Munzanga yakasununguka, dzikamo pakati pechengeteko yavose norusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe ikurukurirano yenguva dzose. Masangano anochengeta mutemo anoronzeswa simba guru rokunzvera utsotsi, kutora zvinhu, uye kuvhara vanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro pasina kunzvera kukuru, simba rinogona kuva risinganzverwi nyore nyore. Imwe yedziviriro hurusa pakuvhozhokera hurumende inorevesa mutemo idikanwo yepamutemo (jekisesa mutemo wepamutemo) inomanikidza mapurisa kuwana mvumo pamberi pokutsvaka dare pamberi pokunzvera zvikurusa, kubatwa netsvinyinyinyima. Ichi chinodikanwa hachisi chingoripo sedandadziro yebutaro yeburecustotry; idziviriro yemitemo inodzivirira kuva yakavanzika kwomunhu oga oga, uye inovimbisa kuzvidavirira kwomutemo. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei pamutemo zvinhu, kushanda kwazvinoitwa, uye kusakoshatswa kwematare ayo akasairwa nokuda kwomumwe anogara anogara vanhu.

Chii Chiri Murwi?

Chibvumirano chapamutemo chakapiwa nomutongi kana kuti mutongi anobvumira mutemo kuita chiito chakati, zvakadai sokunzvera nzvimbo, kubata ufakazi, kana kuti kusunga mapurisa anopika chibvumirano chinodonongodza maidi anoparira sezvinobvira (icho ndicho, chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi chaiwo uye asingachinjiki, ufakazi hwoutsotsi huchawanwa munzvimbo yakati kana kuti kuti munhu akati akaita mhaka. Mutongi ipapo anofanira kuhwirudzura kuti maidi anowirirana nechinoitika chapamutemo. Kana mutongi akagutswa, maruramiro acho anobudiswa; kana asina, hukarambwa.

Chibvumikiso chinofanira kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Ichi chinodikanwa "chokupa muromo" chinodzivisa maruramiro ehurumende dzechiNgezi — rudzi rwakabvumira zviremera zveBritain kuisa misha nebhizimisi padariro panguva yehurumende inodzorwa. Dare rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti maruramiro makurusa haanzwisisiki" pasi peEwechina Amendment. Kupfurikidza nokuraira, chinodikanwa chamapurisa anoraira mapurisa kuisa ngwariro yawo ndokururamisa zviito zvavo vasati vavhozhokera nzvimbo yapamunhu.

Nei Zvinodiwa Zvinoda Kurwa Zvichikosha

Chinodikanwa chinobatira sonzvero yakakomba pasimba ramapurisa. Pasina iko, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungagona kuita chiito nokunyumwira bedzi, kuisa vagari vemo kukunzvera kwokusatendeseka kwakavakirwa pashomanene panzvimbo yesimba kana kuti tsvete. Munhau, vagadziri veBill of Rights vaiziva zvikuru nezvengozi dzechiremera chehurumende chisingadzorwi. Gamende yeChina yakanyorwa mukupindura kwakananga kukushandiswa kwechibharo cheBritain, uko kwakabvumira vakuru vakuru vakuru vemi vemibato kunzvera ngarava ipi neipi, chiteshi, kana kuti musha pasina chikonzero. Rugwaro rweAndendiment's runoraira zvakajeka kuti "Hayi Hondo dzinodzorwa, asi pachisakiso chinobvira," ichitanga mhingamuro yakajeka pakati pezviito zvamapurisa zvinobvumirwa nomutemo.

Kutarisira dare idivi redare. Mutongi asina mhaka, panzvimbo pomukuru mukuru mumunda, anoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira pamusoro pezvingava zvisakiso zviripo. Ikoku kunoisa muiti wechisarudzo asina revo pakati pehurumende nomunhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzvera kwakavakirwa mumaidi echokwadi panzvimbo pekungwarira. Chinodikanwa chinoparirawo chinyorwa chakanyorwa, panzvimbo pechipo, rugwaro rwacho netsivit , izvo zvinogona kuhwirudzurwa gare gare nematare uye navose. Uku kujeka kunokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira; kana vakuru vakuru vakuru vakareva nhema kana kuti kubvisa maidi makuru, chibvumikiso chinogona kudenhwa, uye ufakazi hunogona kudzvinyirirwa. Kudzidzawo pamusoro penhau, ona [[FLT:] .[FLD]

Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Neganhuriro

MuUnited States, Mutemo weChina weFiji inodzivirira pamutemo panzvero isina mufungo nepfari. Mashoko awo anopa zvibvumikiso zviviri zvakajeka: maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye tapuro, uye chinodikanwa chokuti zvibvumikiso zvinopiwa bedzi pachisakiso chinobvira, chinotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kutsvakwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Dare Rapamusoro redare rakarangarira kuti kunzvera kusina kukodzera kuri [[FLT:]] hese husinganzwisisiki kutoti vawirerukidza mukati mechisinosanorondedzerwa. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa se "chinodikanwa chehondo" uye ibwe rokunzvera nomutemo wokubatwa nechinya.

Zvisinei, dziviriro dzeDzitatu Re Amendment hadzina kutsarukana. Matare akaziva kuti mumigariro yakati, kuda rugwaro rungasava runoshanda kana kuti kunopesana nekotsekano yavose. Chinokosha ndechokuti izvi zvisakafanira zvinofanira kuva zviduku uye zvisina kujeka. Kana mapurisa akatambanudza chisipo kupfuura rondedzero yawo yapakuvamba, kutsvaka kwacho kunova kusingawirirani nemitemo, uye ufakazi hungabviswa mumutemo wokuzvinyimira.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Mumakumi emakore, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaita kuti mapurisa atsvake kana kuti abate pasina mvumo.

  • Mamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi: Apo pane dikanwo yapakarepo yokudzivisa kuvadziko yomuviri, kuparadzwa kwoufakazi, kana kuti kupukunyuka kwomunyumwiri, vakuru vakuru vangapinda mumusha kana kuti kutsvaka pasina mvumo. Somuenzaniso, kana mapurisa akanzwa kurira kana kuti kurira mukati meimba, vanogona kupinda kuti vagogovera yamuro kana kuti kubata chipfuva chinotiza.
  • Shonase: Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kutsvaka, hapana pamutemo unodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa norusununguko, kwete kumanikidzwa, uye kunogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi. Mapurisa haadikanirwi kuzivisa vanhu nezvekodzero yavo yokuramba, asi matare anowanzorangarira kana munhu aiziva kuti vaigona kutaura kuti kwete. kunzvera pamvumo [ anoratidza kuti vagari vemo vazhinji vanonzwa vachimanikidzwa kuita maererano kunyange kana vasina chinhu chokuvanza.
  • Chinonzvera kusungwa kwapamutemo: Pashure pokusungwa kwapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera munhu womusungwa nenharaunda iri pedyo kusvika (Guva rakamanikana) kuti vave nechokwadi chekotsekano yevakuru vakuru ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Uku kushambadza kwakazara kwomusha kana kuti motokari kutoti mamwe maidi akakururamisa.
  • Chiono chaPhotop: Kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo ndokuona chikanganiso kana kuti ufakazi mukuona kwakajeka, vangachibata pasina maruramiro. Zvisinei, mukuru mukuru anofanira kuva nechisakiso chinobvira chokudavira chinhu ufakazi hwemhosva, uye kuwana kunofanira kuva kusina kutendeseka.
  • Kusiiwa kwemotokari kusingadzoreki: Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinogona kubva munzvimbo nokukurumidza, mapurisa angatsvaka motokari kana ine chikonzero chinobvira chokuidavira ine ufakazi hweutsotsi. Uku kusiiwa hakudi migariro yakasiana kupfuura kufamba kwemotokari. Dare Rapamusoro remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi rakaganhurira iyi yapanhambo nepakati pe Collins v. Virginia (2020), rinobata kuti kusiiwa kwemotokari hakushandi kumotokari yakamiswa mukati mesurusai.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvinotsvakwa: Mudzimwe nzvimbo dzinotarisirwa kana kuti dzinodzorwa, dzakadai senzvimbo dzokunzvera kusadhakwa, kuedzwa kwemirimo kwavashandi vezvitima pashure petsaona, kana kuti shoo dzechiteshi chendege, hurumende ingatanga kunzvera pasina nyumwiro yavanhu vamwe navamwe. Uku kunzvera kunofanira kugadzirirwa kubatira "chinodikanwa chaicho" kupfuura kuchengetwa kwomutemowo zvawo, zvakadai sekotsekano yavose kana kuti utano hwavose.

Chimwe nechimwe cheizvi zvakanatswa mumakumi amakore echikwikwidzo, uye miganhu yazvo ichiri kurwiswa. Nokuda kwechitsama chakajeka, Cornell Legal Information Institute pakunzvera nokubvuta [[FLT: 1] inzvimbo yakaisvonaka.

Mutemo Wokugumisa

Kuparadza mutemo idzidziso yakaitwa nomutongi inorambidza hurumende kushandisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGavhura rechina pakutongwa. Yakatanga kushandiswa kumatare ehurumende mu Weeks v. United States (14) uye yatambanudzirwa kumatare mu [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio[[FLT]]]] [1961]]. Chinangwa chomutemo ndechokudzivisa kusazvibata kwemapurisa uye kuchengeta perero yedare. Pasi pokutonga, chinodikanwa chaizova chisina mano; vakuru vakuru vaizova nechishuvo chiduku chokuwana kana ufakazi husati huri hwapamutemo hungagona kutorerwa. Vatsoropotetendi vanowana kuti vawane pamutemo. Vatsoropotetetete kuti dzimwe nguva kupfurikidza namashoko vane mhaka dzinova dzinoshatsariranwa kuti dzishandurwe kupfurikidza. Vatsoronge vakawana kuti mutemo wacho usati watonge watongedzerwa.

Kushanda Kwokutsvakurudza Kusingakundikani

Apo mufambiro wamapurisa unotsvaka pasina murairo(uye pasina kuwira mungozi inozivikanwa) miuyo inogona kuva yakakomba. Pamwero womunhu mumwe nomumwe, kunzvera kusina kukodzera kuvhozhokera kwapachivande uko kunogona kukuvadza munhu ane musha kana kuti muviri unonzverwa pasina bvumirano. Vakuru vakuru vangavhura zvinhu zvavo vamene, kutora zvinhu pasina pembedzo, uye kuparira kuvadziko yendangariro. Pamwero wetsika, kunzvera kusina kufanira kunopedza chivimbo chavanhu mumitemo. Vagari vanorangarira kuti vanogona kumiswa kana kuti kunzverwa panguva ipi neipi havatongogoni kubatira pamwe chete nemapurisa, kushuma utsotsi, kana kuti kupupurira sezvapupu. Ikoku kunosekesa chengeteko yavose panzvimbo pokukusimudzira.

Uyezve, ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo hunodzorwa zvikurukuru mumutemo wokuparadza, kureva kuti hahugoni kushandiswa mumhaka yomuchuchisi. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukubviswa kwemhosva kana kuti kuchinjwa kwenhau pakukwirira. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndi Riley v. California [2014] (2014, apo Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuti mapurisa anofanira kuwana mashoko etsika asati anzvera mashoko eserura eserura abatwa mukati mokusungwa. Dare rinozivikanwa kuti mafoni anogara mashoko akawanda omunhu oga, mazita, mapepa enhau enhau, marekodhekirwo, anorekodha mari. Nhairworgineti dzinoshandisa maruramiro zvikuru, kutonge akaenzana nomutemo wenhau.

Chimwe chiitiko chechiratidzo ndeche Kambate v. United States (2017), iyo yakataura kuwanikwa kwemasero-matongo enhau (CSLI) kubva kuvatakuri vemichina. Dare rairangarira kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika muzvinyorwa zvavo zvemibato sezvinoratidzwa nesero remouse, uye kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana pamutemo rakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvinobvira. Iyi chisarudzo chakaramba "dzidziso yetatu yechechi," iyo yaimbovanzwa kuti mashoko anogoveranwa nokuzvidira nechipo chebasa akanga asina kudzivirirwa. [[FLT:] [FLD]] CEPFFOT] zvino inodzivirira nzvimbo inodzivirira panhau inotenzi inotesanwa, nguva inoteverwa pamutemo kana kuti tatomira mativi ose.[FUFU]

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kupopotedzana Kunopfuurira

Chinodikanwa chinotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva muzana ramakore makumi maviri nerekutanga. Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwemichina, mapurogiramu okuongorora, uye kukura kwemashoko anounganidzwa nemakambani ega oga zvakavhiringidza zvikuru urongwa hwetsika. Masangano emitemo anochengetedza anotsamira paufakazi hwemawadhi ne(email), mashoko enzanga, kutengeserana, uye kunyange mashoko anobva kumasangano akangwara epamusha akadai seAmazon Echo kana kuti Ring pasuo. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mapurisa anotaura kuti havadi maruramiro nemhaka yokuti mashoko acho anochengetwa nebato rechitatu (mugoveri webasa) uye nokudaro anowira kunze kweWechina. Zvisinei, [[FLT:]] Cententerry [[FLT: 1]] chisarudzo chokuti Dare guru rinodisa kugadziridza muganhu weDzine, kuziva kuti kushaiwa chivandengedzero chechitatu.

Imwe nzvimbo yeitiro hanya kushandiswa kwe "kuvaka kwapachikamu chimwe," uko mapurisa anowana ufakazi kupfurikidza nenzira dzisina pamutemo. Kwakadai seNational Security Agency agency inoongororwa pasina murairo(* uye ipapo funga nezvenguva yakapfuura kutanga ruramiso yapamutemo kuisa pachena mavambo ayo. Iyi muitiro unosekesa chinodikanwa chetendero ndokuparadza tapuro yemitemo inodzivisa. Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akaraira kuti pave nokujeka kukuru zvikuru uye kuti matare amanikidzire zvakasimba chinodikanwa kunyange apo kunzvera kweruzivo rwesayenzi kunobatanidzwa.

Kuganhura panhambo yamarudzi ose, dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzinochengeta zvinodikanwa zvakafanana, kunyange zvazvo udzame huchisiana. Somuenzaniso, muEuropean Convention on Human Rights, Article 8 inodzivirira upenyu hwomunhu oga nehwemhuri, musha, uye nyorerana. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakati kudzongonyedza kupi nokupi kwezviremera zvehurumende kunofanira kuva "kuwirirana nomutemo" uye "kudikanwa munzanga yedemocracy," uko kunowanzoda mvumo yedare redare. Nheyo yacho ndiimwe cheteyo: mutongi anozvimirira anofanira kuongorora mavambo okukanganisa kusati kwaitika, kwete pashure pazvo. Chirati chezvinodikanwa chepamutemo kudarika zvikamu zvose chinogona kuwanikwa mu [[FLT: 0] Dare rekodzero dzavanhu paChikamu 8[FLT]

mhedziso

Chinodikanwa chinobvumirwa hachisi muitirowo zvawo; iko kuganhurirwa kwechiito chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chebumbiro-mitemo. Kupfurikidza nokuisa mutongi asingatori rutivi pakati pehurumende nomunhu, kunovimbisa kuti nzvero nepfari zvinoruramiswa nezvikonzero zvinobvira, zvakagadzirirwa, uye zvakavakirwa kuutariri hwedare. Zvishamiso zviripo, asi zvinoganhurirwa nokungwarira kumigariro umo kudikanwa kwechiito chokukurumidzira kunokunda fariro yapachivande padanda. Apo zvisipo zvinorevererwa zvikuru (kana kuti) apo mapurisa anofuratira chose chose chose chinodikanwa (hwunowanzova kuputswa kwamaruramiro makuru, kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi, uye kurasikirwa nechivimbo chavose mugadziriro yeruramisiro.

Panguva inova nezvishandiso zvemichina zvokuongorora uye zvokushandisa zvine simba, kuchengeta chinodikanwa chokupa mutemo chinokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa maruramiro avo, uye matare anofanira kuramba akangwarira mukududzira Firimendement yeChina kuti vakurukure ruzivo rutsva. Dzikamo pakati pechengeteko norusununguko yakakomba, asi chinodikanwa chinogovera gadziriro yakaedzwa yenguva yokuchengeta chiyero ichocho. Kuremekedza hachisi chiratidzo chokuva anongwarira kuutsotsi; imhiko kumutemo umene.