Makwikwi anopfuurira pakati peWhite House, Capitol Hill, uye Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa anowanzoratidzirwa sekusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende. Veto tyisidziro, chigadziko chemitemo, uye vatongi vanorangarirwa sezvipingamupinyi zvokushanda zvakanaka. Bva uku kupesana hakusati kuri chikanganiso mutsika yeAmerica; rutivi rwayo runodzora. Vavambi veUnited States, vakanyura mukujekeswa nokusashanda nesimba, vakavaka hurumende yemasimba akasiyana - siyana. Kuzvimirira kwemitemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazi okutonga hazvina kugadzirirwa kuita zvakanaka, asi nokuda kwokukwidziridza chinzvimbo. Kuraira chinzvimbo kunoitwa nemitemo inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kurayira kukuru kusati kwaita basa. Kunzwisisa utano hwehurumende, imwe inofanira kunzwisisa muganhu uye kusimba kwemapazuru.

Mushumo Wakasiyana - siyana Werusununguko: Mavambo Nemarongerwo Akaitwa

Chivako chehurumende yeU.S. chiyeuchidzo kuNyereswa kwouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Baron de Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo, yakataura kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuparadzaniswa kwomutemo, mukuru mukuru, uye masimba okutonga. James Madison navamwe vagadziri vakashandura nheyo idzi dzemitemo dzakajeka kuva gadziriro yeChistomment Convention yeConstitution ya1787. Virginia Plan, yakaronorongedzwa naMadison, yakaumba jiro yeichiumbwa chitsva, inodenha zvakananga muenzaniso wakapfava wegadziriro yeparamende yakabatana.

Chido Chinofanira Kuitwa Chokurwisa Chido

Tsananguro yakajeka zvikurusa yevavariro yavagadziri inowanwa muFederal List No. 51, umo Madison akanyora mukurumbira kuti, "Kana vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kana ngirozi dzaizotonga vanhu, kana kuti kudzorwa kwehurumende kwapanze kana kuti kwomukati kwaizodikanwa." Sezvo vanhu vasiri ngirozi, hurumende inofanira kupatsanwa. Kuzvimirira kwebazu rimwe nerimwe kunochengetwa kupfurikidza nokuipa "mari yapamutemo yakafanira nevavariro dzomunhu oga kudzivisa kuvhozhokerwa kwavamwe." Ikoku kunoreva kugovera Purezidhendi simba pamusoro pomutemo, Kokorodzano yechikwama netsinga, uye kugarira upenyu gumi. Kurwisana uku kwakaronge kwakaronge kwakaronge kwakaoma nokuda kwechinhu chipi nechipi kana kuti bazi kudzora hurumende.

Masimba Akasiyana, Mabasa akagoveranwa

Iko kuvanzwa kunozivikanwa navose kutaura kuti chibvumirano chomutemo chinoisa mitemo. Nepo mumurangariro wakafara zvikurusa, zvokwadi inojeka zvikuru. Purezidhendi anotora rutivi mukuita mutemo kupfurikidza neveto. Dare rinotora rutivi mukusimbisa kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kwavakuru vakuru navatongi. judia "Inoita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwemirauteo neMitemo, muenzaniso unobatanidza mabazu ose. Masangano anokamuranisa.

Verenga rugwaro rwakazara rwaFederali N. 51 kupfurikidza neRaibhurari yeCongress.

Simba Romutemo: Engineeri Yomutemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu romutemo, uye zvikurukuru ndicho nyaya yokutanga nerefusa. Uku kuiswa kwakaitwa namaune, kunoratidzira chitendero chavamiriri kuti simba rokunyora mitemo yorudzi rwakanga rwuri chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa uye chinodikanwa zvikurusa chegadziriro inodzorwa. Chikamu chomukati chakanga chiri chirongwa chebhimeadral, chakakamurwa kuva imba yavamiriri, yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose) uye Dare (kumirira hurumende, kubatira mashoko ane makore matanhatu). Iyi yakanga iri chirongwa chikuru chokudzorwa, asi inobatirawo kugadzira nzvero yemukati mukati mechibvumirano chimene.

Muganhu Worusununguko Rwomutemo

Uzvimiriri hweCongress hunobva pamirayiro mizhinji inokosha. Kutaura kana kuti Debanual Claus (Chikamu I, Chikamu 6) inodzivirira mitezo yeCongress pakusungwa kana kuti kukwirirana kwavagari vemo kune chokuita nebasa ravo remitemo, ichivimbisa kuti havagoni kutyisidzirwa nemukuru mukuru mukuru ane utsinye kana kuti mutongi wedare. Simba rePurse (Purce I, Chikamu 9) rinozivisa kuti "Hapana Mari ichatorwa kubva kuVende, asi muConstance of Appropries yakaitwa noMutemo." Chikamu chimwe chinoita kuti bazu repamusoro penyika yose risaririra pakushanda kwayo uye pakutanga. Kupfuura izvi, simba remitemo yemitemo yemitemo ihuru, kubatanidza mutero, mari inokwereta, kutengeserana, kutengeserana kutengeserana, uye kusimudzira mauto.

Claus Wezvokutengeserana Nesimba Rinokura

Kududzirwa kweCommerce Claus ([FLT:] 18, Chikamu 8, Claus 3) yave iri mutyairi mukuru wesimba rehurumende paupenyu hwemari yenyika. Muzvinoitika zvakafanana Mcloch v. Maryland[] [1819], Dare Gurusa reDare rakatanga dzidziso yemasimba anorehwa, kutonga kuti Congress inogona kugadzira bhangi renyika kunyange zvazvo risina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, chero bedzi yakabatira mugumo wapamutemo mukati mesimba renyika. Iyi nheyo, yakabatanidzwa nokuverengwa kwakafara kweGaramendime mu .[FLD] Wickard.[FFFFF] [FLD]] [192]]), yakabvumira dare guru renyika kuti rishamise kushambadzira mari, ramarudzi ose.

[[FULT:0] Kurava peta pfupiso yakazara yaMcCulloch v. Maryland paOyez.

Kutyisidzira Kuzvimirira Kwomutemo Kwamazuva Ano

Nepo Congress iri "Bazu rokutanga," kuzvimirira kwayo kwakasimba kunotarisana nedenho dzisingachinji. Kumuka kwehurumende yakabatanidza kugovera chiremera chemitemo chinokosha kumasangano anotungamirira, muitiro uyo vatsoropodzi vanopikisa dzidziso isingatenderwi uye simba remitemo kumukuru mukuru. Gadziriro dzeDemocratic muCongress dzinodzorwa nokunyanyisa kwechikamu chemari yakarongwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, uye muitiro wemitemo inodzorwa mumibato yehurumende, iyo inowanzobatanidza mapepa echimbichimbichimbiso echimbiso chapachokwadi. Kudzosa basa reparamende reHurumende sebazu rakazvimirira rakazvimirira neromagaro rimwe bazi rinowirirana idenho huru yehurumende yeAmerica nhasi.

Simba Rine Simba: Simba Nechiito

Chikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo chinovamba nechikamu chakapfava: "Simba guru richapiwa kuna Purezidhendi weUnited States of America". Uyu mutongo mumwe ndiwo manyuko esimba guru resangano. Kusafanana neCongress yeCongress yeboka, mukuru mukuru ibasa reboka, anogona kuita chisarudzo chokukurumidza nechiito chakasimba. Sezvinoita Alexander Hamilton muFederalist No. 70, "Kuramba mutungamiriri itsika yakatanhamara murondedzero yehurumende yakanaka." Mutungamiriri akaiswa nenzira yechienzi kuti aite chiito nokuda kwerudzi munhau dzokumwe nyika uye kuvimbisa kuurawa kwokutendeka kwemitemo.

Chiremera Chomubatanidzwa Neganhuriro Dzacho

Rondedzero yemutungamiriri wesangano rinotonga inoreva kuti Purezidhendi ane udzori hwakakwana pabazu guru, kubatanidza simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vari pasi. Iyi rondedzero yakasunda kukura kwesimba rapurezidhendi munhambo yazvino uno. Purezidhendi anoshandisa chishandiso sechishandiso chine simba chemitemo, anoraira mauto ane zvombo seMutungamiriri wedare, anotaurirana zvibvumirano (nebvumirano yedare), uye anopa mvumo yezvibvumirano zvedare. Zvisinei, masimba aya haasatengwi chose chose. Mutenzi Achatarisira Creace anosunga zvakajeka mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare, achiganhurira mano omutungamiriri wedare kufuratira kana kuti kuramba kuteererwa miraudzo.

Kutadza Kuziva: Dziviro Dzinodzikira

Miganhu yesimba ravakuru vakuru yakaratidzirwa nesimba mu Protown Comment Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952). Mukati meHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Truman akabudisa murairo mukuru wokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi zvapachivande kuti zvidzivise kurova kwaakataura kuti kwaizokanganisa chengeteko yenyika. Dare Rapamusoro raiparadza murairo. Mutongi Hugo Black’s Court akataura kuti simba raPurezidhendi re "ri muchinoitika cheDare kana kuti paBumbiro reMitemo remitemo rimene." Sezvo Congress Congresssssss yaigona kugovera mamwe mitoo yokubata negakavandikano dzebasa, Purezidhereji rakakurumbira Robert Jackson akavamba chiwiriso chenhaureti yakakurumbira nokuda kwokurangarira simba redare redare.

Kurava peta yepfupiso yakazara yePuechtown mapeji & Tube Co. v. Sawyer paOyez.

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno akatonga nenzira inowedzera kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zviziviso, uye zvinyorwa. Nepo izvozvi zviri zvishandiso zvinoshanda nokuda kwokutarisira bazu guru, pane dzimwe nguva zvakashandiswa kugadza nharidzano dzakafara idzo nenzira inopesana mumitemo yewisciogrance. Kukura kwehurumende yePropatition(a Profective Protection Agency yeAbomaticmental (EPA) ne Department of Homelalland Security , coult, commentaces, com, uye mibato yedare. Iyi mibatanidzwa yemasimba ari mukati masangano inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuparadzana masimba uye kuchengetedzwa kwechiremera chine rekuzvidavirira kuvhoterarate yezvo kuvhootaidzo neKurutsiridza.

Simba Rokutonga: Kududzira Nomugumo

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga. Chipfupisa chezvinhu zvitatu zvinogadzira mapazu, chinotungamirira Hamilton kudana vatongi kuti bazu re "mhuka ine ngozi" muFederalist N. 78. Inodzora kwete munondo kana kuti chikwama. Asi simba rayo rakakura. Kuzvimirira kwedare ndicho chiratidzo charo chinokosha zvikurusa, nokuti dare rinogona kutyisidzirwa kana kudzorwa nemamwe mapazu harigoni kudzorwa nenzira yakananga kana kudzivirira maruramiro aro oga mukurwisana nehurumende yagumburwa.

Kuchengetedzwa Kwoupenyu Nedziviriro Yokutengesa: Sine Qua Not

Mbiru mbiri dzokuzvimirira kwokutonga upenyu hunokosha mukati me "Mufambiro wakanaka" uye chirambidzo pakuderedza mibhadharo yavatongi. Uku kudzorwa nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kunobvumira vatongi vehurumende kutonga pakavakirwa padudziro yavo yomutemo neBumbiro reMitemo, kunyange apo zvisarudzo zvavo zvisingafarirwi nevoruzhinji, Purezidhendi, kana kuti Congress. Iyi dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwemubato wokurangarira. Mutongi anotarisana nokusarudzwazve kana kuti muripo angava anobvirira zvikuru kubudisa chisarudzodzo chisadzodzodzo chinokuvadza zvinangwa zvine simba zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa mudura rezvokutonga isimba rokuzivisa mabasa eCongress naPrezidhendi asingatsivi mutemo. Simba iri harina kuziviswa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Rakatangwa naMutongi Mukuru John Marshall munhau yechiratidzo chenhau Marbury v. Simba rokuzivisa [1803]. Kufunga kwaMarshall kwakaitwa nounyanzvi: "Iri nerevoseidzo yeruwa nebasa redhipatimendi rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri." Kana mutemo uchirwisana neBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, vatongi vanofanira kutevera Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinoita kuti Dare repamusoro renhau rekupedzisira, basa rinozviisa pakati poupenyu hweAmerica.

Kurava peta yose yeMarbury v. Madison pa Oyez.

Chinetso Chokurwisana NaMajorita

Kuzvimirira kwedare kunoparira kusawirirana nenheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. "Mazita anokosha," shoko rakatangwa nenyanzvi yemitemo Alexander Bickel, rinonongedzera kuidi rokuti vatongi vasina kurongwa vanogona kushandura mitemo inopfuudzwa nemitemo yakatsaurwa nehurumende yakasarudzwa nehurumende. Iyi haisati iri mhosho asi rutivi rwetsika yemitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha kubva kuudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji. Denho yejudicaria iri kushandisa simba guru iri nokudzora, pamusoro pebasa ramapazu akasarudzwa apo anodzivirira zvakasimba misengwa yeMitemo yemitemo. Kusimbisa kwevatongi kwazova hondo inotyisa panzvimbo inoitirwa chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti majeko ane chokuita namatendimende emitemo.

Gadziriro Yokupindira: Kunzvera Nokudzikama Kunoshanda

Unyanzvi hwechokwadi hweparadzano yamasimba eAmerica huri mumipimo nedzikamo izvo zvinobatanidza mapazu. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mutoo wokuzvidzivirira nawo rimene uye kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa kwamamwe. Uku kunobatanidza kunotanga tsika ine simba uye inowanzokakavara yokutonga iyo inoda kutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Muitiro Wokugadza: Fundo Yenhau Mukupindirana

Muitiro wokugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vanogadza vakuru vakuru muenzaniso wakakwana wamasimba akavhengana. Purezidhendi anotanhamisa, achiita basa revakuru vakuru. Dare rinopa "Kushanda nokubvuma" uye rinofanira kusimbisa kuzviisa pasi, richishanda sechenjeri yemitemo ine simba. Uku kumanikidza Purezidhendi kusarudza vakwikwidzi nokukwidza kwakafara uye kudzivisa kurongedzwa kwedare kana kuti bazi revakuru vakuru. Chikamu III chinosimbiswa, Chikamu chinobatira upenyu, kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwavo vose vari vaviri Purezidhendi uyo akavagadza uye Dare rakavasimbisa. Uku kutamba kunovavarira kuti hapana bazi rimwe rinodzosa zvizere kuumbwa nedare rejudia.

Kubvuma: Kuongorora Kukuru

Congress ine simba gurusa pamusoro paPurezidhendi navatongi vehurumende: kudzosa. House of Messagessiers ine simba rimwe rokupa (kutonga), uye Dare rinova nesimba rimwe chete rokuedza kudzosa ndokubvisa vakuru vakuru panzvimbo. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti hapana mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa ari pamusoro pomutemo. Kwakaoma namaune kushandisa, kuraira vhoti hurusa muImba uye kubvisa mativi maviri edare nokuda kwokupwisa, richivimbisa kuti rinoshandiswa bedzi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba zvikurusa: "Thisvori, Chibharo, kana kuti mamwe maBrimo naMisdeas." Chiteshi ichi chinodzivirira mukuru mukuru mukuru pakuvhotera muimba yacho kuti abviswe nemhaka yekusabvumirana nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzora Dhipatimendi Nesimba Rechitengo

Simba rechikwama icherekedzo yemitemo inotyisa pamukuru mukuru. Hakuna mutemo, mirau, kana kuti chiito choukuru chinogona kuitwa kana Congress ikaramba kuitsigira. Ikoku kunopa Congress simba rinokosha papurogiramu yaPresidenti. Nenzira inopesana, Mutungamiriri anogona kushandisa kuvakwa kwemitemo, kuvamba nhevedzano yokukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunokosha kumuitiro wokumisa mutemo. Chityisidziro chehurumende, apo Congress inokundikana kupfuudza zvikweretiso, inosimbisa kupfuudzadza kwakakwirira kweaya masimba akaparadzana.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Semuganhu Webumbiro Remitemo

Simba redare redare redare rinotonga kuti rizivise mitemo nezviito zvisiri zvehurumende rinobatira semuganhu mukuru pamamwe mapazu. Nepo Congress naPurezidhendi vanogona kuisa miganhu yechiremera chavo, matare ane shoko rokupedzisira parevo yeBumbiro remitemo. Iri rinomanikidza matavi ezvematongerwe enyika kuita mukati mebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvimwe kufanoziva kuti matare achadudzira sei zviito zvawo. Simba harisi rinogara richidzosa muganhu; mapazi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobatira pamwe, asi kugona kuhwirudzura mufambiro wawo kuvambira pakutanga, achisimudzira mwero wokuzviruramisa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Nyika Yakasununguka

Kuzvimirira kwebazu remitemo, zviremera, uye rokutonga iko kunokosha kwekudzora kwemitemo yeAmerica. Igadziriro yakavakirwa kwete pakuvimba, asi pakurangarirwa chaikoiko kwokuti simba rinofanira kunzverwa nesimba. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri muchina unozvishandisa umene; kunotsamira chose chose pagwinyiro, perero, uye kungwarira kwavanhu vari mukati mebazu rimwe nerimwe, uye pakupedzisira, pavagari vemo vanoziviswa navakaronzeswa.

Apo rimwe bazu rinopa chiremera charo kune rimwe, -- apo Congress inotumira simba raro rokuita mitemo pasina mipimo yakakwana, apo Purezidhendi anoshanda pasina mvumo yemitemo, kana kuti apo dare rinozviisa pasi pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika (jeri redzikamo). Tsika inotsamira pakusawirirana kworusununguko. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa iyi zvivako zvinokosha. Inotsanangura kusawirirana kwatinoona munhau, chimiro chekurukurirano dzedu dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye simba risingagumi reBumbiro remitemo rakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nokuita utongi husingadzoreki. Utano hweRepublic reRepublic inotsamira pakuchengeta simba rakasununguka reDare, Dare, uye Dare.

Chivako ichi chakaitwa makore anopfuura mazana maviri apfuura, chinoramba chiri nhungamiro inokosha pakufamba - famba kwezvinetso zvazvino uno. Nokudzidza nokudzivirira kuparadzana kwemasimba, tinotsigira kunzwisisa kukuru kwevavakatanga: dziviriro yechokwadi pakudzvinyirira haisi mutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti hurumende yakabatana, asi gadziriro yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana masimba, rimwe nerimwe rine kuzvimirira kuti arambe, uye shungu dzokuongorora. Muchengeti mukuru weiyi rusununguko itsika yakadzidza yavose kupfurikidza nemitemo yeBumbiro remitemo.