Chikamu Chinogara: Kugadziridza Kwakaita Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu Kuumbazve Rugare Rwenyika Yose

Good Foundter Agreement, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inomira seimwe yemibatanidzwa inochengetwa zvikurusa yorugare yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Yakaguma namakumi matatu amakore emasimba masimba esekete muNorthern Ireland anozivikanwa seNhamo, idzo dzakanga dzauraya vanhu vanopfuura 3 500. Asi simba radzo harina kumira paIrish Sea. Chibvumirano chekuvakaro che(simba rinopasa simba rokupfuura, masangano enzvimbo dzinoyambuka, kodzero dzavanhu, uye kubvisa chibvumirano chadzo kubva pakupesvedzera kukurukurirana kworugare kubva kuColombia kuenda kuSouth Africa. Diplomat, varever, uye mapoka anorwisana zvino zvino zvinotarira kuBelfast serator yokugumisa rwisa hondo dzisingadzoregi. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera kuumbwa kwemifungo yeChishanu, nzira yakaitwa nayo mumiitiro yerugare, uye kupfuurira kuumba zvidzidzo zverugare.

Chiri shure: Kunetsana uye Kunetsana

Rwisano muNorthern Ireland yakanga isiri hondo imwe asi vhiringidzo yakaoma yezvigumbu zvezvamatongerwe enyika, zvedzinza, zvorudzidziso, uye zvemari. Nomwoyo wayo wakamutsa mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo: Northern Ireland inofanira kuramba iri rutivi rweUnited Kingdom kana kuti kukumbanira rwisano dzakabatana?? Unions, zvikurukuru yePurotesitendi, yaida kugara muUK; Nationalism, zvikurukuru chiKaturike, yakatsvaka kubatana. Kwamakumi amakore ose ari maviri, mapoka ehondo kumativi ose. “‘ Irish Republican Army (IRA) uye masangano akavimbika akasiyana - siyana ezvombovhenga, apo hurumende yeBritain yakatumira mauto ayo okudzivirira.

Pakasvika mavambo a1990, kuneta uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakachinja zvakaparira kuzarura nokuda kwehurukuro. Kukurukurirana kwechisaririra chapashure pechitima, kubatanidzwa kwemitevedzeri yakadai saaichimbova weUS George Mitchell, uye kudisa kwehurumende dzeBritain neIreland kutsinhiranisa gadziriro dzavo dzakarongwa. Mugumisiro wakanga uri kurukurirano yakasiyana-zhinji yaibatanidza masangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika muNorst Ireland, kubatanidza hurumende mbiri. Chibvumirano chakatanga pana 10 April 1998,* pashure pemakore maviri ehurukuro dzengozi zvikuru (jerichete) chakanga chiri chigadziko chikuru chaitaura nezvezvisakiso zverwisano mugadziriro imwe, yakabatanidzwa.

Nheyo Huru dzeChibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Chibvumirano cheGood Friday Advement chinowanzorondedzerwa sechisipiti pakati penzanga dzinokwikwidzana. Gadziriro dzayo dzakagadzirirwa kuumba hurumende yakatsiga, inobvisa tsvina muBelfast, ichichengeta nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland muUK uye kutanga miitiro yokubatanidza kweIrish kwomunguva yemberi, inodzorwa nevoruzhinji. Chibvumirano chacho chakabudirira chakabva panheyo dzakati kuti dzakabatanidzwa.

Kupa Simba: Kubatsira Kunzwisisa

Panzvimbo pechibvumirano pane nheyo yehurumende inowirirana yapamutemo. Chikamu cheNorthern Ireland neGungano racho zvinodikanirwa kubatanidza mativi ose ari maviri enzanga dzemubatanidzwa nevezvourudzi muwirirano nesimba ravo rakasarudzwa. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinofanira kugamuchira tsigiro inoyambuka neyakakamukana. Zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuva tsigiro yavose vari vaviri vakabatana navezvourudzi, kana kuti voruzhinji ve 60 muzana yose zvayo pamwe chete ne40 muzana yenzanga imwe neimwe. Iyi purogiramu inodzivisa rutivi rumwe kudzora rumwe rutivi rwerimwe batira pamwe chete namasimba. Yazova nongedzero nokuda kwedzimwe nzanga dzakakamuraniswa zvikuru apo kukurumidza kuisa simba rokupa dzinza rimwe.

Chirongwa cheBhorder: Chivako cheNorth-Southern Dimension

Chibvumirano chakagadzira Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South, iro rinounganidza vashumiri vanobva kuNorthern Ireland Idminitive nehurumende yeIreland kuti vabatira pamwe munharaunda dzakadai sokurima, zvokufambisa, utano, uye kushanya. Iri dare rakapa nzanga yezvourudzi batano chaiyoiyo kuRepublic yeIreland nepo richivimbisa vabatanidzwa kuti raisazova motokari yokubatanidza pasina kubvumira. Muenzaniso wokutonga kwemitsetse yomuchinjikwa wakafundwa navarevereri muBalkan, Cyprus, uye Middle East senzira yokupedza nayo magakava enyika pasina miganhuro yokupedzisira.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nokuenzana

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu chakasimbisa gadziriro yakasimba yamaruramiro avanhu. Chakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Summission yeMarity, uye Bill of Rights itsva (kunyange zvazvo yapashure ichiri kutoitwa). Yakadawo kuti hurumende yeBritain ibatanidze Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu kuva mutemo wemhuri.(a) inoita kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzichinje kuva mapurisa, ruramisiro, uye mabasa avose. Iyi simbiso pamusoro pekodzero senheyo yorugare yakafuridzirwa kubatanidza gadziriro dzine chokuita nekodzero dzevanhu panzvimbo pokudzibata sedzinonge dzapamutemo.

Kubviswa Kwehondo uye Kuchinjwa Kwamapurisa

Chibvumirano chacho chakakumbira kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro dzekuchengeteka: kuderedzwa kwemauto eBritain, kuvharwa kwezvivako zvemauto, uye kunyanyova nomukurumbira weRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). Patten Report ya1999 yakarumbidza kuti mapurisa matsva eNorthern Ireland (PSNI) anofanira kuva mumiririri wenzanga dzose, anozvidavirira kuPricicial Board, uye anowirirana zvizere nemipimo yekodzero dzevanhu. Uyu muenzaniso wokuchinja kukuru kwesangano nenyanzvi yemapurisa yenzanga, yakavakirwa panzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende yeBosnia.

Kusunungurwa Uye Kusunungurwa Mujeri

Zvichida chinhu chaimutsa nharo zvikurusa chakanga chiri kusunungurwa kwapakuvamba kwavasungwa vehondo nechinodikanwa chokuti mapoka ane zvombo apedze zvombo zvavo. Chibvumirano chakabatanidza izvi zviito newakawanda wezvamatongerwe enyika, uchivimba kuti kufamba kuchienda kurugare kuchaparira masimba masimba asingadikanwi. Nepo kunyoresa kusingadzoreki uye kusakwana, kupedzwa kwakwo pakupedzisira pa 2005 kwakaratidza kuti kunyange mapoka akashongedzwa zvikuru nepfuti aigona kutenderwa kuderedza zvombo kana agoverwa nenzira inodiwa. Chidzidzo ichi chinenge chanzi kuendeswa nefambiro mberi yezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo yezvoseiast [5] chinorayira kukurukurirana kwemapoka akashongeswa nezvombo muColombia, Myanmar, uye Philippines.

Pesvedzero Yakananga Pakurukurirano Dzorugare Dzamarudzi Ose

Muitiro Worugare weColombia neFARC

Chibvumirano chorugare cheColombia chakasainwa muna 2016 neRheamon Armed Forces dzeColombia (FARC) dzakashandisa zvakajeka ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rweNorthern Ireland. Colombian negotiators navanoreverera vamarudzi ose vakashanyira Belfast kakawanda kuzofunda simba-rokudzokera, vanyajambwa, uye kuchinja kwevaichimbova varwi kupinda mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro dzetsika dzeruramisiro, kutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kweFARC, uye kukura kwokuruwa zvose zvemasangano eChishanu chakanaka. US Sanger George Mitchell, uyo akaisa chigaro chehurukuro yeNorthern Ireland, gare gare gare gare gare akapangira Purezidhendi Juan Manug Saults. Rubudiriro rwemuitiro rweColombia, runodenha protems , uye rutivi rwezvidzidzo zvarwo rwedzidzo zvaroma1998.

Kuchinja Kwepashure peApartheid yeSouth Africa

Nepo chinjo yeSouth Africa kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakatangira Good Frive Agreement (1994-1996), muenzaniso weNorthern Ireland wakasimbisa zvakawanda zvemativi ayo. Miitiro yose iri miviri yakasimbisa kufambiswa kwamagetsi, dziviriro nokuda kwezvishoma, uye kuva pakati pevaichimbova vavengi muhurumende. VaNegoator muSouth Africa vakacherekedza ukoshi hwokuchengeta hurukuro dzakanangidzirwa panhau dzinoshanda panzvimbo penzvimbo dzechiratidzo .(a) chidzidzo cherevedzero dzeNorthern Ireland dzakadzidzwa mukati mamakore akawanda okusashanda. South African Truth and Reconciliation Commis yanyandura shanduro yeruramisiro inoonekawo mukuita neChishanu chibvumirano chakanaka kukurukura nenhau dzakapfuura.

Kuitwa Kworugare muMiddle East

Fananidzo dzakananga kuNorthern Ireland dzakatorwa namapati mumuitiro werugare weIsrael-Palesitinan, kunyange zvazvo kuenzanisa kwacho kuchiwanzowedzerwa. Zvimwe mativi eChibvumirano chaGood Chishanu chakaitwa neyakati kuti kuyambuka nenzvimbo yokuronga yakarongwa yakaitwa nejeri-jerive yakarangarirwa mukati meOslo Recouls naGenevative Initive. Pfungwa yehurumende yesimba remitemo inotonga nyika yePalestine nokuda kweimwe nyika yakazotevera yakakurukurwa mudzidzo nenhengedzero. Zvisinei, misiyano inokosha yakadai sokusavapo kwechikamu chimwe chemhangarangemupiti yenze uye kudzo yerwisano yenhau yakazotevera yakaganhurirwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, muitiro unoramba uri chiratidzo chenyika dzinotsvaka masangano maviri munyika imwe chete.

Bosnia neHerzegovina

Dayton Accountions yakagumisa Hondo yeBosnia muna 1995 yakatova nezvikamu zvinobatanidza simba, asi chinjo dzesangano gare gare muBosnia dzakatarira kuNorthern Ireland nokuda kwenhungamiro pamusoro pokuita kuti zviitwe basa rehurumende yendudzi dzakawanda. Chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuvhota kwemuchinjikwa muBosnia Paramende yeBosnia inonyora mun Northern Ireland, kunyange zvazvo nzanga dzeBosnia dzakaoma kunzwisisa kubatana kwetsika dzakashorwa nokuda kwokuparadzana kwemadzinza panzvimbo pokuagamuchira. Kusvika kweGoverday yeChishanu kuzivikan . Chibvumirano cheChikuru cheChikuru chinobvumira vagari vemo kuti vazvizivikanwe seIreland, Britain, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvarwa zvinonyandurwa pamusoro pokuziva kuti muenzaniso wamarudzi akawanda mumapoka akaparadzana.

Dzimwe Nzvimbo Dzinorwisana

Chibvumirano cheGood Weshanu Chibvumirano cheChishanu chinotambanukira kunhano dzorugare muSri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Basque Country, uye Philippines. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, varevereri vakabvisa zvidzidzo zvakananga: ukoshi hwokubatanidza vakadzi mukurukurirano (hurukuro dzeNorthern Ireland dzakanga dzine mufananidzo wavanhukadzi wakaganhurirwa, kukundikana gare gare kwakawanwa); kudikanwa kwechikamu chakasimba chenzanga yevagari vemo; uye ukoshi hwekuitwa kwakarongwa neganhuriro dzakajeka. Chibvumirano (chibvumirano) chapona njodzi dzakawanda, kubatanidza kuputsika kwemakore mashanu kwehurumende inobvisa mari kubva muna 2017 kusvikira ku2017222,5.Ngutsika kuva chinhu chinokosha sechirongwa chenguva refu.

Zvidzidzo Zvakadzidzwa: Icho Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu Chinodzidzisa Varevereri

Mune mamwe mashoko, makore anopfuura makumi maviri okushandisa, zvidzidzo zvehwaro zvinoverengeka zvakawanikwa muchinoitika chokuNorthern Ireland.

Kushamwaridzana Kunoreva Zvinopfuura Kugara Patafura

Chibvumirano cheGood Freen Chibvumirano cheChishanu chaibatanidza mapoka ose makuru anoda kuramba masimba masimba((8) kubatanidza Sinn Féin, nharaunda yezvamatongerwe enyika yeIRA, uye mapoka akavimbika akabatanidzwa nemapoka ehondo. Chisarudzo ichi chakamutsa nharo panguva yacho asi chakabvumikisa kuva chinokosha: kusiya boka ripi neripi rinokosha kunze kwomuitiro wacho kwaizova kwakavabvumira kuramba vachiparadzisa. Miitiro yorugare yazvino uno inofanira kutevera nheyo iyi, kunyange apo inoreva kukurukura namapoka ane zvombo zvinonyorwa semagandanga. Muitiro weColombia waibatanidza FarC; nhamburiko dzorugare dzazvino uno muAfghanistanstan (kusvikira Taliban'ault') inoteverwawo muhurukuro dzinopfuudzwa. Kubatana nedziviriro kwazvinochengetwa, zvakadai sezvibvumirano zvokusarukira, asi zvinomira.

Kupfava Nokuzvidzora Zvinokosha

Chibvumirano cheGood Friday Active hachina kuitwa mukuwirirana nenguva yakatarwa. Kubviswa kwezvombo kwakaitika makore anenge apera; masangano akabviswa akabuda ndokumutsidzirwa; chinjo yemapurisa yakatora makore gumi. Bva chibvumirano chakapukunyuka nemhaka yokuti mapati navanotsigira vamarudzi ose vakaramba vachichinjika. Vakadzivisa kuputsa gadziriro dzemhinganidzo dzechinguvana. Ikoku kwakadzidzisa kuti miitiro yorugare inoda miitiro yakagadzirwa nokuda kwokudzokororwa kwemibatanidzwa uye kupesana kwechisarudzo (* semasangano edzokororo akasununguka uye basa rokutarisira rehurumende dzeBritain neIreland (8) kupfuura zvirongwa zvenguva zvisingachinjiki zvinogona kuparara munjodzi yokutanga.

Makabhazi Anotsigira Munyika Yose Asi Asingagoni Kutsiva Kuva Muridzi Wenzvimbo

Kubatanidzwa kwevatarisiri veClinton − kupfurikidza nezvinonyandura George Mitchell nezvemari (kwakanga kwakakomba. European Union yakagovera mari yorugare kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzorugare, iyo yakatsigira gadziriro dzeyananiso, kukura kwenzanga, uye batira pamwe yemipata. Asi chibvumirano chacho chakabudirira pakupedzisira nemhaka yokuti vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika veNorthern Ireland nenzanga yavagari vemo vaiva vayo. Varevereri vedzimwe nyika vanogona kuzarura masuo ndokugovera zviwanikwa, asi rugare runoda kuzvipira kwomunzvimbomo kubasa rakaoma rokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Ichi chidzidzo chakazivisa gadziriro yamasangano okuvaka rugare akadai seSangano reSangano reSangano reNyika Dzorugare rwenyika dzose, iro rinosimbisa kuva nohumbirwe rwenyika yose.

Kutaura Zvinokonzera, Kwete Zviratidzo Chete

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu chakabata kusaenzana kwemaumbirwo akaitwa uko kwakanyandura Zvinetso: rusaruro mudzimba, basa, uye mapurisa; kushaikwa kwemireza yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwevatsigiri vorudzi; uye kurwiswa kwenzanga. Kupfurikidza nokusabatanidza uenzani nekodzero dzavanhu mubvumirano, zvakaita kuti rugare rutsigirwe pamwero wenzanga. Varevererisi mune dzimwe rwisano zvino vari kupa ngwariro yapedyo kunyunyuto dzemari, kodzero dzenyika, uye ruramisiro yenzanga. (ht) Kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro dzine udzame dzenzanga nedzemari nekodzero murunyararo mu2016 Colombian Ace kunoratidzira iyi itiro yakakomba.

Ukoshi Hwebasa Rakajeka reBumbiro reMitemo

Good Friver Augcount haina kupedza gakava guru pamusoro pouchangamire hweNorthern Ireland. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakagadzira mutoo wokutarisira kusabvumirana ikoko: nheyo yokubvumirana, kureva kuti Northern Ireland icharamba iri rutivi rweUK kutoti vavhoti vazhinji vakabatana muIreland. Ikoku kwakabvumira mativi ose ari maviri kutsigira rukundo. Izvi zvakabvumira mativi ose ari maviri kuti muganhu waigona kutaura kuti wave wakasimbiswa; vatsigiri venyika vaigona kutaura nzira yokubatanidza zvino yakanga iri yapamutemo nedemocracy. Iyi "sholoracydiation reconst" pamusoro pouchangamire ichinhu chine simba nokuda kwerugare, kunyange zvazvo ichinawo chine ngozi, sezvinooneka mukusawirirana nePrest-Br eNorthern Ireland Protocolment.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuganhurirwa Kwomuenzaniso

Hapana chibvumirano chorugare chakakwana, uye Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakatarisana netsoropodzo huru. Vamwe vanotaura kuti simba racho rinobatanidza mapoka esekete kupfurikidza nokuda kuti mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika arongedzedzedze nzanga, achidzivisa kumuka kwamapati anobatirana muchinjikwa. Northern Ireland Assembly yakaregwa kanoverengeka, namapati anowanzosada kuumba mutungamiriri. Gadziriro dzebvumirano yokubata nomusimboti wezvokwadi yokuvandudza kwakakwana mugadziriro yenzanga yenzanga yakakurumbira, yakasiya vanyajambwa vazhinji vachinzwa kuti ruramisiro yakabayirwa nokuda kworugare. Uye muganhu worugare wezvemari wakaparadzirwa nenzira isina kufanira, namasangano akareve achiri kuva nemwero yakakwirira yenzanga dzinoshaiwa vanhu.

Uyezve, kutsamira kwechibvumirano pavimbiso dzokunze . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pasinei zvapo neiyi ganhuriro, Good Frive Agreement inoramba iri muenzaniso unobudirira zvikurusa wokugadzikiswa kwerwisano yamarudzi yakasimba zvikuru munyika yedemokrasi.

Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu MuNguva Yapashure Pebvudzi

United Kingdom yabvisa European Union yakaisa Dare reChibvumirano cheChishanu raMadokero reNorthern Ireland, rakagadzirirwa kudzivisa muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa cheIreland, rakaita mhinganidzo dzezvokutengeserana pakati peNorthern Ireland neGreat Britain, richiparadzanisa vanhu vazhinji vakabatana. Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kwakavapo somugumisiro kwakatungamirira kukuputsika kweNorthern Ireland Guvidup muna 2022, neDemocratic Union Party inoramba kutora rutivi kutozosvikira mutemo watsiviwa. 2023 Windsor Framework, yakataurirana neUK neEURO, yakatsvaka kutaura nezveizvi zvinhu apo zvaichengeta mibatanidzwa.

Chinoitika ichi chinosimbisa chidzidzo chinokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano dzorugare: zvibvumirano zvinofanira kuva zvakasimba kukuvhunduka kwokunze. Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu chakagadzirwa mumugariro wemitezo yeEU nebatira pamwe yeBritain mukati megadziriro iyoyo. Apo mashoko akapoteredza akachinja, chibvumirano chaifanira kuchinja(kana kuti kuparara. Kuvaka kurukurirano mune dzimwe nharaunda, chidzidzo kuvaka zvibvumirano nokuchinjika kwakakwana kugonana nezvinoitika zvezvemajinitiki, nepo kuchichengeta nheyo huru dzinobatanidza rugare.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Ipenyu

Chibvumirano cheGood Weshanu chinopfuura chinyorwa chenhau. Chirongwa chipenyu chinopfuurira kuumba kuti nyika inova sei norugare munzanga dzakakamukana. Simbiso yayo pakushanda nesimba, kuyambukana, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kuchinja kwakarongwa yazova chimwe chezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa pakugadzirisa hondo. Kubva kumakomo eColombia kusvika kumigwagwa yeBelfast, mashoko egore ra1998 anonzwika. Vaiti verugare venguva yemberi vacharamba vachidzidza kubudirira kwaro nekurwisana, vachichinja nheyo dzaro kuti dzive rwisano itsva. Chibvumirano chacho chakaratidza kuti kunyange kuvengana kunovava zvikurusa kunogona kukurirwa nokushivirira, kupfuudza. Ikoko inhaka inotambanukira kure neNorthern Ireland.