Kushaikwa kwemvura muAmerica West kwakabva muchinetso chenhambo nenhambo kuva njodzi yechigarire yezvivako. Rwisano dzapamutemo pamusoro pamaruramiro emvura zvino dzinomirira imwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma zvikurusa nedzine mhoteredzo, nyika, ndudzi, masangano ehurumende, uye vashandisi vamwe navamwe mumakwikwikwi ezhetembo egore rimwe nerimwe. Dzidziso dzapamutemo dzakagadzwa mukati mekukura kwendangariro kwezana ramakore rechi 19 riri kuedzwa nemigariro yemamitengo yakakwirira zvikurusa, kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye mipimo yemhoteredzo yavanhu inochinja. Kunzwisisa midzi nemhikodzi yazvino uno yeidzokakavadzano idzi kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anofamba napamutemo, upfumi, kana kuti nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yenzvimbo dzapasi dzekumadokero zvapasi pechi19 dziri kukwira nokuna kuderera kwe 21 nemwe chiverengero chapakati chapakati chapakati, kukura, uye mipimo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yemhoteredzo inongodzino ino.

Matombo Enhau Omutemo WokuMadokero

Mvura yapamutemo inodzora muMadokero haina kubuda muchinhu. Yakaitwa mukunangidzira California Gold Rush uye nzvimbo dzinotevera dzeGreat Plains neInternation. Kusafanana nehuruva yevhu rokumabvazuva kweUnited States, umo mutemo weEngland na piritariaian dzidziso [ [inopa kodzero dzemvura kuvarimi vari pedyo nehova) yakanga yakakwana, kuoma kweMadokero kwaida kusvika kwakasiana zvikuru.

Dzidziso Yokuongorora Kusati Kwaitwa

Yakaberekwa mumisasa yemigodhi yeCalifornia muma1850, dzidziso yapamberi pekunyorwa kwemitemo yemvura ibwe rekona remitemo yokumadokero. Nheyo yayo yehwaro, "kutanga munguva, kutanga kurudyi," yakanga iri chigadzikiso chinoshanda nokuda kwavacheredzisi vemvura kure namanyuko ayo omusikirwo kuti vaite zvavanoda. Iyi tsika yakavamba dare rakagadzwa ramaruramiro akavakirwa pamusi wokutanga mushandisi kumidziyo inoshandiswa inobetsera. Munguva dzokuperevera, maruramiro makurusa (akurasa) anogutswa pakutanga, nepo kodzero (atsva) dzechidukusa dzinogona kugamuchira maruramiro maduku kana kuti kwete mvura.

Iyi dzidziso ine mavara anoverengeka anoitsauranisa neyapasi. Chokutanga, inogura batano pakati pounini hwenyika nekodzero dzemvura; mvura inogona kutsautswa ndokushandiswa munyika isiri yeiri bhiriparati. Chechipiri, inoda kuvhenganiswa kwemvura nechinhu chayo chomuzvarirwo, kunyange zvazvo ichi chinodikanwa chakadzoreswa mune dzimwe nyika nokuda kwezvinangwa zvemhoteredzo. Chechitatu, kurudyi kunoiswa nemwero wakati kana kuti mwero wokuyerera uye kunotora musi wakati wakananga. Muitiro unoshandiswa pamwero wakati wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji nainjiniya kana kuti redhina remikoro remvura, uyo anonangidzira misi yenzvimbo yokutanga uye anotuma mvura mukati mhetevedzero youdzo inobudirira pakusimudzira, iyi gadziriro inovamba inorwisana nokunonoka kumhanya uye inogona kuva inova inodzorwa munzvimbo yezvakapoteredza.

Kodzero Dzakachengetedzwa Nedzidziso Yechando

Murutivi rwehurumende inotsamira panzvimbo yehurumende, murakatira wakaparadzana uye wakakwirira wekodzero dzemvura uripo: maruramiro anochengeterwa . Chiono cha 1908] mhaka yeDare Gurusa renhau v. United States yakatanga kuti apo hurumende yakachengeta nyika nokuda kwedonzo chairo, yakaita seNative American shantifice, sasango renyika, kana kuti nharaunda yehondo (inochengeta chitsamazarira chakakwana chemvura kuti izadzise chinangwa ichocho. Kodzero dzinoita musi wokutanga somusi wegore wakagadzirwa, izvo kazhinji zvinoinoita kuti ive pakati pekodzero hurusakawanda zvikurusa muchishavakwa chakapiwa. shootiaty neyamugovedzo dzeruwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwekodzero dzamarudzi aya, dzakareve dziripo nokuda kwechiito dzinopfuuresa.

Dzidziso Dzikuru Dzapamutemo Dzinodzora Kugara Mumvura Kumadokero

Kunyange zvazvo kuronga kusati kwaitika ndiwo mutemo mukuru, handiwo bedzi unobatanidza dzidziso nerondedzero dzapamutemo dzinodzora nzira iyo mvura inogoverwa nayo munyika 17 dzokumadokero.

Pamberi Pezvikamu Zvekodzero Dzevanhu

Nyika zhinji dzokumadokero dzakaparadza chose chose kodzero dzavanhu nokuda kwedanho repamberi pedu. Zvisinei, California inoshanda segadziriro yakavhengana, ichiziva zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro okubva nokuzvinyima. MuCalifornia, mutengi werudyi ane nzvimbo inomhara inovakwa nerwizi, ane kodzero yakaenzana nedzimwe dzinoparadza uye dzakakwirira kunzvimbo dzinoiswa nzvimbo yokutanga. Iyi purogiramu inoumba nzanga inoumba shanduro yakasiyana neyakaipa. Musati madaro pamutemo inongova saColorado kana kuti Wyoming, tsika yokutanga ndiyo inotonga kwakakwana, uye kodzero dzemvura dzinobatwa sekodzero dzemunhu oga dzinogona kutengwa, kutengeswa, uye kuchinjwa, kudzokororwa kwepamutemo kuti idzivise kuvadziko.

Dzidziso Yokuvimba Navose

Public Trust Doctrine [[FLT: 1] inheyo yapamutemo yekare inosimbisa kuti dare reCalifornia Supreme renhau remusikirwo (kubatanidza mvura dzinowanika nenzvimbo dziri pasi padzo) rinovimbwa nehurumende nokuda kwebetsero yavanhu. Mumamiriro omutemo wemvura wokumadokero, iyi dzidziso yamutsidzirwa zvakasimba. Chisarudzo cheDare reLifornia cha1998 mu National Aubon Society v. Dare guru (Lava)[FLT)] rakanga riri nguva yakabviswa mvura. Dare rakachengeta mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu kuti achengetedzere mipimo yavose (kuchengeta nokuzvivaraidza) apo dzose, kana aya akatopiwa kodzero dzapa. Rusarudzo rwapamhomuro rwakagadzwa kudzivirira maruramiro akakwana kudzivirira maruramiro avose.

Kupenya Kukuru: Vamiriri Verwisano

Kusawirirana pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura hakuwanzovapo nemhaka imwe chete. Kurwisana kwemarudzi akawanda kunokonzerwa nezvinosimudzira pfuma inokwikwidzana, kuchinjana kwezviverengero zvevagari vemo, uye tsika dzakadzika midzi. Kunzwisisa zvinhu zvikuru zvinokonzera kurwisana kunokosha kufanotaura kuti hondo inotevera yepamutemo ichatanga kupi.

Kukura Kwamaminiparazi

Kurima kunoshandisa migove yakawanda yemvura yakabudirira muWest", kazhinji kazhinji 70% kusvikira ku 80% yokushandiswa kwakazara. Sezvo maguta kubva kuPhoenix kusvikira kuDenver kuLos Angeles anopfuurira kukwira, dzvinyiriro yokutamisa mvura kubva kumapurazi kuenda kumaguta yakawedzera. Uku kutama kunogona kuva kwokuzvidira, kushandisa migove yemvura, asi kazhinji kazhinji kunozadzwa nedenho dzapamutemo. Masangano ezvokutengesa mvura anotya kuti kodzero dzawo dzemvura dzichaomesa nyika yavo, dzoparadza upfumi hwavo hwomunharaunda, dzoita kuti "kutenga nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma". Kukakavadzana kwemitemo kunowanzovakirwa pamipimo yekodzero, uye kuvadziko yemvura mumudziyo, saavo vanovimba nokudzoka shure (mvura inodzosera shure murwizi).

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo uye Muitiro Wemarudzi Ari Mungozi

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) yazova chimwe chezvishandiso zvepamutemo zvine simba zvikurusa muhondo dzemvura yokumadokero. Apo marudzi akarongwa anowanwa murwizi, masangano ehurumende anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvirongwa zvemvura nezvinovhiringika hazvikuvadzi kuti zvisakuvadzi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kurwisana nevavaki vekodzero dzemvura vakuru vanochengeta pepa repamutemo asi vanokumbirwa kuderedza zvisakafanira zvavo. Komba Basin Basin muOregon neCalifornia, umo kudiridza mvura kwakavharwa muna 2001 kudzivirira coho Salmon, uye hondo refu dzinorwiwa pamusoro peDeltams sment muScrameo-Syrian Deltaltal imie mienzaniso mikuru. Izvi zvino zvinomutsa mubvunzo mukuru wepamutemo: Kombishino yehurumende inogona kumisa nzvimbo nzvimbo yehurumende yenzvimbo inodzoro (idzoro yemvura) nokuda kwokudzivirira rudyi?

Makakatanwa Anopfuudzwa NezveInterstate

Nzizi hadziremekedzi mitsetse yehurumende, uye apo rwizi runogoveranwa, rwisano haidzivisiki. Mutemo unodzora idzi gakava muvhenganiswa womutemo wavose womubatanidzwa, wakurukurwa mapepa ehurumende , uye Dare Gurusa rehurumende. Dare rapamusoro rine simba rapakuvamba pamusoro perwisano pakati pedzimwe nyika, kureva kuti rinoita sedare rinotonga muaya magariro makuru, anodhura, uye madhigita akawanda.

  • Rwizi rweColorado: . Rwizi rwa1922 Colorado rwakakaparadzanisa kuyerera kworwizi rwacho pakati peUpper Basin (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming) neLower Basin (Arizona, Nevada). Rwakanyanyopinda rwizi, chikanganiso chazova chakajeka zvikuru pashure pemakore 24 okusanaya kwemvura. Litigation inoonekwa muchinoitika chikuru Arizobanuza v. California [193]), iyo yakasarudza kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzakaderera pakati pezviteshi nehurumende.
  • Rwizi rweRepublican: Gakava pakati paKansas naNebraska muRepublican River Compact rakatungamirira kumhaka yeDare Gurusa uye nzvimbo inozivikanwa se Republican River Collect Secoration. Nebraska yakawanikwa kuva iri kuputsa mubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nokubvumira mvura yapasi yakanyanyisa kuyerera. Iyi nhau yakasimbisa mutambo wakaoma pakati pemvura yapasi neyapamusoro pemvura mumashoko epasi.
  • Rio Grande: Texas, New Mexico, uye Colorado zvakapfigirwa mugakava renguva refu riri kupfuurira pamusoro peRio Grande. Texas yakakunura New Mexico, ichitaura kuti New Mexico yakanga ichibvumira kupomba mvura pasi pevhu kuvhara mvura yaifungidzirwa kuti yaizoyerera kuTexas muMubatanidzwa wa1938. Mhaka yacho yakasvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, ichisimbisa chinetso chokusimbisa zvibvumirano zvemvura mudariro dzemvura dzakaoma kudzika mvura.

Mvura Yapasi: Muganhu Wepamutemo

Kudzora kwemvura yapasi muMadokero kwave kuri mutsika wenhau ye "gwenzi rokumavirira" romutemo wemvura. Munzvimbo zhinji, mvura yapasi yaidzorwa nemitemo yakaparadzana, uye kazhinji kazhinji isina simba, kupfuura mvura yapamusoro. Uku kuparadzana kwapamutemo kwakafuratira chinhu chaichoicho chokuti mvura yapasi pevhu nemvura yapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji yakabatanidzwa nenzira yapamvura.

Kuchinja Kwokutarisira Mvura Pasi Papasi Kunochengeteka

Kufambira mberi kwapamutemo kukurusa mukudzika mvura mumakumi amakore i Satable Groundwater Management Act yeCalifornia (SGMA), yakaitwa muna 2014. Kwenguva yokutanga, California yaida masangano omunzvimbomo kuumba Groustative Surdability APTISTTIATCTIC (GSA) ndokutanga gadziriro dzokuunza mashati akagadzirwa kuti ave anodzikamiswa mudzikamo mukati mamakore 20. Izvi zvakamutsa funguro yemari yomunzvimbomo pamusoro poanopomba, mari yakawanda sei, uye anoripira nokuda kwokuchinja kwacho. SGMA inosanocherekedzwa nemimwe mitengo yokumadokero semuenzaniso yokushandisa zvinhu izvo zvakamboitwa pachena.

Kurwisana Pamurwi weOgallala Aquifer

Ogallala Aquifer, iyo inopa nheyo dzenyika sere kubva kuSouth Dakota kusvikira kuTexas, iropa reropa rokurima Mapani makuru. Makumi amakore okupomba kukuru akaparira kuparadzwa kukuru. Hondo dzapamutemo pano hadzina kunyanyova shoma pamberi pokupa nokugovera kwapakati penyika. Kansas neNebraska yave iri mudare pamusoro peRepublican River, iyo yakabatana zvakananga neachne. Rwisano huru iri pakati pekodzero yomunhu wepurazi kupotsera mvura kuti adiridze zvirimwa uye mutoro wenyika kudzivirira migove mirefu yapavhu nekodzero dzakakwirira.

Nhau Dzapamutemo Dzinozivikanwa Dzakaumba Mutemo

Nyaya dzakawanda dzinoshanda sepokuvhara nyaya dzemazuva ano pakurwisana kwemvura.

[[FOL:0] Arizona v. California (1963)

Nyaya huru iyi yakasarudza kugovaniswa kweRwizi rweColorado pakati penhau dzinonzi Lower Basin. Dare Repamusorosoro rakasimbisa Munyori wechisarudzo chikuru chePrefealm chokugovera mvura munguva dzokuperevedza, richipa hurumende yacho basa rakasimba mukudzora rwizi rinoramba richikonzera kuoma kwepamutemo nhasi.

Idaho v. United States (2001)

Iyi nhau yakapedza gakava rakakamuraniswa kwenguva refu pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura muCoeur d’Alene River. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti United States yairemekedza mibhedha yemvura dzinonakirwa mukati meCoeur d’Alene Reservation, uye kuti maruramiro emvura akanga akachengeterwa Rudzi. Uku kwakanga kuri rukundo rukuru nokuda kwouchangamire hwedzinza nekodzero dzemvura, kuchijekesa kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzinochengeterwa dzvuruno dzinotambanurwa kwete bedzi kuuwandu hwemvura asiwo kuukuru nehuvazvinazvo zvemvura.

[[[ITS. 0]Montana v. Wyoming (2010-2015)

Iyi nhevedzano yemirau yakanangidzira ngwariro pa "chikamu chekuwedzera" cheYellowstone River Compciation. Whoming akataura kuti chinjo mumiitiro yokudiridza (zvikurukuru, kubva pakudiridza mafashamo kuenda kuzvinosaidzira zvinoshanda) hadzina kuputsa mubatanidzwa wacho, kunyange kana vakadya mvura yakawanda. Montana akataura kuti kudyiwa kwakawedzerwa kwaidzinga muganhu wemibatanidzwa yezvikamu zvenyika mukudzora kushandisa zvakanaka kwemvura uye kwakasimbisa migumisiro yakavanzika yokuchengetedza.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano Nemaonero Enguva Yemberi

Gadziriro yepamutemo inodzora mvura yokumadokero iri kumanikidzwa kuchinjira kudenho kuvagadziri vayo vezvivako isina kutongofungidzira.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Kunoenderana Nemitemo

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze iri kuderera zvikuru, kuoma kunowedzera, uye kutambanudza kusanaya kwemvura. Ikoku kunoita kuti gadziriro yapamberi pezvi, yakavakirwa panhau, isati ichishanda. "Kutanga munguva ino. Kutanga, kurudyi" inoita kuti pave nenzwisiso duku mukudzora rwizi rwave rusingadzokeri zvachose. Zvibvumirano zvemitemo, zvakadai se zvinongozvidira zvechinguvana [ uye [[FLT:] purogiramu dzokuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu enhau [[FT:3] (papo hurumende inopa vashandisi vemvura mvura inodzoka nokuzvidira.], zviri kubuda mukutsiva kudzokorodza kupfurikidza nechinhu chose. Zvingangova zvacho zvichaona kudzongodzosera mberi nokuda kwokugadziriswa kwemitevero, uye kubvumira matare okugadzirisa.

Zvinhu Zvinonhuhwirira Zvinosanganisa Utano Hwemvura

Kutamba kwapamutemo pakati pouwandu hwemvura neuwandu hwemvura kuri kuwedzera. Kuwanikwa kwePFAS (per- polyfluoroalkyl) mumigove yemvura kuri kuparira mikana mitsva nekakavadzano. Nepo PFAS iyo inonangidzirwa panguva ino pavanoita zvinhu uye vanosvibisa, icharamba ichibatana nekodzero dzemvura. Vanoshandisa mvura vangawana kuti kodzero dzavo kuuwandu hwakati hwemvura harubatsiri kana kunaka kwacho kuchiparadzwa.

Misika Yemvura Nokupararira Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Sezvo kudikanwa kunopiwa kwenzvimbo dzokurima kuchiva, kutenga nokutengeswa kwamaruramiro emvura kuri kuva kwakakurumbira zvikuru uye kunorwisana. Hondo dzapamutemo dziri kubuda nemhaka yetendero yokutamiswa, dziviriro yefariro dzezvikamu zvechitatu (zvakadai senzanga dzinotsamira pamari yokurima), uye kudhura kwemvura inochengetedzwa. Somuenzaniso, apo murimi anotengesa mvura inoponeswa nokunyunguruka, ndiani zvirokwazvo ari iye amene? Murimi akabhadhara jinga, kana kuti vashandisi vomumutevesi vamamo avo vakagamuchira muHistoric pages vanoona peji?

Mugumo: Kukwikwidza Kunopfuurira Nokuda Kweduramwa

Gakava remitemo pamusoro pekodzero dzemvura muUnited States yokumadokero harisi chinetso chechinguvana chinogona kupedzwa nenhau imwe yedare kana kuti chikamu chomutemo. Izvo rutivi rwechigarire rwoupenyu munharaunda yakaoma. Mutemo unopa gadziriro yerwisano, asi haugoni kutema mvura mumhepo yakaoma. Amakumi amakore anouya achada kutongwa kwakaoma kwezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo sehurumende, ndudzi, uye hurumende inofanira kudzosa mashoko enzizi dzinogoveranwa uye kugadziridzwa. Muuyo weiyi hondo dzapamutemo hausati uchizotema bedzi utano hwenzizi nemhoteredzo dzakasimba renyika asi simba rezve zvoupfumi netsigiro yenzvimbo yose. Hondo dzehondo dzezana ramakore rechi 20 dzakava pedyo nokuunganidzwa; hondo dzapamutemo dzezana ramakore rechi21 dzichavapotedzerwa, uye kugadziridzwa kwemvura.