Table of Contents

Fandesheni yeSosaiti Yavagari Vemo: Kunzwisisa Kukosha Kwokubhadhara Mitero

Mitero inopfuura kungovawo zvayo musengwa wemari wepepuko yazvino uno. Mugwagwa mumwe nomumwe, chikoro, chipatara, uye mambure okudzivirira ruzhinji zvinotsamira pakufamba kwenguva dzose kwemitero. Kupfurikidza nokuripa mitero, vanhu namabhizimisi zvinopa mari kuboka iro mari yemibato negadziriro zvinoita kuti nzanga dzive dzinobhadharwa, dzakakotseka, uye dzinobudirira. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rakasiyana - siyana remitero munzanga, marudzi akasiyana- siyana emitero, nei kutera mitero, uye chii chinoitika apo tsika inopunzika.

Kutsanangura Mitero Zviri Nyore Kune Zvine Zvakawanda Zvinonetsa

Mutero mutero unosungirwa kubhadharwa nehurumende pavagari vemo vawo, vagari vemo, kana kuti mabhizimisi. Kusafanana nemibhadharo yokuzvidira kana kuti mitero yemabasa, mitero inomanikidzirwa uye inomanikidzirwa nomutemo. Donzo guru remitero nderokuparira mari yokuwanisa mari inobhadharwa nehurumende — asi mutero unobatirawo nharidzano dzeshure dzakadai sokuparadzira mari, kutarisira nhevedzano yemari, uye kupesvedzera mufambiro (mutoo, kubhadhara fodya kurambidza kusvuta).

Mitero yacho inosiyana - siyana zvichienderana nenyika uye zvinoratidza kuti nyika nevanhu vayo vanoshanda pamwe chete.

Kukosha Kwomutero Munhau Dzakararama

Mavambo Ekare

Umambo hweRoma hwaitsigira nemari yemitero yemauto neyevanhu vose kuburikidza nemitero yakaoma yeruwa, yetsika, uye yenhaka.MuMiddle Ages, mutero waishandiswa sezvegumi (mitero yechechi) uye mitero yaipiwa (yakavakirwa panhamba yenzvimbo dzinodzima moto mumusha).

Mhindumupindu Yazvino Uno

Mutero wemari yaitambirwa munyika yeBritain wakatanga kubhadharwa mutero wechinguvana muna 1799 kuti utsigire mutero weNapoleonic Wars, uye United States yakagamuchira mutero wechigarire wehurumende wemari nePendementer yechi 16 muna 1913. Nokufamba kwenguva, mitero yakatanga kuwedzera kufambira mberi — zvinoreva kuti vawani vemitero vaibhadhara mari yakawanda zvikuru zvokuwedzera zera razvo — sezvo nzanga dzakaziva kudikanwa kwokutsigira mabasa avose anoitwa nevanhu vose zvakadai sedzidzo, kuchengeteka kwenzanga, uye kutarisirwa kweutano.

Basa Remitero Munzanga: Kunze Kwemitero Inounganidzwa

Hedzino nzvimbo dzinokosha apo mitero inoita musiano chaiwoiwo:

Dzidzo Yavose

Mitero yemitero yemari nemitero yemari inogovera mugove mukurusa wemari yezvikoro neyunivhesiti dzavose K-12. MuUnited States, pamusoro pe 90% yemari yechikoro yavose inobva kuhurumende nemitero yomunzvimbomo. Iyi mari inofukidza mitero yomudzidzisi, zvinhu zvekirasi, zvivako zvedzidzo chaiyo, uye mibato yepashure pechikoro. Pasina mitero, mukana wedzidzo waizotsamira padokuva papfuma yomunhu oga.

Masangano Okurapa

Munyika dzine gadziriro dzokutarisira utano hwavanhu vose — dzakadai seCanada, United Kingdom, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope — mitero inobhadharira zvipatara, makiriniki, nzvero dzezvokurapa, uye gadziriro dzemirimo inobvumirwa nachiremba. Kunyange munyika dzinotsamira zvikuru painishuwarenzi yomunhu oga, kufanana neUnited States, mari yemitero yemari yeMedicare, Medicaid, Health Inshuwarence Program (CHIP), uye zvirongwa zvoutano zvevoruzhinji zvakafanana nokuparadzirwa kwemishonga nenzvero dzehosha.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Migwagwa, mabhiriji, nhandare dzendege, kufambiswa kwavanhu, nzvimbo dzokurapa mvura, uye michero yemagetsi zvose zvinotsigirwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yepeturesi, zvikurukuru mitero yepeturesi, mitero yemitero yezvinhu, uye mari yehurumende. American Society of Civil Enginegers inofungidzira kuti U.S. inoda mabhiriyoni $2.6 mumari inochengetedzwa yepfuma mumakore gumi anotevera] mari inofanira kubva mumitero, mitero yebasa, kana kuti kukwereta.

Masangano Okubatsira Vanhu Nemambure Okuchengeteka

Gadziriro dzokutsigira mitero dzinotsigira vakwegura (Sayenzi yeSabata, mari yomudyandigere), marovha (inishuwarenzi yokusashanda), mhuri dzinowana mari shoma (yakaderera yezvokudya, varapi vedzimba), uye vanhu vane urema. Idzi gadziriro dzinoderedza urombo uye dzinogovera dziviriro mukati medzisina kusimba dzemari. Mukuwirirana ne CD[[FLT]], mari inotengwa yavose nokuda kweinenge 20% yeGDP munyika dzakabudirira.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose uye Kuzvidzivirira Kwenyika

Madhipatimendi amapurisa, nzvimbo dzokudzima moto, mabasa okurapa ekurumidziro, matare, majeri, uye mauto zvose zvinotsigirwa nemitero. Muna 2024, hurumende yeUnited States inopedzera mabhiriyoni 800 [$ pakuzvidzivirira bedzi. Panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, mitero yenzvimbo inowanzotsigira mapurisa namabasa okudzima moto anogamuchira migariro yezuva nezuva.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mitero inotsigirawo zvirongwa zvemhoteredzo: gadziriro dzemvura dzakachena, mapaki enyika, kuongorora kushatisa, kudzorerwa kwesimba rinovakwazve, uye kunzvera mamiriro okunze. Dzimwe hurumende dzinoshandisa mitero yemhoteredzo yakadai semitero yecarbon, (hwuchiviri kuderedza kubudiswa kwemvura kunokuvadza uye kuderedza mari yokushandisa mari yegirini.)

Marudzi Emitero Aunofanira Kuziva

Mutero Wemari

Mutero wemari inotambirwa chikamu muzana chemari inobhadharwa kuhurumende. Nyika zhinjisa dzine mutero wemari inotambirwa inofambira mberi, umo mwero wemitero inowedzera nezvikwata zvemari inotambirwa. Somuenzaniso, mari yemari yeUnited States inovambira pa 10% kusvikira ku 37% inotsamira pamari inobhadharwa.

Kutenga Mutero

Munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai sezvipo nemishonga zvinohesvurwa kana kuti kubhadharwa mari shoma kuti zvideredze mutoro padzimba dzinowana mari shoma.

Mutero Wezvinhu

Mitero yezvinhu yakavakirwa paukoshi hwakaongororwa hwenzvimbo nezvivako. Zvikoro zvemo zvinotsigira nemari, migwagwa, uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu. Varidzi vedzimba vanogona kubvisa mitero yemari pamutero wavo wemari inodzorwa munyika dzakawanda, izvo zvinoderedza mutengo wemambure.

Mutero Wemaune

Mutero wemari inobhadharwa ireyi yemhindu yemakambani. Mwero yemitero yehurumende yehurumende yakaderera munyika yose mumakumi amakore mashomanene apfuura sezvo nyika dzinokwikwidzana kukwezva bhizimisi. OECD yakatungamirira nhamburiko kutanga mwero muduku wemitero yesangano renyika yose we 15% kudzivisa "kutora dzinza kusvikira pasi."

Guta Rinowana Mutero

Mutero wemari unopinzwa kumari inotengeswa yakadai semasheya, mabonde, nzvimbo, uye zvinounganidzwa. Kuwana mari yegore rakareba (masero anochengetwa kwerinopfuura gore) kunowanzobhadharwa mari shoma kupfuura mariwo zvayo kukurudzira kuisa mari mubhizimisi.

Mitero Yakakwana Nevatongi

Mitero inoiswa pazvinhu chaizvo zvakadai sedoro, fodya, peturu, uye matikiti endege. zvinowanzobatira donzo rimwe: kusimudzira mari nokushandisa zvinoodza mwoyo.

Nei Kubhadhara Mitero Kuchikosha: Zvikonzero Zvishanu Zvinokosha

Kubudirira Kwenzanga uye Zvinhu Zvevanhu Vose

Izvozvi zvinhu zvinobetsera munhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo namano okubhadhara. Nharaunda yavose inosanochengetwa inovandudza mipimo yepfuma, inoderedza utsotsi, uye inovandudza kunaka kwoupenyu.

2. Kugadzikana Kwemari

Mukati mekuderera kwemari, mari yemitero inowanzoderera, asi kupambadza kwehurumende kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai sebetsero dzourovha nezvirongwa zvegadziriro zvezvirongwa zvehwaro kunogona kudzikamisa upfumi. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sokuzvidzora kunoitika kwoga.

3. Kugovera Nokururamisira

Mitero inofambira mberi namapurogiramu okupfuudza akaganhurira mukaha pakati pavapfumi navarombo. World Bank [ inocherekedza kuti nyika dzine mitero inofambira mberi zvikuru dzinova nekusaenzana kwakaderera. Pasina mitero, betsero dzewedzero yemari dzinganangidzira ngwariro pakati pavapfumi.

4. Kuedza Kuita Zvinhu Zvinokosha

Makamuri ekurumidziro, marori okudzima moto, mapurisa anorinda, uye zvikoro zvehurumende zvinowanika kuna vose nemhaka yokuti mitero inovimbisa mari yavo. Nokuda kwemitero inotsiva mibayiro iripo nokuda kwemimwe mibato, asi havagoni kutsiva kusvika kwese kwese uko gadziriro dzinotakura mitero dzinogovera. Kubhadhara mitero kunovimbisa kuti mwana anorwara kubva kumhuri inowana mari yakaderera achawana mishonga.

5. Basa rehurumende Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Kana pasina mari yemitero yakakwana, hurumende hadzigoni kuita kuti mitemo itevedzerwe, kuchengetedza kurongeka, kana kuti kumiririra vagari vemunyika yose.

Migumisiro Yokusabhadhara Mitero

Kupiwa Mhaka Kwepamutemo

Kunzvenga mutero() kusingashandisi mari inovigwa kana kuti zvinhu zvokudzivisa kubhadhara mitero(imhaka). Chibharo chinobatanidza faindi, mutero pamusoro pemitero isingabhadharwi, kupamba zvinhu, uye kunyange kuiswa mutorongo. MuUnited States, kunzvenga mutero kunogona kuguma namakore mashanu mutorongo rehurumende. Kunyange kukundikana kudzorera chirango.

Masangano Avanhu Vose Akaderedzwa

Kana vanhu vakawanda kana kuti masangano akanzvenga mitero, hurumende inowana mari shoma. Izvi zvinoita kuti ideredze dzidzo, kugadziridzwa kwemasangano ezvirongwa zvemasangano. Somuenzaniso, kusatora mitero kwakapararira muGreece muma 2000 kwakaita kuti pave nenjodzi yezvikwereti zvehurumende uye zviito zvakazotevera.

Kuderera Kwemari

Kusaripira kunoderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwegadziriro dzemitero. Apo kuzviisa pasi, hurumende dzinowanzokwidza mwero pane avo vanobhadhara, kuchiparira mutoro unorema pavagari vemo vanodzivisa mutemo namabhizimisi. Ikoku kunogona kuodza mwoyo basa nokuisa mari mubhizimisi, kuchikuvadza kukura kwemari yose zvayo.

Kusaenzana Kwenzanga

Vapfumi pavanorega kubhadhara mitero, varombo nevepakati vanobhadhara mari yakawanda, uye kusaenzana kunowedzera.

Kurasikirwa Nechivimbo

Tsika yokusabhadhara inoderedza kuvimba nehurumende nebvumirano yenzanga. Vagari vemo havadi kubhadhara mitero kana vachifunga kuti vamwe havabhadhari. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuderera kwemari inoderera, mabasa ane urombo, uye kusava nemutezo.

Mutero unodzivisa kumanikidzwa. Mutero unodzivisa; Musiyano ndoweiko?

Kunzwisisa musiyano wacho kunokosha. Kudzivisa kwomutero kusiri kwapamutemo: kunobatanidza kuvanza namaune mari, mari inokweverwa, kana kuti kukundikana kunyora mafaira. Tax kudzivisa kudzora[[ iri kushandisa mitoo yapamutemo kuderedza mutero wemitero, somuenzaniso, kubetsera kubhadharira mari yepedzero, kushandisa mutengo nechikwereti, kana kuti kubhajekesa mari kuti ikwane mari yemari inodzorwa nokuda kwemitengo yakaderera. Nepo kudzivisa kushambata kwapamutemo, zvirongwa zvamasimba masimba zvinonyanyotsoropodzwa sezvisina kururama uye zvinogona kubvisa mutero. Nyika zhinji dzakaita kuti Anti-Adruvate Mitengo yemitero inoitwa kurwisana nokurwisa kurwisana mitero.

Kushandira Mitero Kunokurudzira: Kutsigira Tsika Ine Utano

Dzidzo Nokungwarira

Vagari vemo vane bviro huru yokuwirirana apo vanonzwisisa kuti mitero inoshandiswa sei. Hurumende dzinofanira kubudisa mishumo yakajeka, inosvikika pamusoro pechitsama chemari yomutero. Nyika zhinji dzinogovera maraiti anoratidza kuti mari yavo inopedzerwa sei — somuenzaniso, "Maripira $X mumitero, iyo yakatsigira maawa Y edzidzo uye Z makiromita omugwagwa.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti mari yemitero inoshandiswa zvinobudirira uye pasina uori, kuzviisa pasi kunovandudza. Mitemo yokubhadharwa kwemari, nhano dzemabhajeti dzakazaruka, uye matare anotarisira vagari vemo anobetsera kuvaka chivimbo. International Worldwide Bactal Stanigship[[FLT: 1] inoronga nyika pakuona bhajeti.

Kusimbisa uye Kutsigira

Mitero yakakomba inokurudzira zvikanganiso uye kusaita kuti zvive nyore. Zvimiro zvokurerutsa, kupa rubatsiro rwepabudisi rapachena, uye kugovera nhungamiro yakajeka zvinoderedza mutoro pamitero. Nyika zhinji zvino dzinopa mitero yakazadzwa yakavakirwa pamitero yapabasa namashoko ebhangi, zvichiita kuti kuwirirana kuve nyore zvikuru.

Kubhadharwa Nokubhadharwa

Mibayiro nokuda kwomubhadharo wakakodzera nguva .kwakadai semibayiro yefariro kana kuti kupinda murotari dzavose._kwakaedzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kudzikamisa kwakasimba, kubatanidza kucherekedzwa kwemichinjikwa kwemazita (g., mari inoshumwa nevashandirwi kudzokororo dzomunhu oga), kunowedzera ngozi yokuwana.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga

Kushandisa mari nemari kunobatsira kuronga mari yauchashandisa mumaguta akadai sePorto Alegre, Brazil, uye New York City, USA.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Mitero

Mitero inosiana zvikuru munyika dzose. Nyika dzeScandinavia dzakadai seDenmark neSweden dzine mwero yakakwirira yemitero (inosvika 55% nokuda kwavawani vemari vakakwirira) asi dzinopawo mabasa makuru avose, kubatanidza dzidzo yapamusoro yapachena, mazororo avabereki, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano munyika dzose.

Nyika dzichiri kubudirira dzinowanzoparapatika nokuteerera mitero nemhaka yemari huru yamasanga, udzori hushoma, uye ushati. Mukuwirirana ne International Monetary Fund[, kuvandudza kuunganidzwa kwemitero munyika dzinowanwa dzakaderera kunokosha nokuda kwokuwana Sungitable Development Revolution.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuteresa Mutero: Miitiro Nezvinetso

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nezvemari

Sezvo basa richienda paIndaneti nepanzvimbo dzemakombiyuta dzakadai seUber, Airbnb, uye misika yepamusoro penyika, hurumende dziri kusangana nematambudziko ekutora mitero yemitero yemitero yemitero iyi.

Mutero Mushoma Wapasi Pose

Muna 2021, nyika dzinopfuura 130 dzakabvumirana nemwero wemitero yemakambani yakaderera yenyika yose ye15%, yakaitirwa kuderedza purofiti inochinja nemasangano emarudzi akawanda. Kushandiswa kuri kuitwa, uye kunomirira kumwe kuchinja mutero kunokosha zvikuru munyika yose muzana remakore.

Kubhadhara Mutero Wemhoteredzo

Mitero yecarbon nemichina yekapuni iri kuva inozivikanwa zvikuru sezvishandiso zvokurwisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Mari inobva mumitero iyi inogona kutsigira mabasa esimba anomutsidzirwa kana kuti kudzorerwa kuvagari vemo se “mibayiro yecarbon. ” World Bank inoshuma kuti sepanosvika 2024, nhano dzinopfuura 70 dzokugadzira carbon prigeta dziri munzvimbo yenyika yose.

Mitero Yepfuma

Nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope dzine mitero yepfuma, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vakaibhadhara nemhaka yezvinetso zvokumanikidza uye kubhururuka nendege.

Mugumisiro: Kutengawo Mari Mune Remangwana Redu

Kubhadhara mitero haisi musengwa wapamutemo chete, uye inongova bhizimisi rinogoverwa munzanga yatinoda kurarama mariri. Mari imwe neimwe inounganidzwa nemitero inomirira musengwa wokuvaka zvikoro zviri nani, nzanga dzakakotsekana, masangano akasimba, uye mhoteredzo ine utano. Nepo mitero isingatongokwani, uye nharo pamusoro pemwero nemitemo yokururamisira zvichagara zviripo, nheyo inokosha inoramba iripo: nzanga inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo munhu ari wose anobetsera mukuwirirana namano avo uye anowana betsero mukuwirirana nechinodikanwa chavo.[ kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa ukoshingamidzero yemitero uye kuwirirana nemitero, vagari vemo uye mabhizimisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukutsigira zvinhu izvo zvinoita upenyu hwazvinobvira.