Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Okuenzana

United States Constitution, kupfurikidza negadziridzo huru dzinoverengeka, inogadza nheyo dzakasimba dzokuenzana kwapamutemo. idzi gadziriro hadzisati dzichingorondedzera bedzi maruramiro avanhu asiwo dzinoisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose vanobatwa nechiremera chakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nemuitiro Wakafanira

Chinosimbiswa muna 1868, Chiteshi cheMitemo ye 144 yeUnion Protection Claus("no State... chicharamba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo"(chisimudziro chebumbiro remitemo chine simba zvikurusa kusimbisa wirirano. Chikamu chakadudzirwa neDare Gurusa renhau kurambidza rusarurano rwevhuvhuvhu nehurumende dzemo pahwaro hwedzinza, vatano, mavambo erudzi, uye mamwe maruvaradziro. Dare rinoshandisa kunzvera kwakakomba kumitemo yakavakirwa patsika dzakavakirwa pamitezo yevatano uye kuyera vatano, zvinoda kuti hurumende iratidze ruramiso inonyengera zvikuru nokuda kwokurapa kupi nokupi nokupi. [FLD], izvo zvinoziviswawosesariranwa muRepuruso], zvinobatanidzawo . [125]

Pedzisi Yechigumi Neshanu, yechigumi nepfumbamwe, uye Mitemo Yechimakumi Maviri Nezvitanhatu: Kugamuchira Kodzero

Finuteth Amendment (170) inorambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa pa "dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Dare rechigumi necheteth Amendment (1920) rakatambanudzira kuvakadzi, nepo makumi maviri-Sixth Amendment (197) yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18. Pasinei zvapo neiyi mitemo yemitemo inobvumirwa, kurwira uenzani chaihwo kwaida chiito chinopfuurira chemitemo yemitemo nedare. Dare Rapamusoro remitemo mu Shelby County v. Raker[FL:] (20:3) rakaita kuti chirongwa chikuru chekodzero dzemitemo yokuvhota, zvichitungamirira kumitemo mitsva yehurumende inovhotairira mirano uye mitsva inopfupikisa kukwirira kukwidza kuenzana.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu veNyika

Mitemo iyi inorambidza kusarurana pabasa, mudzimba, mudzimba, mudzimba, mudzidzo, uye mupurogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende.

Mutemo wa1946 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Umutwe II weChibvumirano unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose (maresitorendi, mahoro) zvakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Umutwe VII unoita kuti zvive zvisino kufanira kuti vashandirwi vatsaure mukurovha, kupfura, kana kuti muripo pazvikonzero zvimwe chetezvo, uye kufukidza pamuviri, vatano, uye kutsiva. Act yakagadzawo Ecult Accountion Commission (EOC) yakavakirwa parudzi rwe-IC) kunzvera nokumanikidzira kupunzikwa. [[FL:] Munerosaro Yoult Bank v. VFLD [12][5] [5] [5] [5], Dare rapamusoro-10], rairangarira kuti kunetsa kubatwa kwevatano ifono yevatano pasi peTitgetioti. Zvisaromendi zvakawedzera zvisaru chapanderomezirome.[3]

VaAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA) cha 1990

ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumabasa, mabasa avose, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzose dzokugara. Inoda "pokugara pakafanira" kutoti pokugara pakapa "nhamo inoshuviwa" pamunhu anoshanda kana kuti sangano. ADA inorondedzera urema hwakafara zvikuru. ADA inoreva kutadza kumira kwomuviri kana kuti pfungwa kunoderedza zvikuru mabasa oupenyu, chinyorwa chekuvadziko yakadaro, kana kuti kurangarirwa seane urema hwakadaro. Chivako I cheADA chinodzorwa neEOC; Tits II ne III zvinomanikidzirwa neBato roRuramisiro. Mutemo wave uchibatsira kuvandudza kukura zvivako, zvokufambisa zvinhu, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kunyange zvazvo zvichinzi zviripo pamusoro pezvinoitwa.

Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu ra1965 (sezvarakagadziridzwa)

Chiito ichi chakarambidza kuvhota, kubatanidza kunzvera nokunyora uye mitero yokuvhota. Chikamu 2 chinorambidza kukwanisa kupi nokupi kuvhota kunoguma nokurambwa kana kuti kuganhurirwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti ruvara. Chikamu 5 chaida kuti dzimwe nyika dzine miganhu ine nhau yokusarura kuti uwane zvinenge zvagara zvataurwa kubva kuDhipatimendi reSanihedhesi pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Pashure pokunge [[FLT:] Shelby County, Congresssss akamutsa muitiro mutsva wePreveracraclate, achisiya mativi akawanda akasununguka kuti ashandise chinjo idzo dzinotapura zvikuru kuva vota vota vota. Zvinoverengeka kubva panguva inoto vapfumisa mitemo inovhota inovhota uye vanovhota, vachitungamirira kumitemo inopfumisa pasi pechikamu 2.

Muitiro Wakanaka Wokuvaka Mumba wa 1968

Fair Howard Act inorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye mari yedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, mugariro wedzinza, mavambo orudzi, uye urema. Department of Howation and Urban Development (HUD) inonzvera zvichemo uye inogona kuunza zviito zvokuchengeta. Pasinei zvapo neChiratidzo, mitoo yokugara yakavakirwa panzvimbo inotsamira parudzi, ruvara, uye rusaruro runopfuurira. Act yakaitwa muna 1988 kusimbisa kuchengetwa nokudzivirira mhuri navana navanhu vane urema.

Basa Regadziriro Dzegadziriro Dzehurumende

Kukwikwidzanisa kunoda kunzvera kwokushingaira, dzidzo, uye kurongeka kunoitwa namasangano chaiwo ehurumende.

Basa Rokuwana Mabasa Akaenzana (EOC)

EEOC inodudzira ndokuita kuti mitemo yehurumende irambidze rusaruro rwemabasa. Inowana pomero dzinopfuura 60 000 gore negore. Sangano racho rinonzvera pomero, kuedza kuendesa mashoko, uye ringanyora kupomera vashandirwi vavanhu. Mu2022 chete, EEOC yakawana mamiriyoni anopfuura $500 muyamuro yemari nokuda kwavananyajambwa verusaruro. EEOC inopawo nhungamiro pamusoro penhau dzinobuda dzakadai sokunetsa basa mufoni uye kushandiswa kwoungwaru mukuwana mari mukuwana mari.

Department of Justice Civil Rights

Chikamu chaVanion Rights Division chinodzika mitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro mudzidzo, dzimba, kuvhota, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Chine chiremera kukwidza hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuputsa mashandiro etsika kana kuti kudzorwa. Nhau dzakakwirira dzinobatanidza kunzvera mumadhipatimendi emapurisa nokuda kwemiitiro isina murairo uye kupesana nemitemo yemitengo inozvidza vavhoti murusando. Chikamu chinodzorawo vaAmerica neUserorime neReligiodiodial Act.

Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

OCR inomanikidzira kuti Vatit VI veChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu (rau, ruvara, mavambo orudzi), Tit IX (shex), uye Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act (kushata) mumasangano edzidzo anogamuchira mari. OCR inonzvera nzvero dzenetso dzedzinza, kusasarura muchirango, denho yevatano, uye kushaikwa kwepokugara nokuda kwavadzidzi vakaremara. Muna 2024, dare reBiden rakabudisa miraudzo itsva yeIX iyo yakashandura Trump-era panzvimbo inochengetedzwa zvakajeka LGBTQ.

Kududzira Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaumba revo yokuenzana kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinokosha izvo zvinodudzira Bumbiro roMutemo nemitemo yehurumende.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chisarudzo chavose chakapidigura dzidziso ya Plassity ndokurangarira kuti dzinza rinosarudzwa nehurumende muzvikoro zvavose rinoputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana. Dare rakarangarira kuti kuvhozhokera kunoparira kunzwa kwokuzvidzwa muvana veAfrica kuti "kunonyandura sundo yomwana kudzidza. Chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukudzivisa kukuru, asi pakupedzisira chakava hwaro hwapamutemo nokuda kwokubviswa kwezvivako zvose zvavose.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yamadzinza, richiita kuti roorano ive maruramiro makuru uye kuti kurongwa kwedzinza kunofanira kuongororwa zvikuru. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti, "Mumutezo wedu weMitemo, rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu uye haagoni kudzorwa neHurumende. Mhaka yacho yakadudzwa muzvisarudzo zvinotevera paroorano youmwe vatano.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Dare rakataura kuti Iwenath Amendment inoda hurumende kubvumidza nokuziva roorano dzevatano. Murangariro woruzhinji waMutongi Kennedy wakasimbisa kuti roorano i "chinhu chinokosha chetsika yedu yenzanga" uye kuti kubvisa vakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo pasangano iroro kunovaramba dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira. Chisarudzo chinonyoreswa chinobvumirwa nomutemo cheroorano youhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhumwe hwenyika yose, kunyange zvazvo denho dzinotevera dzezvamatongerwe enyika norudzidziso dzakapfuurira.

Vadzidzi Vefair Adgingss neHarvard (2023)

Muchisarudzo 6-3, Dare rakakurira zvirongwa zvezviito zvokubvuma dzinza paHarvard neUniversity of North Carolina, richitaura kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anoputsa Kudzivirira Kunowirirana kwaClaus. Dare rakatonga kuti mayunivhesiti angarangarira kuti rudzi rwakatapura sei zvinoitika zvoupenyu zvomukwidziridziridzi (g., kukurira rusaruro rwedzinza) asi angasashandisa dzinza sechinhu chinobatanidzwa mukubvuma. Ichi chisarudzo chakamanikidzira makoreji kuvandudza mitemo uye chakava nenharo dzakadzorwa pamusoro pezvidzidzo.

Mipimo Yokuenzana Kwehurumende Neyomunharaunda

Nyika dzakawanda uye manisiparati akagadzira dziviriro dzawo amene dzakaenzana dzinopfuura mutemo womubatanidzwa.

Kodzero Dzehurumende

Mitemo yakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Illinois ine mitemo inodzivisa kusarurana yakakwana inofukidza mapoka akadzivirirwa zvikuru (kubatanidza mirangariro yevatano, kuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi, mugariro weroorano, uye manyuko emari) kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo kuva nechepfu dzakawanda dzinopa rupo nokuwana mishonga iri nyore. Somuenzaniso, California Fair Broughing and Honger Act inobvumira kuva nechakaipa chisina muganhu checompassiotic neration, nechepfudzi dzehurumende dzinokuvadza zvakavakirwa paukuru hwevashandirwi.

Kurwisana Nehosha Dyscrimince Ordinances Dzomunzvimbomo

Maguta nenzvimbo kazhinji kazhinji zvinopfuudza mitemo inowedzera dziviriro nokuda kwemapoka akadai savanyajambwa vamasimba masimba omumba, vakaremara, kana kuti avo vane zvinyorwa zvokusungwa. Dzimwe nharaunda dzakaita masangano ekodzero dzavanhu kuti anzvere nyunyuto zvakananga, achifuratira hurumende ine mikwidzo yakawandisa negadziriro dzehurumende. Mukushayikwa kwomutemo wemhosva dzeruvengo rwehurumende unofukidza chimiro chevatano kutozosvikira muna 2009, maguta akawanda akapfuudza mitemo yawo amene yoruvengo utsotsi. Iyi mitemo yomunzvimbomo inoparira basa rakaganhurirwa rekodzero, asi inobvumirawo kuchengetwa kwemitengo yenzanga yakagadziridzwa.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kukuenzana Kwepamutemo

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunokosha pakuziva kuti mutemo unoita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe.

Rusaruraganda Rwegadziriro Mururamisiro Youtsotsi

Mitemo inobva kuBureau of Justice Statistics inoratidza kuti Black America vanoiswa mutorongo pamwero unenge kashanu unopfuura wevachena veAmerica. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti kuputsa kwedzinza kunoputsa Test Protection Claus, kubvumikisa kuva kwechisarudzo chokupa mhosva kunoramba kwakaoma. Masangano emitemo anobvumira akapinda mumitemo inobvumirana neDOJ kuti apedze mitoo yedhiscrimination policial, asi miuyo yakavhenganiswa. Hondo pamirimo, mifungo yakarongwa, uye gadziriro dzemari dzinobhadhadha inotapura nomutoo usingakarirwi zvinotapura nzanga dzoruvara, zvinoparira icho nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinodana kuva mapurisa kuti ipote.

Kunetsa Vari Muropa uye Kunetswa Kubasa

Musiano weUnigment Pay wa1963 neWord VII hausati wabvisa mukaha wemari yevarume nevakadzi. Maererano neNational Paneditherap for Women & Families, vakadzi vanowana inenge masendi 84 padhora oga oga anowanwa nevarume, nekamwe kamwe kamwe kakawanda kakawanda kake kavakadzi vane ruvara.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekuodzwa Mwoyo Kukuru

Pashure pechidzidzo Chisarudzo cheShelby County, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakashandisa mitemo yeID inodzorwa, yakaganhurirwa kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubvisa marobhoti. 2020 Brennan Center yakawana kuti aya matanho anotapura nomutoo unopesana chiverengero navavhoti vashomanene uye vanotambirwa vakaderera. Felony diffrancencelce reconcement reconvorance, iro rinobvisa maruramiro okuvhota vanhu vane zvitendero zvechienzi, rinotapura vaAmerica vanopfuura mamiriyoni 5, nezvisingawirirani zvakashata zvakakomba zvedzinza. Mukupesana, dzimwe nyika dzakawedzera kodzero dzokuvhotera nokudzosa.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Dzavanopfuura Vakaroorana

Nepo yawa [[FLT: 1] yakawana kuti nyika dzine dziviriro dzakazara nokuda kwemari inowirirana, nyika dzakawanda hadzina dziviriro dzakananga dzeLGBTQ + vanhu vari mudzimba, mabasa, uye pokugara. Mushumo we 2023 Movement Advation Project [[FLT:] 203] Hurumende hadzina dziviriro dzakazara nokuda kweLGBT+ vanhu. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu [[FLLT:]] 303] C LLC v.ILLC.IN][FLT:] [2023]) dzakataura kuti mugadziri wewepanyu wewero aigona kuramba kuita mawero epanyuko dzeroorano nokuda kwezvitendero zverudzidziso, kukwidziridza itiro pakati pezvisaruvarati yezvisarirano.

Michina Yapamutemo Yokuparira Kuenzana

Kuenzana kunodzorwa kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wokukwirira mhaka kwomunhu oga, kunzvera kwehurumende, uye zviito zvesangano rokutarisira.

Kodzero Yako Yechiito

Mitemo mizhinji yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende inobvumira vanhu kukwirira mhaka zvakananga. Somuenzaniso, mushandi anogona kuisa mhaka pasi peTitle VII pashure pemishonga yokutonga inonetesa neEOC. Vapultiff vanogona kuwana mubhadharo wokudzosa, kudzorerwa, kuvadziko yegweta, uye mibhadharo yegweta. Mitengo yekirasi inogona kukurukura rusaruranoro, semuchinoitika che DAKES v. Walmart Stores, Inc. (20) kunyange zvazvo Dare rapamusoro remitemo yakaita kuti zvitsauko zvebasa zvikuru.

Kunyunyuta Kwebasa

Kunyunyuta nesangano rakadai seEOC, OCR, kana kuti HUD kazhinji kazhinji kwakachipa zvikuru uye kunokurumidza kupfuura kuzivisa. Masangano iwaya anogona kunzvera, kupa zviwanwa, uye kuedza kukurukura misha. Kana sangano rikawana chisakiso chine mufungo, kungapomera munyunyuti. Zvisinei, zvitengo zvesangano zvakaganhurirwa; somuenzaniso, bhajeti yeEOC haina kuvambirana nechiverengero chamapomero anonyorwa, kuchiguma nenguva refu yakamirira.

Mitemo yomuenzaniso

Department of Justice inogona kukwirira hurumende kana kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti vashandirwi vakuru nokuda kwokupinda mumuitiro kana kuti muitiro worusaruro. Uku kupomera kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinja kukuru, zvakadai semirau yokubvumirana inoda chinjo kurovedzo yamapurisa, miitiro yokurovha, kana kuti miitiro yokuvhota. DOJ's Civil Rights Division yashandisa chiremera ichi kudenha mitemo yedzimba dzokuvanda, migariro yetorongo, uye kubvisa kwechikoro izvo zvinotapura vana vashomanene zvikuru.

Nguva Yemberi Yokumanikidza Kuenzana

Pfungwa yokuti vanhu vaenzane zviri pamutemo muUnited States inotsamira pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, enzanga, uye ekutonga anopfuurira.

Chiito Chedare

Zvikwereti zvinoverengeka zvakakarakadzwa kusimbisa kuenzana. Chiratidzo cheEalture, icho chingawedzera mirangariro yevatano nechiratidzo semapoka anodzivirirwa mumutemo wekodzero dzechimurenga, chakapfuudza Imba asi chakamiswa muDare. John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act inovavarira kudzorera zvinodikanwa zvepamberi pevhu pashure pe Shelby County. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvingakwidziridza mubhadharo mukuru, kuwedzera vaAmerica neCrime Act, uye rusaruro runobva pachimiro chevhu nesitarati yeBPS).

Kuchinja Kwehurumende Nokudzivisa

Sezvo hurumende yehurumende iri kurongerwa, maruwa ari kuva marabhoritari nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kukura nokuganhurira wirirano. California, New York, uye Washington vakapa mitemo inoda kubhadharwa nokurambidzwa kwetsika. Nenzira inopesana, matauriro akafanana neFlorida neTexas akagadza mitemo inoganhurira kurukurirano dzekirasi dzedzinza nevatano, kuganhurira kutora rutivi kwevatambi vematransgender, uye kurambidza mhatsa, purogiramu dzokuvara, uye kubatanidzwa mumayunivhesiti avose. Uku kuderera kuchaparira sezvingabvira kurangarirwa kukuru pamusoro perevo yedziviriro yakaenzana.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nebias

Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokuisira mukurovha, kukweretesa, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi kunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva. Mitemo inogona kubudisazve mirangariro yenhau, ichitungamirira kumiuyo youpamhiro yakaoma kubvumikisa mudzidziso yazvino inodzivirira (iyo inoda rusaruro rwemaune). EEOC ne FTC dzakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro peILIF Fture, asi hapana mutemo wehurumende wakakwana uripo kudzora tsvetedzo yemitemo. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seIllinois, dzakapa mitemo inoda kuongororwa kwezvishandiso zveAISC zvinoshandiswa muchisarudzo chebasa.

Mumhedziso, kuchengetwa kwekuenzana mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica muitiro unopfuurira unobatanidza rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, chiito chedare, kududzira kwomutemo, kuchengetwa kwevakuru vakuru, uye midzi inoiswa muuswa. Idi kubatanidzwa kukuru kwomutemo nenzanga zvinoraira kungwarira nokuvimbisana navagari vose. Zvivako zvehwaro zvakaumbwa neBumbiro remitemo nemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo zvinoumbwa uye dzimwe nguva zvakaedzwa nehurumende nezviito zvomunzvimbomo. Nepo fambiro mberi huru yakaitwa, kupesana kunopfuurira mupfuma, utano, uye ruramisiro inozivisa kuti kuenzana kwapamutemo hakusati kwambozivikanwa zvizere. Nguva yemberi ichada kuti zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro zviripo nemitemo mitsva yokupayona zvive izvo zvinova zvechokwadi zvoukwane mamiriro ezvinhu anorarama nokuda kwomunhu ari wose muUnited States.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pegadziriro yapamutemo yokuenzana, ona Cornell Information yeLeagn Institute ku Dziviriro Yakaenzana, EC] website yepamutemo[, uye [[FLT:]]