Table of Contents
Sumo: Bherohwe reDemocratic Society
Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi inoshanda, dziviriro yerusununguko rwomunhu oga haisati iriwo zvayo maruramiro apamutemo asi hwaro humene pari pahuri. Udyire hwavagari vemo nerusununguko zvinodzivirira vagari vemo pakanga pasina chikonzero chehurumende (hwunosiyanisa chaunga chakasununguka nechamasimba makuru. Zvinogonesa kutsinhana kwapachena kwemifungo, kusimudzira kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinovimbisa kuti simba rirambe richizvidavirira kuvanhu. Pasina rusununguko rukuru rwavagari vemo, magamuchidzanwa anova asina maturo, kusawirirana kunobviswa, uye manzwi mashoma anodzvinyirirwa. Kunzwisisa, kudzivirira, uye kuwedzera rusununguko urwu naizvozvo kunokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anokoshesa rusununguko.
Nyaya ino inoongorora rusununguko rwevanhu, kushanduka - shanduka kwavo, basa ravo rinokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, matambudziko avanosangana nawo panguva ino, uye zvatinogona kuita kuti tidzivirire zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.
Kusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose Chii?
Rusununguko rwavagari vemo idziviriro dzapamutemo muchiito chehurumende. Dzinowanzoiswa mubumbiro remitemo renyika, murau wamaruramiro, kana kuti zvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu vamarudzi ose. Kusafanana nekodzero dzavanhu. (zvinowanzoda chiito chapamutemo chehurumende kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana($_kazhinji rusununguko rwechivolcial rusununguko rwakaipa: vanoisa miganhu pane izvo hurumende inogona kuita kuvanhu vamwe navamwe.
Nepo ndaza yakananga ichisiyana nenyika, hurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa dzinoziva mavambo orusununguko rwevagari vemo:
- Rusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura[ - maruramiro okutaura, kunyora, uye kubudisa mirangariro pasina kunzvera kwehurumende.
- [ Rusununguko rworudzidziso - maruramiro okushandisa kutenda kupi nokupi kana kuti kusatongova nako, rusina kumanikidzwa nehurumende.
- [ Kururamira kuvandika - dziviriro pakunzvera kusina kufanira, kunzvera, uye kuunganidzwa kwamanyoro kunoitwa nehurumende.
- [ kumufambiro wakafanira [ - dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakadai sekutongwa kwakarurama, kumiririrwa kwapamutemo, uye dziviriro pakusungwa nenzira youdzvinyiriri.
- [ Rusununguko rwegungano nesonganiro – maruramiro okuunganidza norugare ndokuumba mapoka kana kuti mubatanidzwa.
- Rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau - kuzvimirira kwezvinobudisa nhau kushuma pasina kudzongonyedzwa nehurumende.
- [ Kukumbira [ - mano okutsvaka kugadziridza kuhurumende.
Zvisinei, kuganhurirwa kupi nokupi kunofanira kusanorongwa uye kururamiswa pamutemo. Mutoro woufakazi nguva dzose uri kuhurumende kuratidza chikonzero nei ganhuriro iri madikanwa munzanga yakasununguka.
Kusiyana Pakati Pekusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vomunyika Nekodzero Dzevanhu
Kunokosha kusiyanisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzevagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo mashoko anowanzoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana. Rusununguko rwavagari vemo idziviriro kubva ku hurumende yakakunda (Somuenzaniso, First Amendment maruramiro okutaura norusununguko. Kodzero dzavagari vemo, kune rumwe rutivi, zvibvumikiso zvokurapa kwakaenzana uye kusasarura, zvakadai sekodzero yokuvhota, kuwana dzimba, kana kuti kugamuchira dzidzo pasinei zvapo nedzinza, kuva munhukadzi, kana kuti urema. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha, asi zvinoda kusvika kwapamutemo nomutemo.
Basa Rokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu
Ubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunopfuura unongova ubati ushe hwakawanda. Hunoda musika wechokwadi wepfungwa, umo vagari vemo vanogona kukurukura, kutsoropodza, uye kupesvedzera pasina rutyo.
Kutora Rutivi Rwezvematongerwe Enyika Kunoderera
Vasingazvizivi kuti vapi navapi vanorwisana navazhinji, havagoni kuva nemhaka yezvisarudzo.
Kudzivirira Manzwi Maduku
Munzanga ipi neipi, voruzhinji vanogona kuedzwa kudzvinyirira mirangariro isina kukurumbira kana kuti mapoka ane dziviriro. Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runoshanda sedziviriro nokuda kwevaduku(vaduku) vorudzidziso, vedzinza, vezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti vepfungwa. Vanovimbisa kuti kunyange vanhu vakazvideredza zvikurusa vanogona kutsigira kodzero dzavo ndokumanikidza kuchinja kupfurikidza nemitoo ine rugare.
Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka
Chiteshi chakasununguka chenhau nedziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokuvhozhokera kunze kwehurumende. Vatori venhau, vanorwira, uye vagariwo zvavo vanogona kuratidzira uori, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kukundikana kwemiitiro. Apo rusununguko rwavagari vemo runenge rwakasimba, hurumende haigoni kuvanza zvakaipa zvayo seri kwechifukidzo chechivande. Somuenzaniso, Pentagon Papers [ chinyorwa muna 1971] chakaratidzira kuti rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau rwaigona sei kunzvera kudzorwa kwomukuru mukuru mukuru mukati me munguva yehondo.
Kutsvaka Kuchinja uye Kufambira Mberi Kwenzanga
Sangano dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo dzinokombamira kuva dzine simba zvikuru. Rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kunzvera kwounyanzvi, uye nzvero yesayenzi zvinobudirira apo vanzveri navasiki vasingamanikidzwi neouorthodox. Masangano makuru enzanga (kubva mukurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kwedzinza kusvikira kurwisa nokuda kweiyi mvumo yokuronga, kutsutsutsumwa, uye kushandura murangariro wavose.
Nhoroondo Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo
Pfungwa yokuti vanhu vane kodzero dzatinofanira kuremekedza ndeyemazuva achangopfuura uye inyaya dzakaitika kare dzakawedzera rusununguko rwevanhu kwemazana emakore.
Nheyo Dzapakuvamba: Magna Carta naHabeas Corpus
Magna Carta wa1215 akatanga pfungwa yokuchinja yokuti mambo akanga asina kudarika mutemo.
Kujekeswa uye Kuzivikanwa Kwekodzero
Vanofunga saJohn Locke naMontesquieu vakaitirana nharo nokuda kwamaruramiro omuzvarirwo . Pfungwa idzi dzakawana ratidziro chaiyo muU.S. Bill of Rights (1791), iyo yakabatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Panenge panguva imwe cheteyo, kuzivisa kweFrance kodzero dzomunhu nedzechiPontity [[FLT]] [1]
Kuwedzera Kwezana Remakore Rechi19 Nerechi20
Kubviswa kwouranda, sangano ravakadzi, uye sangano ravashandi zvose zvakatsamira parusununguko rwavanhu kuti zvidiwe. MuUnited States, Amendment yechi 14 (168) yakatambanudzira dziviriro dzehurumende kuzviito zvehurumende, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro pashoma napashoma rakashandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza nokubatanidza. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), yakagamuchirwa neUN General Assembly, yakagadza mupimo wenyika yose, ichizivisa kuti “vanhu vose vanoberekwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera nekodzero.”
Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nguva Nekupfuura
Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 pakava nehondo huru dzapamutemo kuti dzimanikidze rusununguko rwavagari vemo nokuda kwavagari vemo veAfrica, kubatanidza nhau dzechiratidzo Brown v. Board of Education (1854] na[FLT]Gideon v. Wainr[ chisarudzo chakarurama [[[FLT:]] [6] [6]] [6]) [6] (kururamira kuzano). Gare gare gare gare, [FLT:] Roe v.[FLT] .[[FLT:]
Zvinetso Kurusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika Dzazvino Uno
Pasinei nokuti rusununguko rwevanhu rwakabva papi, runogara ruchidzvinyirirwa, kunyanya panguva dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzine dambudziko.
Kuwedzera Kwezvinhu Zvakawanda Nezvakavanzika
Kufambira mberi mune zvekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakaita kuti hurumende dzikwanise kuongorora zvinhu zvisina kumboitika. Zviratidzo zvakaitwa naEdward Snowden muna 2013 zvakaratidza kuti National Security Agency (NSA) yakanga ichiunganidza mitauro yezvitatina pamamiriyoni evanhu vokuAmerica nevokune dzimwe nyika pasina mvumo. Kuwedzera kwokuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuongorora kwechiI, uye mashoko anodzorwa nevose vatambi vehurumende uye vemunhu oga vanotyisidzira kodzero yokuva voga. Mitemo yakadai seUSA PTRIOTT Act uye vatsivi vayo vakatsiva nayo yakaderedza dziviriro dzeDNUD, kazhinji kacho nokutarisira kusinganyanyi.
Ganhuriro Pakutaura Nokubudisa Nhau
Hurumende kupota nyika yose dzinoshandisa nenzira inowedzera kutaura kwe “chengeteko yamarudzi,”“ kurwisana netsinhirano yenzanga” kuderedza kusabvumirana. Vatori venhau vanoiswa mutorongo, mitemo yokuramba inosimbiswa, uye kuongororwa kweInternet kunowedzera. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, musiyano pakati pokutungamirira kutaura kunokuvadza nokutsoropodza kwapamutemo uri kuedzwa. ACLU nhamburiko dzapachena dzekutaura [[ dzinosimbisa kurwa kwekuramba kuchizarukira kurukurirano yavose.
Kurwisa Mapoka Maduku
Nzanga dzinotama, mapoka maduku orudzidziso, uye mapoka amadzinza kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nemitemo youpameso kana kuti mapurisa.
Kudzvinyirirwa Kwegungano Rine Rugare
Kuramba kune rugare chiratidzo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva zviremera kazhinji kazhinji zvinopindura nesimba rakanyanyisa, kusungwa kwavazhinji, uye mitemo mitsva inoganhurira gungano. Kuramba kwe# BREEDLives Matter kwa 2020 kwakaona nguva dzokusvika pamba, gasi rinochetura, uye vamiriri vehurumende vakarongerwa kurwisa vamiririri vemadhemoni. Kuparadza kwakafanana kunoitika munyika dzakadai seHong Kong, umo mutemo wechengeteko worudzi wakapara mhosva nenzira inobudirira zvimiro zvakawanda zvokusabvumirana.
Kuderera Kwezvinenge Zvaitwa
Kuchengetwa kwokudzivirira, matare epachivande, uye kushandiswa kwematare ehondo nokuda kwavasiri varwi kunosekesa kururama kukuru. Pashure pe9/11, United States yakasunga mazana avanhu paGuantámo Bay pasina kutongwa nokusingaperi. Kushandiswa kwe “zvikamu zviduku zvemari, kupfigirwa woga, uye kusungwa pasina pomero kunomirira kudzokera shure kwakakomba padziviriro dzakafanira.
Nzira Yokudzivirira Nayo Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete
Kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo kunoda kuvimbisana kwokushingaira pamwero uri wose() munhu oga, nzanga, uye sangano.Hedzi nzira dzinoshanda idzo vagari vemo nehurumende vanogona kuita.
Zvidzidzise Uye Udzidzise Vamwe
Kudzidza bumbiro remitemo renyika yako, kuverenga Dare Repamusorosoro kana kuti dare remitemo, uye kutevera basa remasangano erusununguko rwevagari vemo.
Tsigira Masangano Anosunungura Vagari Vomunyika
Mapoka asingapinduri neadhikoni anoita basa rinokosha mumaritari, dzidzo, uye kukurudzira. Rangarira mapoka anotsigira akaita se American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), [[FLT]] Extronic Foundation (FFF)[FLT]], kana kuti Amnesty International. Masangano aya anoshandisa tsandanyama yepamutemo kudenha mitemo inopesana uye anogovera zviwiro nokuda kwevatsigiri.
Batanidzwa Mukuita Kworugare Nokuva Mudzori
Uravire netsamba dzaunopiwa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uitewo chimwe chinhu, urambe, unokumbira, uye uchipinda nzvimbo dzinowanikwa vanhu vakawanda.
Ita Kuti Vakuru vakuru Vehurumende Vazvidavirire
Kurumidza vanoda kuva nembiri yakasimba pamusoro perusununguko rwevagari vemo. Shandisa rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko kukumbira mashoko pamapurogiramu anoongorora. Tsigira vanoridza mhete vanofumura chakaipa. Kuraira kuti masangano anochengeta mutemo agamuchire mitemo inoremekedza kuvandika, inorambidza kusarura dzinza, uye inovimbisa kuzvidavirira nokuda kwezvakaipa.
Tsigira Kuchengetedzwa Kwokutonga Kwakasimba Nemitemo
Mutongi akazvimirira anokosha kusimbisa rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Mutsigiri wokugadzwa kwavatongi vanonzwisisa uye vanokoshesa kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kumanikidza mutemo unoganhurira masimba anotarisira, kunoda zvibvumikiso zvokunzvera kwemichina, uye miitiro yokurambidza. Tsigira mitemo yakadai se USA INFUZER Act , iyo inovavarira kudzora mukunzvera kukuru.
Dzivirira Kodzero Yokuva Woga Muzera Raanotarwa
Shandisa zvishandiso zvokunyora mashoko enyai, shandisa gadziriro dzako dzakavanzika, uye tsigira makambani anoisa nzvimbo yakavanzika yavashandisi. Mutsigiri nokuda kwemitemo yakasimba yokudzivirira mashoko yakafanana neEuropean Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR). EFF] inogovera nhungamiro pakuderedza tsoka dzako dzemitaro.
Nguva Yemberi Yokusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo: Nhau Dziri Kuuya
Kutarisira kuti zvichange zvakaita sezvazvakatanga, zvinogona kutibatsira kuti tidzivirirwe zviri nani.
Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kudzora Kwemitemo
Gadziriro dzinoshandiswa mururamisiro youtsotsi, kuroja, kusimbisa zvikwereti, uye betsero dzavose dzinogona kupfuuridzira fungidziro ndokuramba muitiro wakafanira. Pasina kujeka nemaruramiro okukumbira zvisarudzo zvemunhu oga, vanhu vanorasikirwa nokudzora upenyu hwavo. Nhamburiko dzokudzora DIN( yakadai seII COS yakakarakadzwa yeEuropean Union) inofanira kubatanidza dziviriro dzakasimba dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo.
Kuzivikanwa Kwezvinhu Zvipenyu Nezvinhu Zvipenyu
Hurumende nemakambani zviri kushandisa ruzivo rwokuziva zviso munhandare dzendege, mumigwagwa, nezvikoro. Ruzivo urwu runogona kutonhora kuungana kwevanhu vose, kugonesa kunyora vanhu vakawanda, uye kukanganisa vanhu vane ruvara. Maguta akawanda akarambidza kushandiswa kwehurumende kuzivikanwa kwechiso; vatsigiri vari kuvavarira kuratidzira nyika yose.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kunovhakacha
Sezvo ngwavaira dzinoparirwa nomugariro wokunze dzinova dzinova dzinoitika kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru, hurumende dzingaisa mipimo yekurumidziro iyo inoganhurira kufamba, pokugara, uye kodzero dzezvinhu. Kodzero dzavapoteri vemamiriro okunze, vagari vemo vemo, uye nzanga dzinotapurwa neshatiso dzinoda gadziriro itsva dzapamutemo. Vadziviriri vemhoteredzo vanotsutsutsumwa vamabhizimisi anobvisa utsotsiwo (jere) inobuda nhau yokutaura pachena.
Kudyidzana Kwekodzero Dzemadhigirii
Rusununguko rweInternet rwuri mukudenhwa munyika yose, nyika dzakadai seChina, Russia, uye Iran kuvaka gadziriro dzokunzvera dzamaoresa. Kunyange hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dziri kugamuchira mativi eizvi “zvishandiso zvechidhindo chechidhindo”. Zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose nechibvumirano chemitsetse, zvakadai se Stockhosters With Borders’s rusununguko , zvinogona kubetsera.
Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Norusununguko
Chinetso ndechokuti zvinhu zvisave zvechigarire, uye kuti kurambidza kupi nokupi kunofanira kuenderana, kuri madikanwa, uye kunofanira kuongororwa. Utano hwenguva refu hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu hunotsamira pakudzivisa kuda kurasikirwa norusununguko nokuda kwokungochengeteka kwenguva pfupi.
Mugumo: Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Sechirongwa Chinopfuurira
Rusununguko rwavagari vemo harupiwi kamwe uye ipapo runowanwa nokusingaperi. Runoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, dziviriro inoshingaira, uye futunuko yenhambo nenhambo. Nhau ingachinjira kururamisiro, asi inoita saizvozvo bedzi nemhaka yenhamburiko dzavanhu vanoramba kugamuchira udzvinyiriri, kusaenzana, uye runyararo. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, chizvarwa chiri chose chinofanira kudzidzazve ukoshi hwekodzero nendyiko yokudzirasikirwa nadzo.
Kubvira panzvimbo dzinorwiwa vanhu vakawanda muzana remakore rechi21, kurwira rusununguko rwevanhu kutamburira kuti tinzwisise kuti zvinorevei kuva nerusununguko.
[ Rusununguko ibasa routongi hunosarudzwa navanhu. Ngatisamborurerutsa.