Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Negadziriro

Bhizi rinopa chiremera charo muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinoita basa rokutonga muPurezidhendi weUnited States. Irori rakasarudzwa navaFramers rakava namaune() vakatsvaka mukuru mukuru mumwe anokwanisa kuita chiito chorutsungu, kusiyana namadare ane mitezo mizhinji akaratidzira hurumende muZvikamu zveConfederation. Mumazana amakore, Bazu Rinodzora rakura kubva mukambani duku yamadhipatimendi mana (State, Treal, Wars, uye Athorney General) kuva chishandi chakapararira chamadhipatimendi makambani anopfuura 15 amadziro apamusoro, masangano akazvimiriyo akazvimiriyo.

Purezidhendi anoshanda sezvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende nemusoro wehurumende, basa rimwe rinoita kuti pave nesimba guru rokufananidzira nerokushanda. Mutungamiriri weSangano anobatira semutungamiriri weSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende, nepo Kabhinati(akabatanidzwa nevanyori vedhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe) inobetsera kuumba nokuronga zvinhu zvinovambira pazvokurima kusvikira kunhau dzakati. Kupfuura dare reSangano reSangano rePurezi rePresident raPurezimende (kubatanidza Office yeNzvizvarwa zveWhitemu, National Security Council, neHofisi yeBambishopul) inobetsera kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu nokugadzirwa kwemitemo. Sangano imwe neimwe inoshanda pasi pechiremera chemitemo yakapiwa nePresidenterceant, uye kuzivisa kwemiteveridzo.

Mabasa eCore eBazu raVatungamiriri

Kumanikidzwa Kuteerera Mutemo uye Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Basa rezuva nezuva rinonyanya kuoneka reBazu roMutungamiriri weBazu riri kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yehurumende inotongerwa nokutendeka. Iri murairo unotambanudza kupfuura kutongwa kwoutsotsi kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo, chengeteko yemuganhu, uye dziviriro yorudzi. Department of Justice (DOJ) rinobatira soruoko rukuru rwapamutemo rwehurumende yehurumende, asi kudzika pamutemo kunoparadzirwa mumasangano akawanda namasangano ane mabasa chaiwo.

  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): mabhegi okuputswa kwomutemo woutsotsi womubatanidzwa, kubatanidza ugandanga, utsotsi hweichyubhu, utsotsi hwakarongwa, uye kuputswa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. FBI inogoverawo tsigiro youchenjeri kuhurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo.
  • Drug Enictment Administration (DEA): Anomanikidza Mutemo Unodzora Wesubstances Act, achivhozhokera masangano okutengesa mirimo nokushandiswa kwemishonga inonyorwa nachiremba.
  • Bureau of Alcohol, Toba, Firemormars ne Frossives (ATF): inotsiva pfuti, zvinoputika, uye nzvero dzearson; inodzivisawo kutengeswa kusiri kwapamutemo kwezvinodhaka nefodya.
  • Nzvimbo dzeHomeland Security (DHS): Kuona kutora nokuzvidzora (ICE), Customs and Bordline Protection (CBP), Serivisi yeTrecutection Administration (TSA), uye Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Agency. DHS yakaitwa muna 2002 kuti iite mabasa okuchengetedza mumusha pashure pokudenha kwe11 September.
  • U.S. SERBS: Inopa chengeteko yedare, inosunga vapoteri, uye inodzora Purogiramu yeNzira yoKudzivirira Zvapupu.

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda pasi pezviremera zvemitemo asi rinoramba riri pasi penhungamiro yapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nokugadzwa kwavakuru vesangano uye kudzorwa kwemirairo yemitemo.

Kushandiswa Kwomutemo Nokutarisira

Kupfuura kuchengetwa, Bazu roUkuru rinoronga gadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende, kubva paSocial Security and Medicareadare kusvikira kudzosa chikwereti chavadzidzi nemirau yemhoteredzo. Hofisi yeDzidzo neHbaundi (OMB) inoronga kuuraya kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yamasangano, inoyera tsinhirano yavo yemari, uye inovimbisa kuwirirana nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi. Kutonga. . .Nyamuro inoita kuti mitemo inodzikamisa zviri pamutemo.Nzvimbo zveAGrometics Procediture Act Act inoda kuti zvizivise mitemo inokarakadzwa, kukumbira tsinhiro yavose, uye mitemo yokupedzisira, kazhinji nokuongororwa kwakakwana kwemari nebetsero.

Somuenzaniso, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inoshandura urongwa hwakafara hweChreat Air Act kuti huve miganhu yakananga yokubudisa kwenzvimbo dzesimba, nepo Department of Education inoshandisa zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwechikoro pasi peMutezo Wedzidzo Wose Wenefied Act. Izvi zviito zvokudzorwa zvine simba romutemo asi zvinogona kuchinjwa kana kuti kubviswa nevadzori vadzori vanotevera, zvichisimbisa basa guru reBazu Rinodzora mukuumba migumisiro.

Ukama Hwokumwe Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Purezidhendi anobatira semumiriri mukuru wenyika uye mukuru mukuru wemauto ehondo. Kupfurikidza neBato reHurumende, Dare reBazu rinokurukura (zvinodzorwa neDare rokuvaka) rinomirira fariro dzeU.S. kune imwe nyika, uye rinotarisira ukama hwezvokukurukurirana nenyika dzinopfuura 190. National Security Council (NSC) inoronga muitiro wokumwe uye nzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo, nepo Department of Desicial inotarisira mabasa ehondo munyika yose. Intelligence @ kubatanidza CIA, NSA, naDIA(a) inopa mashoko okutsoropodza anozivisa zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvedzimwe nyika netyisidziro.

Pesvedzero yapanzvimbo dzapamberi pedare iri ihuru: zviremera zvakaita mauto kurwisa nzvimbo dzisina kubvumirwa nesangano rapamberi pezvi (g., Libya muna 2011, Siriya pashure pa 2014), kunyange zvazvo Masimba Ekodzero eHondo achida kuziviswa mumaawa 48 uye kurongwa kweboka kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo. Nenzira yakafanana, zvibvumirano zvevakuru vakuru, izvo zvisingadi kubvumira Dare, zvakava chishandiso chinozivikanwa nokuda kwebhizimisi renguva dzose renyika yose, kunyange zvazvo zvisingagoni kubvisa mutemo wemitemo.

Maturusi Avakuru Vehurumende Etsika Yokuchinja

Mirayiridzo Yakananga uye metranda

Miraidzo yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro dzapurezidhendi inobata mirau yehurumende yehurumende. Ivo vanowana chiremera chavo kubva mumashoko eBumbiro reMitemo anopa miganhu yechisarudzo. Nepo isiri mitemo imene, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoita kurema kwomutemo apo yakabudiswa mukupfuuridzira mirau iripo kana kuti masimba ebumbiro remitemo. Mapurezidhendi akaashandisa kuita mirau mikuru: Purezidhendi Truman desective convement (Edective Order 9981), Purezidenti Kennedy akasika Peace Corposet (Ecoutence Concer 10924), Purezidenti Res Red Related Relation Relation Actions kana kuti Varanda wehurumendeant pahofisi yake yokutanga yehurumende.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobatira pamutemo kutoti ichirwisana neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mirau iripo. Matare anogona kuzvideredza kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, uye Congress inogona kuzvikurira kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo mutsva unochinja nheyo yomutemo. Ikoku kunoita kuti zvirairidzo zvavakuru vakuru zvive nesimba asi zvisasimbawo zvinogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi vanotevera neforoko yepeni.

Kusaina Kutaura

Apo Congress inotumira chibvumirano kuMutungamiriri wehurumende, Purezidhendi angasaina mutemo ndokupa panguva imwe cheteyo mashoko. Uku kutaura kunowanzotsanangura kuti mukuru mukuru anorangarira sei kutsanangura nokushandisa mutemo mutsva, pane dzimwe nguva kuratidzira gadziriro Purezidhendi anorangarira kuva asina maruramiro apamutemo kana kuti anopesana nechiremera chehurumende. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisana kuva chisakiso chetsika chepamutemo, vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti ibasa rapamutemo rekududzira. Mapurisa weAndrew Jackson kuGeorge W. Bush vakashandisa kutaura kwokusaina kuti vatsigire nzwisiso yedare, uye Purezidhendi Obama akapfuuridzira muitiro wacho, kunyange zvazvo pasina gakavadzano shoma. Kutaura kwomutemo, asi vanogona kupesvedzera kuti vatsigire sei simba remitemo.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achidzivisa kuva mutemo kutoti mabhiri maviri-tatu emakamuri ose avhota kukunda. Iri simba rakaipa rinopa basa gurusa muBazu Rinodzora mumutemo wakagadzirirwa(a kutyisidzira kweveto kumanikidza Congress kukurukura. Kuedza kusingawanzoitiki uye hakuwanzobudirira: pakati pa 1789 na 2023, purezidhendi akatakura mari dzinopfuura 2 500, ane 1105649. Chinoteshinwa chinobatanidza Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson weChirente Revoswo reChirevoidzo cheChirevo chavagari vemo cha 1866 (usingadzori), Purezidhendi weChibvumirano cha 2016, akatyorometwa nedare gurusa rePrenteant.

Kugadzwa uye Chiremera Chokubviswa

Purezidhendi anotora zviuru zvavakuru vakuru (kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende, vamiririri, uye vakuru vesangano) vanozviisa pasi pekusimbiswa kweDare. Iri simba rinobvumira purezidhendi kushanda nehurumende nevanhu vanogoverana chiono chavo chemitemo, nokudaro achipesvedzera kudzikamisa kuchengetwa kwamakore anouya. Zvisinei, simba rinobviswa harina kusimba. Dare rinogona kugadzira masangano anozvimirira (se Federal Reserve kana kuti SEC) nokuda kwokubvisa dziviriro dzevakuru vakuru vakuru vavo, kuganhurira kudzo dzoukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Chisaru cha 2020 mu Mutemo wePUPUPUROFENCER

Kumanikidza Mutemo Nokuchinja Kwoutungamiriri

Kunyange zvazvo Congress ichipa mitemo, Bazi Rinotungamirira rinosarudza kuti kutyora mutemo kupi kunofanira kuongororwa uye kutongwa kusinganyanyi kutevedzerwa. Kungwarira uku kunooneka zvikurukuru munzvimbo umo maonero kana kuti mutemo wenyika unorwisana nomutemo wenyika.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mutemo wokutora unogovera muenzaniso wakaoma. Congress yakatanga mapoka makuru emhosva dzinotapurwa, asi Bazu Rinodzora rinosarudza nzira yokugovera nayo zviwanikwa zvokuchengetesa. VaObama vakaisa pakutanga kubviswa kwevapurisa vemiganhu nemhondi dzine mhosva, nepo dare reTrump rakakudziridza kubatanidza kuchengetwa kupi nokupi kuripo pasina mvumo, pasinei zvapo nenhau youtsotsi. Kutungamirira kwaBiden kwakachinja kosi, kuchiita kuti mutemo urambe uchinangiswe patyisidziro dzenyika, matsotsi makuru, uye miganhuro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Izvi zvinotapura zvinoshamisa nhamba dzinobviswa: kubva panhamba hurusarefu ye40 000 pagore pasi pekutungamirira kweObama muna 2012, kusvikira kunhamba yakafanana pasi peTrump muna 2019, ipapo kuderera kukuru kupfuura 100 000 mu201 pashure pema purogiramu yeBiden.

Miitiro Yemirimo

Zvisarudzo zvevatungamiriri zvinoumbawo kuchengetwa kwemirimo. Vatungamiriri veObama vakabudisa Cole Memyandum (2013) vachirayira vaAttorney veU.S. kuti vasashore vanhu vanowirirana nemitemo yembanje. Vatungamiriri veTrump vakabvisa basa iroro muna 2018, vachipa vachuchisi vehurumende chisarudzo chokuronda mhaka dzembanje kunyange muhurumende apo zviri pamutemo. Panguva ino, vatarisiri veBiden vakakurudzira kubvisa mbangi kubva kuShechemily I kuti vapirey III ndokubudisa kukanganwira mhaka dzehurumende. Idzinosvei hadzichinji mugariro wepamutemo wembanje muTubsteringsss Acts, asi dzinochinja zvikuru kuti masangano anochengeta mutemo anoshanda sei pasi.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kwemapurisa

Zvinhu zvinokosha zvebazu zvinodzorwa zvinotapurawo nzvero dzavagari vemo nemirau inobvumira nemadhipatimendi emapurisa omunzvimbomo. Vatarisiri veObama vakatanga nzvero dzakawanda dzemiitiro mumahofisi amapurisa, kuchiguma nemirayiro inoda chinjo. Vatarisiri veTrump vakaderedza zvikuru iyi nzvero. Vadzori veBiden vakamutsidzirazve Dhipatimendi rokushandisa kweRuramisiro, kunzvera Minneapolis, Louisville, uye Phonsician, pakati pedzimwe.

Nzvero Nedzikamo: Kutarisira Kwomutemo uye Kwokutonga

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo anotyisa, Bazu Rinotungamirirwa rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekero dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa udzori husiri hwehurumende. Congress inodzora nhimbo dzechikwama dzehurumende, kubatanidza kushanda kwomutemo, zvinofanira gore negore. Dare rinewo chiremera chokutarisira, kutungamirira, kutungamirira, kubudisa zvikamu, uye kuraira magwaro kubva kumasangano evakuru vakuru. Simba rokusatungamirira, kunyange zvazvo risingawanzoshandiswa, rinobvumira Imba kupomera Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane “chibhakaro, chibhagi, kana kuti vamwe vaCrimendi vakakwirira, dare redare,” narorororo. Purezidhendi Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDruffald Trump vakashaniswa naImbai, kunyange zvazvo pasina kupiwa mhaka neDare redare rehurumende.

Gabhu reReaudial Branch rinogovera imwe nzvero inokosha kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. matare eFederal anogona kurova zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti kupfuura chiremera. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti kutora kwaPurezidhendi Truman zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kwakanga kuri chirambidzo chekurambidza ( pwere dzeYoungstown Comment Commentat & Lamp; Tube Co. v. sayer, 1952). Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akavhara mativi aPrezidhenti yerwei yerwei Trup pachimiro chakadzokororwa (pamberi chinyorwa chapamberi reObama (kuna pasi pomubvunzo womubvunzo). Reswo Dare remitemo rinovimbisa kuti kunyange zviito zvemuteshiviro kana kuti patemwaro yebumbiro remitemo.

Mukuwedzera, murairo wokuparadzanisa weMasimba unosimbiswa nechinodikanwa chokuti Purezidhendi anofanira kungwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Ikoku kunoreva kuti Bazu reVane Simba haringangogoni kungofuratira mirau isingadi, inofanira kuiuraya kana kuti zvimwe kutsvaka chinjo yemitemo. Accounting Clause anonzverawo simba rapurezidhendi: vakuru vakuru vakuru, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, uye vamiririri vanofanira kusimbiswa neDare, vachipa nzvimbo yakananga mukugadziridza utungamiriri hwehurumende.

Mupedzi: Kudzikamiswa Kukuru Kwevane Simba

Bhazi Rinotungamirirwa neBazu rinogara pamuzinda wokuita mitemo nemitemo yeAmerica, richishandisa simba rokuita kuti mitemo, mirau inoumbwa, uye rinoisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvenyika. Kubva pakunyora kwaPurezidhendi kumirairo inotungamirira FBI neDEA, zvisarudzo zvevakuru vakuru zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vemo .Idzo inodzorwa, kuti itsikai inogoverwa, uye kuti inhaui dzinokwira kukukwidziridza nyika. Bva gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo dzinovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe risina simba. Congresssions inogona kuisa bhii, mari, uye kuongorora; kuoma kwemitemo uku nesimba kunogona kuvanzwa. Uku kuoma.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamasimba ebumbiro remitemo roupurezidhendi, shanyira Groupwited House Increcurence. Nokuda kwenzvero yakadzama yapamutemo yemirairo yavakuru vakuru neganhuriro dzavo, bvunza Congational Researcher Service pource pource [. Kunzwisisa ukurusarirano yemitemo yehurumende, ona rondedzero yebasa rehurumende [[FLT:]F]FY]FI]F