pamusi wakataurwa unoshanda).
  • Mutengo [: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoudzosera kuCongress nokuramba. Congress inogona kudzora vhato nembiri ne 3 muimba imwe neimwe.
  • bvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha: Kana Purezidhendi asati ari zviratidzo kana kuti mavhiri mukati mamazuva gumi apo Congress inenge iri murusando, muromo unova mutemo ngokuzenzekelayo ( “papocket joto") inoitika kana Congress Congress isati yapedza mazuva gumi).

Mavhiti haawanzowaniki asi ane revo mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt whotote bhiri 635 (zvikurusa), nepo mapurezidhendi mazhinji azvino uno achipa pasi pe 20 pagore. Kuedza kwakaipa kazhinji kazhinji kukundikana, sezvo voruzhinji vaviri chitatu vari danda guru. Simba rinopa mukuru mukuru chekero yakasimba painamato, asi Congress anogona kugadza mitemo pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvapurezidhendi netsigiro yakakwana yebhipartisan.

Muhurumende dzehurumende, gavhuna anoita basa rakafanana. Dzimwe nyika dzinopawo magavhuna wiromute-itet chuto, kuchivabvumira kurova mashoko akananga kubva mugweta pasina kuramba mwero wose.

Kushandisa: Kubva Pakudzika Mirayiro Kuenda Pakutevedzera

Kana bhiri rangosainwa (kana kuti rapfuudzwa pavhuro), rinova mutemo wavose [FT:1]] (asi basa harisipo. Mutemo unowanzobvumira kana kuti kutungamirira masangano ebazu [[[FLT:]] anoraira kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye chinyorwa chemhedziso.

Somuenzaniso, Clean Air Act inopa chiremera cheNdevedzo yeProvice Protection Agency (EPA) kugadza mipimo yokubudisa zvinobudiswa. EPA ipapo inodzokororwa mitemo, inochengeta mirau, uye inopedzisa mitemo ine simba romutemo. Iyi mirau inoiswa mu Code of Federal Regacy [CFR]. Kugadza kunobatanidzawo vaongorori, bhajeti, uye kugadza miitiro yokuchengeta yakadai sefaindiro, maza, kana kuti zvirango zvoutsotsi.

Somuenzaniso, mari inopiwa mumugwagwa mukuru inowanzouya nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo masangano anofanira kugamuchira mitemo chaiyo yokudzivirira ngozi. Iyi mibato inosvika pakakwirira inogona kuita kuti mutemo ushande nenzira isingachinji munyika yose.

Kumanikidza Nokuhwirudzura

Mitemo inoshanda bedzi sokuchengetwa kwayo. Kudzokororwa kunoitwa namasangano anotungamirira (g., FBI, FDA, OSHA) uye namapurisa ehurumende nomunzvimbomo, vachuchisi, uye masangano anodzorwa. Asi kudzika mutemo kunogona kudenhwa mudare. judicial hwirudzuro inoita kuti matare abvumire kududzira revo yomutemo uye kuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Marbury v.[FLT][F:3]] [183]) anosimbisa simba reDare gurusaresa rekuzivisa mutemo kubvisa.

Kana mutemo wangova bedzi mumitemo, mativi anotapurwa(masangano, masangano, kana kuti mapoka ezviwaro) zvinopa matare mhaka kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzawo kana kuti kuti mirau inoshandisa inopfuura chiremera chomutemo. Matare angapa mirairo inodzivisa kuchengetwa, kuronga kuti masangano anyorezve mirau, kana kuti kujekesa mutauro wakajeka. Bazu redare naizvozvo rinobatira sechidzoso, richivimbisa kuti mitemo haipfuure ganhuriro yemitemo uye kuti kuchengetwa kwacho kunowirirana nevavariro yemitemo.

Iyi nhevedzano pakati pomutemo neritation chiratidzo chegadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamusoro pokuti mitemo yehurumende inomanikidzirwa sei, USA.gov nhungamiro kunzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo[[[FLT: 1] inogovera nzvero inowanika.

Basa Revachengeti Vemitemo

Muitiro wokuita mitemo hausi muitiro wakavharwa pakati pavaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru.

  • [ Vamiriri netsvimbo yavo : zvikwereti zvokudzosa, kutaurirana, uye vhoti dzebhizimisi. Mitezo mimwe nemimwe inowanzoripira mari yezvikwereti zvinoratidzira fariro dzavo dzoruwa kana kuti purogiramu yavo vamene.
  • Mapoka akapfuudza navanopinza vagamuchiri: Kugovera unyanzvi, manyoro emitemo, uye mutsigiri nokuda kwezvikwereti. Pesvedzero yavo inowanzomutsa nharo, asi vanopawo mashoko ayo vagadziri vemitemo vakabatikana vanotsamira paari. Maererano neCentre for Responsive Politics, anopfuura mabhiriyoni $3,7 yakapedzerwa pakukumbira kwehurumende muna 2023 moga.
  • Masangano echiNgezi neadhikoni: Nyora tsamba, pupurira pakunzwa, uye ronga nhimbe dzemiitiro youswa. Kufamba-soro-profile(kubva mukufora kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kuenda kunjodzi dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi) ratidzirai kuti dzvinyiriro yavose inogona sei kuputsa mitsetse yemitemo.
  • Masangano ebazu anoshanda: Ipa nhungamiro younyanzvi, fungidziro, uye kuita chibvumirano. Congregational Bal Backet Office (CBO) mutengo uri wose ungatapura zvikuru bhajeti.
  • Mediya namakasi okufunga[[FLT: 1]: Kukakavadzana kwavose, kunzvera, uye kuita kuti vaiti vemitemo vazvidavirire. Kupa mishumo yenhau kazhinji kazhinji kunofumura zvikanganiso mumutemo unokarakadzwa, nepo vanofunga kuti matangi anogadzira mapepa emitemo anoumba dare.

Mumwe nomumwe waava vatambi anouya nezviwanikwa nerusaruro, achiita kuti muitiro wokuita mitemo uve makwikwi epesvedzero zvikuru sokutsvaka muitiro wakanaka. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kazhinji kazhinji hunotsamira pakuti manzwi ose here — zvikurukuru ayo evagariwo zvavo − anzwiwa pakati pezvinodikanwa zvikuru zvefariro dzakasanorongwa.

Zvinetso Zvavaisangana Nazvo Paiitwa Mitemo

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yayo yakakwana, muitiro wokuita mitemo unotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinopfuurira:

  • Parisan Polariza[[FLT: 1]]: Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kupesana kwepfungwa kwakakura, kuchiita kuti kubvumiraniswa kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Kushandiswa kwemoniribuster, kuderera kwoushamwari hwezvikamu zvemichinjikwa, uye kukwirira kwe “maruwa akakotsekana” ose anobetsera kutsika dzemitemo. Mitemo mikuru pamusoro pokuchinja kwemibatanidzwa, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye utano yakaguma kwamakore pasinei zvapo neitiro hanya yavose.
  • Kudzorwa kweZvinodikanwa Zvogazvo: Mipiro yenhimbe inogona kudzosa mutemo wefariro dzakatetepa kupfurikidza nendyiko dzavanhu vakawanda. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kutsoropodzi dzemitero, mari inodzorwa ne “ufakazi hwekuti mari inogona kushatisa mitemo. Kunzvera kubva kuPrinceton neNorthwestern kungawana kuti vakuru vakuru vemari namapoka akarongwa“ vane miuyo yakazvimirira mikuru zvikuru paU.S. mutezo wehurumende, nepo avhareji yavagari vemo nemhindu inokwenengedzerwa yavanhu vane pesvedzero duku kana kuti havatongo.]
  • Kuvhota na Vhoriyamu[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo yazvino uno inogona kushandisa zviuru zvamapeji", pamutemo weReformation wePurgnation weDodd-F unopfuura mapeji 2 300. Uku kuoma kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvagadziri vemitemo navoruzhinji kunzwisisa zvizere zvavari kuvhota, uye kazhinji kazhinji inosiya udzame hunokosha kuti huzadziswe mupfurikidza navagadziri vemitengi vasina kurongwa. Nhanho yokukurumidza yechinjo yesayenzi yemitemo inopfuurawo muitiro wemitemo, inosiya miganhu yokubuda minda yakadai seIa neaibhurori.
  • Chibvumirano chaPopublic [[FLT: 1]: Vagari vazhinjisa havateveri mutemo unokarakadzwa kutozosvikira wavatapura zvakananga. Muvhoti anoenda kunzvimbo yehurumende uye kuganhurirwa kwemitezo yenhau kunoreva kuti vaiti vemitemo vanowanzoshanda pasina tarisiro yakasimba inobva kuvamiriri. Iyi nzvimbo inogona kuzadzwa navagamuchiri vanopa ngwariro.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi hakungodi kuchinja zvinhu chete, zvakadai sokuita kuti dare riwedzere kuoneka kana kuti kuchinja mari yenhimbe yaro, asi kutowedzerawo kuvimbisa uye kuzivisa vanhu kuti richagara munyika yacho.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokuita mitemo wakaoma, uhune unoita kuti pfungwa dzive mitemo inosungirwa. Kubva pachikarakadzo chokutanga uye kutadza kwedare kusvika pakurukurirano youriri, kutenderwa nevakuru vakuru, uye pakupedzisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo, nhanho imwe neimwe inogadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inosanorangarirwa, inoshanda nenzira yapamutemo, uye yapamutemo. Asi gadziriro yacho inodzorwawo nedzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mari, uye kushata kwomunhu. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei haisati iri muitiro wedzidzowo zvawo zvawo, uye kuti itsika inoita sei inoita munhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi runobudirira munzanga yedemocracy. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti zvikwereti zvinobva kupi, kuti kazhinji sei zvinokundikana, vagari vemo vanogona kuzvidavirira uye kutsigira mitemo nokuda kwokuwana nguva inotevera kurumano rutsva kana kuti uone kushora, uchava nomufananidzo wakajeka wakajeka mugwagwa wakajeka, unova nomufananidzo wemugwagwa wakaita mugwagwa unoto.