Mitero ndiyo inonyanya kudzorwa nehurumende yazvino uno, inogovera fandesheni yemari apo nzanga dzinovaka mabasa anokosha, marongedzero, uye zvirongwa. Kubva muraibhurari yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kudziviriro yenyika, mari inoparirwa kupfurikidza nemitero inoparira rudzi rwoupenyu nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose. Kunzwisisa ukoshi hwemitero kunopfuura kuziva misengwa yapamutemo; kunobatanidza kuonga kuti aya mari inounganidzwa sei, inogoverwa, uye inokwanisa kutsigira nzanga dzose dzomunzvimbomo nenyika yose. Nyaya ino inonzvera kurongwa kwemitero, basa rayo mukutsigira mabasa anotsoropodza, mitero, migariro yemari, uye gakavadzano dzinoumba muitiro wemitero nhasi.

Mitero Chii?

Panzvimbo pezvo, mutero unoiswa muhomwe yemari inosungirwa nehurumende pavanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, kana kuti zvinhu. Kusafanana nemitero yokuzvidira kana kuti mitero nokuda kwamabasa akati, mitero inomanikidzirwa uye haiwanzosungirirwa betsero yakananga, yapakarepo nokuda kwomubhadhari. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoiswa muhomwe yavose inoshandiswa kutsigira zvinhu zvavose uye mabasa anobetsera nzanga zvakafara. Ikoku kunobatanidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pamagetsi emugwagwa kuenda kuchengeteko yenyika. Mitero inounganidzwa nemwero dzakasiana- siyana dzehurumende /maganhuro, uye mubatanidzwa nemitemo yayo imene, mari, uye madonzo.

Murangariro wemitero ndewekare, nezvinyorwa zvinoratidza mitero muMesopotamia makore 4 000 apfuura. Muupfumi hwazvino uno, mitero inoshanda mabasa akawanda: inosimudzira mari, upfumi hunoparadzirwa, kukundikana kwemitero yemisika yokutengesa yakarurama (kupfurikidza nemitero yePhouvia pashatiso, somuenzaniso), uye inopesvedzera mufambiro wemari. Muvhenganiswa wakati wemarudzi emitero nemitengo unoratidza mipimo yenzanga, zvokutanga, uye kushambadza pakati pekubudirira, kusafanira, uye kupfavisa.

Marudzi Emitero

Kunzwisisa mhatsa idzi kunobatsira kujekesa kuti basa remari rinoshandiswa nevanhu vakawanda mune zvoupfumi rinoparadzirwa sei.

  • Mutero unobhadharwa: Revhi pamari inowanwa yomunhu mumwe kana kuti imba, kubatanidza mibairo, mibhadharo, mibayiro, mari yemari, uye mhindu yebhizimisi. Mitemo mizhinjisa yemitero yemari inotambirwa inofambira mberi, kureva kuti vatambiri vanobhadhara chikamu chikurusa chemari yavo mumitero. muUnited States, mutero wemari yemari yehurumende ndiwo manyuko makurusa emari yehurumende, yakaunganidzwa neInternational Revotion Service (IRS) pasi peUVHIV.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mitero: Yakadzorwa kukutengeswa kwezvinhu namabasa panguva yokutenga. Mitero inodzorwa zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti mhuri dzinowana mari shoma dzinopedzera mugove mukuru wemari yadzo pazvinhu zvinobhadharwa. Masangano akawanda anoregerera zvinodikanwa zvakafanana nezvokudya nomushonga kuderedza mutoro pamhuri dzinowana mari shoma.
  • [ Mutero wePropety: Wakavakirwa paukoshi hwakaedzwa hwenzvimbo, kubatanidza nyika nezvivako. Mitero yenzvimbo zvikurukuru manyuko emari yomunzvimbomo, mari inopirwa zvikoro zvavose, madhipatimendi emwoto, uye mabasa emanisiparati. Mwero wemitero unogadzwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye unosiana zvikuru kupfurikidza nehurumende.
  • [[FORT:0] Mutero webhizimisi: Unopiwa mhindu yemabhizimisi. Mitero yemitero nemirau inopesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemari, kugadzirwa kwebasa, uye uko makambani anosarudza kuwana. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mitero yebhizimisi inogona kutungamirira kukupeta mitero yakapetwa kaviri (sezvo mhindu inobhadharwazve semari yomunhu oga), nepo vatsigiri vachitaura kuti vanovimbisa kuti masangano ane mhindu anopa mupiro wezvibereko zvavanhu vose.
  • [ Mitero yeBhizimisi: Mitero chaiyo pazvinhu zvakati, zvakadai sepeturu, chinwiwa chinodhakisa, fodya, uye pfuti. Iyoyi inowanzoshandiswa kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemitero inokuvadza (mitero yechivi) kana kuti kutsigira mari yezviwiro zvemori (mitero yemigwagwa).
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitero: Yakabviswa kubva pamubhadharo ndokuwanisa mapurogiramu einishuwarenzi yenzanga yakadai seSocial Security neMedicare muUnited States vose vari vaviri vashandi navashandirwi vanopa mupiro, uye iyi mitero inowanzoiswa pamwero wakati wemari inotambirwa.
  • Hurumende neMitero yeChipo: Mitero pakutamisirwa kwepfuma kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chimwe. Iyi mitero inoitiranwa nharo asi inoita basa mukuderedza kuwanda kwepfuma.

Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuronga zvinhu izvi pakuronga mitero inoshanda zvakanaka uye inoruramisira.

Mashandisirwe Akaitwa Mitero Munzvimbo Yacho

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo___maruwa, maruwa ezvikoro,) dzinonyanyoshandisa mitero yezvinhu, mitero yokutengesa, uye mari yokushandisa kupa mabasa anotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Pasina iyi mari yakatsiga, nzanga dzingatamburira kuchengeta zvinhu zvinokosha zvehurumende. Ndaza inotevera inoronga mitero inokosha yomunzvimbomo inotsigirwa nemitero.

  • Dzikoro dzapanyika ndidzo ndyiko hurusa dzehurumende zhinjisa. Mitero yemari inobhadharwa nevadzidzisi, zvivako zvechikoro, mabhuku, uye unyanzvi. Maraibhurari omunzvimbomo, mapurogiramu edzidzo yavakuru, uye nhano dzapakuvamba dzouhwana dzinotsamirawo pamadhora omutero. Mukuwirirana ne Center yeNational for Education Statistics [[, inenge 47% yemari inotambirwa yeK-12 muU.S.
  • Public Safety:[ Madhipatimendi amapurisa, zviteshi zvokudzima moto, mabasa okurapa (EMS), uye 911 nzvimbo dzokutumira vanhu dzinobhadharwa nemitero yomunzvimbomo. Masangano aya anodzivirira upenyu nezvinhu, anoita chimwe chinhu, uye anodzikamisa mitemo. Mari inokwana inovimbisa nguva dzokupindura nokukurumidza, midziyo yazvino uno, uye vashandi vakasanorovedzwa.
  • Tsamba: Migwagwa yomunharaunda, mabhiriji, migwagwa, magetsi emigwagwa, zviratidzo zvemotokari, uye gadziriro dzemvura zvinoda bhizimisi rinopfuurira. Kuchengetedza nokuvakwa kutsva kunobhadharwa nemitero yezvinhu, miraudzo chaiyo, uye mari yehurumende inowanzoda mari yetsika dzomunzvimbomo. Muenzaniso mumwe muenzaniso itsika yezvibvumirano zvemanisiparati, umo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobudisa zvisungo zvinotsigirwa nemari yemitero kubhadhara zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvemari.
  • Mapaki avose neNhandaro: Mapaki avose, nzvimbo dzenhandare, nzvimbo dzenzanga, nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye madziva okushambira kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsigirwa nemubatanidzwa wemitero yenzvimbo yenzvimbo nezvinotsaurirwa zvepaka yakatsaurirwa. Idzi nzvimbo dzinovandudza kunaka kwoupenyu, dzinosimudzira basa rokushanda kwomuviri, uye dzinogovera nzvimbo dzokuungana nokuda kwenzanga. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kuva pedyo nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu zvinowedzera mipimo, kuparira daro rakanaka remari yemitero nemari yomushamba.
  • Kuisa musengwa ne Waste Management:[ Muunganidzwa wamarara, mapurogiramu okuenzazve, kuchenesa migwagwa, uye kubviswa kwechando mabasa anokosha anoita kuti nzanga dzirambe dzine utano nedzisina ngozi. Izvozvi zvinobhadharwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yenzvimbo kana kuti mutero womushandi.
  • Tyration: Mabhazi omunzvimbomo, njanji inoreruka, uye zvitima zvinotsamira pamuvhenganiswa wemari yemari nemitero yomunzvimbomo. Mitero kana kuti mitero yezvinhu inowanzoshandiswa kuderedza mabasa okufambisa, kuita kuti kufamba kunobvira kuwanike kuvagari vasingagoni kutyaira kana kuti kusarudza kusava nemotokari.

Kana mitero ikawedzera kana kuti mari ichiwedzera, mitero inowedzera, zvichiita kuti vanhu vashandise mari yakawanda.

Mashandisirwe Akaitwa Mitero

Pamwero wehurumende, gadziriro dzemari yemitero namabasa izvo zvinobatanidza nyika yose uye zvinoronga zvinhu zvikuru zvenyika. Hurumende yehurumende inotsamira zvikurukuru pamitero yemari inowanwa (yomunhu oga neyamasangano anotarisira) uye inobhadhara mitero yapamutero kuti ipedze mamirioni amadhora anodikanwa gore rimwe nerimwe. iyi mari inogoverwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro webhajeti wegore negore, izvo zvinoratidzira nharidzano dzebasa renyika nebvumirano dzenzanga.

  • National Defense and Security: Chikamu chikurusa chokushandisa mari yokusarudza mubhajeti yeUnited States idziviriro. Madhora eMitero anobhadharwa nokuda kwehondo (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine, Space Force), masangano ouchenjeri (CIA, NSA), chengeteko yenyika yokumusha, uye betsero dzenguva refu. Kuchengeta dziviriro yenyika yakasimba ndirimwe ramabasa makuru ehurumende, sekwakarongwa muBumbiro remitemo. Department of Department refical re $2024, rinokweviwa nohuhuhuhuhuhu hwerengero hunenge hwumwe hwemari yemari yomubatanidzwa.
  • Kutarisira: Mitero yeFederal inotsigira zvirongwa zvikuru zvoutano kubatanidza Medicare (yavakweguru uye vakaremara vamwe vanhu), Medicaid (nokuda kwemiripo yakaderera yavanhu nemhuri), uye Chirongwa cheChild Health Inshuwarence Program (CHIP). Zvirongwa izvi zvinogovera utano kumakumi emamiriyoni eAmerica. Mukuwedzera, mari yemitero yeNational Institutes of Health (NIH) nokuda kwokunzvera kwezvokurapa, Centers dzeDrasease Control neDrevention (CDC) nokuda kwoutano hwavose, uye Food Ad Ad Divition Ad Administration (F) nokuda chengeteko.
  • Security: [Ndengedzo] inobhadharwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokubhadhara mitero yemitero, Rugare rwenzanga runogovera mari inotambira pamudyandigere, betsero dzinopukunyuka, uye inishuwarenzi yezveurema. Ndiimwe yegadziriro dzehurumende dzakakurumbira zvikurusa ne dzinokosha, kubvisa mamiriyoni avakura muurombo. Social Security Trust Fund inowana mari yemitero yakatsaurirwa, iyo inobhadharwa kuvayamupinduri mukuwirirana nemutero unotsamira pamubhadharo wendura.
  • Indaclastre and Traffation: Hurumende inoisa mari mumigwagwa mikuru yorudzi (muitiro weInterstate train), nhandare dzendege, zvitima, zviteshi, uye mvura. Higway Trust Fund, inotsigirwa nemitero yegasi yehurumende, mugwagwa wemari nebhiriji. Federal inopawo mari yebetsero nenzvimbo dzinovaka zvirongwa zvikuru zvemibato.
  • Kudzidzisa nokunzvera: Kunyange zvazvo dzidzo iri zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha kupfurikidza nezvipo, zvikwereti zvavadzidzi, uye gadziriro dzokunzvera. Department yeDzidzo rinoparadzira Titting I mari kuzvikoro zvinowana mari yakaderera, uye National Science Foundation nemamwe masangano anotsigira nzvero yesayenzi pamayunivhesiti.
  • Infit Security and Welfare: Programs dzakadai seSomeral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP, zvitemi zvezvokudya zvaichimbova), betsero yedzimba, inishuwarenzi yokusashanda, uye mari yechikwereti chemari inotambirwa nemitero yehurumende. Zvirongwa izvi zvinogovera dziviriro yavagari vemo vanotapurwa uye zvinobetsera kudzikamisa upfumi mukati mekuderera kwemitengo.
  • Kururamisira noMutemo:[[FLT: 1] matare eFold, majeri, FBI, Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), uye mamwe masangano anotarisira mutemo anobhadharwa ne $46. Masangano aya anodzika mitemo yehurumende, matsotsi anotonga, uye anodzivirira kuchengeteka kwenyika.
  • International Affairs: yamuro dzokunze, mipiro youzivi, mipiro kumasangano amarudzi ose (zvakadai seSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose), uye nhano dzoutano dzenyika yose zvinotsigirwa kupfurikidza nemitero. Nepo kumutsa nharo kazhinji kazhinji, uku kuisa mari mubhizimisi kunogona kusimudzira dzikamo nefambiro mberi yemari kune imwe nyika, izvo zvinogona kubetsera fariro dzeU.S.

Vamwe vanoita nharo nokuda kwokuwedzerwa kwokushandisa mari pamapurogiramu enzanga, nepo mamwe achiisa pakutanga dziviriro kana kuti kuderedza mitero.

Kutapura Kwemitero Mune Zvemari

Mitero haisati ichingovawo zvayo mutoo wokuwedzera nawo mari; iyo inopesvedzera zvikuru mufambiro wezvemari nemigumisiro.

Kushandisa Mari Kwevatengi uye Mari Isingashandi

Mitero yaunotambira inoderedza zvakananga mari inoraswa yasara pashure pokubhadhara mitero. Mutero unofambira mberi unoda mugove mukuru kuvawani vemari vakawanda, nepo mutero wakaremara kana kuti wokudzoserazve unoda mugove mukuru kubva kuvatakuri vanotambira mari yakaderera. Chinjo mumwero wemitero dzinogona kuchinja mitoo yokushandisa mari: mutero ungawedzera kushandiswa kwenguva pfupi, nepo kuwedzera kwomutero kungaderedza kudikanwa. Mutengo wemari unoreva kuti kuchinja mukushandisa mari kunopfuura nomumari, kutapura mabhizimisi nebasa.

Mitero inotengeswa inobatsirawo vatengi. Mitero yezvokutengesa yakawanda pane zvimwe zvinhu (sezvinhu zvoumbozha) inogona kuderedza kutenga kwavo, nepo kushaiwa nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvichibetsera mhuri dzinowana mari shoma. Nemhaka yokuti vanhu vanotambira mari shoma vanokombamira kupedzera mwero wakakwirira wemari yavo, mitero yokutengesa inorangarirwa kuva inodzorwa kunze kwokunge yadzoserwa nechikwereti kana kuti kuhesvurwa.

Kupinza Mubhizimisi uye Mufambiro Wehurumende

Mitero inodzorwa nemitero inodzorwa nehurumende uko makambani anosarudza kuwana, mari yaanoisa, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvokurovha. Mwero mikuru yemitero yebhizimisi ine chokuita nemimwe nyika inogona kukurudzira mhindu kuchinjika kumitengo yakaderera, chinoitika chinozivikanwa sokushambadza mitero. Kune rumwe rutivi, sundo dzemitero dzorupo (hwnighting, toorst to condress, kana kuti chikwereti chemari yomutero wemari, [1] inonyandura kudyira mari yebhizimisi papurazi, midziyo, uye purofiti.

Makoni anowana mitero (mitero yemhindu inobva mukutengesa zvinhu semasheya) inotapura zvisarudzo zvemari. Mwero yemari inowana mitengo yakaderera inokurudzira kutora ngozi nemari inovakwa, asi ingaparirawo kusaenzana kwepfuma. Tsitsi Cuts neJobs Act ya2017 muU.S. yakaderedza mwero wemitero yebhizimisi kubva pa 35% kusvikira ku 21%, nenharidzano yokuwedzera mari yemari yomumba. Nzvero dzapakuvamba dzakaratidza wedzero ine mwero mutengo yebhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo miuyo yenguva refu ichiri kukurukurwa.

Kugovera Basa Nezvinonyandura Basa

Mitero inobhadharwa inotapura zvisarudzo zvavanhu pamusoro pokuva vanoshanda, maawa mangani okushanda, uye kana vachizoronda dzidzo yokuwedzera kana kuti rovedzo. Mwero yemitero yakaderera zvikuru inogona kuderedza sundo yokushanda zvikuru kana kuti kuwana mari yakawanda, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavatakuri vechipiri mumhuri. Zvisinei, kutemwa kwemitero yebasa kunosiyana zvikuru neboka (mhiko, vatakuri vemari vanovhara mari. Varidzi vemari vakaderera. Varipi vemari yemari). Inienced Invondation foroctice (EITC) muenzaniso wemiitiro yokuwedzera kutora basa pakati pemhuri dzinowana mari yakaderera kupfurikidza nokugovera chikwereti chinopfumba.

Kuchengetedza Nokuisa Mari

Mitero pamhindu, mibayiro, uye mari inowana pesvedzero inoponesa mufambiro. Maakaundi okurega basa akadai sa 401(k) naIRAs anopa betsero dzemitero kuti vakurudzire kuchengeta mitero yenguva refu. Kushambadzira pakati pemitero yokubhadharisa zvino (mutero wokutengesa) mukupesana nokubhadharisa mitero yomunguva yemberi (mutero wemari inobhadharwa pakudzorwa kwemari) inhau huru mukurongwa kwemitero. Nyanzvi dzemari zhinji dzinotaura pamusoro pokuenda kumutero unotsamira pakuchengeta mutero unoiswa pakubhadharo kuti dzidzivise kubhadhakisa, kunyange zvazvo denho dzinosara.

Kudzikamiswa kwemacro mune zvemari

Gadziriro yemitero inodzikamisa upfumi. Kana upfumi hukawedzera, mari ichikwira, kumanikidza vanhu kuva mabhuroko omutero akakwirira uye mari yomutero inowedzera, zvinoda mari. Pamusana pokuderera kwemari, mari inowa uye vamwe vanhu vanorasikirwa nemabasa, kuderedza mutero wavo nokupa piro. Iyi purofiti inogadzikisa inobetsera kugadziridza bhizimisi pasina kuda mutemo mutsva. Kuwedzerazve, mutemo wemitero wokusarudza kubhadhara mitero (mt., kutemwa kwechinguvana) kunogona kushandiswa kunyandura upfumi hwenguva duku.

Zvinetso Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mitero

Pasinei zvapo nokudikanwa kwayo, mitero inowanzova nhau yekurukurirano huru.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuteresa Mutero

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uwandu hwevanhu, uye upfumi zvazvinoita, mitero inofanira kugadziridzwa kuti irambe ichishanda uye ichienderana.

mhedziso

Mitero inopfuura zvikuru mari inobviswa pagore pamibhadharo. Iyo inzira iyo vagari vemo vanounganidza nayo mabasa nepfuma zvinotsigira upenyu hwazvino uno. Kuvambira padare rechikoro romunzvimbomo kusvikira kuzvinhu zvinodzivirira zvenyika, madhora omutero anoita kuti zvinhu zvavose zvibvire zvisati zvichizovapo mumisika yavanhu voga. Kunzwisisa ukoshi hwemitero kunobatanidza kuziva dzikamo yemari inoringanira kukwira nokuderedza kushata kwakakwana kwemari, uye pakati peruramisiro nebudiriro.

Kubatanidzwa nomutemo wemitero(kunyange kupfurikidza nokuvhota, tsinhiro yavose, kana kuti kurukurirano yakaziviswa(ibasa renyika). Gadziriro yakasanorongwa yemitero inogona kusimudzira kukura kwezvemari, kuderedza kusaenzana, uye kutsigira mabasa anovandudza kunaka kwoupenyu. Sezvo upfumi huchichinja, saizvozvowo gadziriro yemitero, inofanira kuchinjira kuruzivo rutsva rwemitero, denho dzenyika yose, uye mipimo yenzanga inochinja. Nokunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri betsero nemhizha yemitero, vagari vemo vanogona kuparira nguva yemberi inobudirira zvikuru neinosakafanira.