Nhoroondo Yemiedzo yaJury

Kodzero kukutonga kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi inopfuura dziviriro inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende. Mavambo ayo anodzokera shure kuGirisi yakare, umo vagari vemo vakabatira savatongi mumagakava outsotsi navagari vemo mutsika ye disteroia. Romain Republic yakashandisawo chimiro chedare, vagari vemo vaibatira sedare [[FLT], nokuda kwenhau dzakati dzoutsotsi. Zvisinei, mukare wedare razvino uno unotonga wazvino uno uno uno anoonekwa muEngland womunguva yapakati peredhiyo ye 1066. Makoro apakuvamba akanga asiri mapoka eidi enhau enhau asi avanhu vomunzvimbomo avo vakapikira zvokwadi yezivo yavo vamene. Pamitumbi 12 muzana yamakore 13 neiyi inoshandurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuva neapo vouchapupu hwemhosva. “Makorero anenge anenge ataura mashoko emhosva anenge ataurwa nechapupuriro youchapupuri pakati penguva isati.

Magna Carta[[FLT: 1] [1215] kazhinji kazhinji inochengetwa nokuda kwokuisa hwaro nokuda kwokutongwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi. Claus 39 anozivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka achasungwa kana kuti kudzingwa “kunze norutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano chacho chakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kumatare, kududzira kwacho kwapashure kwakava nzvimbo inosimbiswa nokuda kwekodzero dzakakura zvikuru. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi17, mutemo wavose weEngland wakagadza zvakasimba vatongi sechekero pachiremera choumambo. Apo nyika dzeAmerica dzakaputsa murairo weIndecration dzakadudzwa sechisarusarusaru. U. Constitution yakaenda kuvimbisa kurudyi muChikamu III, nechitanhatu, chikamu chitsaruchitanhatu chitanhatu, icho chitsaruchi chitsaruchi chitsaru cha “chikamu chitsaruchino chedare chamatare chomutemo chamambo muhurumende chomubatanidzwa chehurumende chehurumende chehurumende chenyika inotonga yose.

Chinangwa Nemabasa Emiedzo yaJury

Miedzo yeJury inobatira madonzo anowirirana: inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, inovimbisa kuva negariro, uye inosimudzira chivimbo chavose mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Kusafanana nokutongwa kwebhenji, apo mutongi mumwe anosarudza mhaka, vatongi vanounza uchenjeri hweboka nemirangariro yakasiana-- siyana. Uku kuparadzirwa kwesimba kunobetsera kurinda hurumende kuva yakamanikidzirwa, yefungidziro, kana kuti dare risingafungidziri. Vatongi vanoita se “sayenzi yenzanga,” vachipinza pfungwa yavose mukuita kwapamutemo kungatozova kunyanyoitwa.

Nenzira yakananga zvikuru, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunoita mabasa mana anokosha:

  • [ FOCFING[[FT:1] – VaJuri vanoyera ufakazi, vanowana kuvimbika, uye vanoziva zvakaitika. Vanoraidzwa kuvakira chisarudzo chavo chose chose pamaidi anopiwa mudare.
  • Kushandiswa kwomutemo – Nepo mutongi anovaraidza pamutemo wakafanira, vatongi vanoshandisa mutemo iwoyo kumaidi avawana. Uku kukamurana kwebasa kunochengeta donzo nemurangariro wakaiswa wedare rinobetsera.
  • .Legitacy - Chisarudzo chinoitwa navagariwo zvavo vane chiremera chetsika. Vanhu vane bviro huru yokugamuchira kutenderwa kana kuti kusunungurwa kana kuchibva kuboka rezera ravo panzvimbo pemukuru mukuru wehurumende.
  • Dzidzo yeChibic – basa reJury rinoratidzira vagari vemo kumabasa egadziriro yeruramisiro, kusimudzira nzwisiso hurusa yekodzero, muitiro wakafanira, uye mitoro yougari hwemo.

Kusarudza Jury (Mutambo Wakaipa)

Kusarudza dare rinobetsera uye risingasaruri muitiro unotambudza unozivikanwa se conoir [kubva kuFrance Yekare, “kutaura zvokwadi”. Kunotanga neboka redare redare rinobetsera ramatare rinovhota, mapepa erezenisi omutyairi, kana kuti dzimwe nhetembo dzavose. Mazana evagari vemo angadanwa nokuda kwokutongwa kumwe. Pakare mudare, mutongi nagweta vanopanikiridza vanobvira kufumura mirangariro ingagona kuvadzivisa kusarudza mhaka yacho paufakazi chete.

Izvi zvinotanga zvishoma nezvishoma:

  1. Kuzivisa munyu [ - Nhau dzedare dzinoraira kukwasva kwechanza chakafanana chenzanga.
  2. Kuongorora [[[FLT: 1] - Vatongi vanofungidzira vanozadza bvunzurudzo uye vanobvunzwa seboka pamusoro pezvimiro zvendangariro zvavose kumutemo, mapurisa, kana kuti rudzi rwoutsotsi.
  3. Kubvunza kwavanhu [[FT:1] - Attorney angabvunza mibvunzo, kazhinji kazhinji mufiti kana kuti mukamuri, kunzvera mirangariro chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, mutongi anobvira uyo akambova nyajambwa woutsotsi hwakafanana angasakwanisa kuramba asingasaruri.
  4. Tsveneges nokuda kwechisakiso[[[FT:1] - Attorney dzinogona kukumbira mutongi kudzinga mutongi nokuda kwechikonzero chakananga, zvakadai sokubvuma rusaruro kana kuti ukama nepati.
  5. denho - rutivi rumwe norumwe rungarova chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chamatare ehuru pasina kupa chikonzero. Zvisinei, denho hadzigoni kushandiswa kutsaura zvakavakirwa padzinza, dzinza, kana kuti rudzi (sezvinochengetwa mu [[FLT:]] Batson v. Kentucky, 1986).
  6. Kudya dare rinobetsera vatongi - Pashure pokunge mativi ose ari maviri ashandisa denho dzawo, boka rasara ra12 (kana kuti vashomanene mune mamwe mativi) rinopikirwa sedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, muitiro wacho unogona kutora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki, sezvo magweta anoedza kuziva kufungira mano akaipa kwakavanzika, zvikurukuru ayo anoparirwa nokuziviswa kwedare risati raitwa.

Basa Ravacheri Mukati Mekutongwa

Kana vangopika, vatongi vanova vawani vechokwadi bedzi. Mukati mokutonga, vanofanira kuramba vari vagamuchiri vasingashandi voufakazi hwakasununguka — havagoni kuita nzvero yokuzvimirira, kushanyira chiitiko choutsotsi, kana kuti kukurukura nhau yacho nomunhu upi noupi kunze kwekamuri redare rinobetsera vatongi. Mutongi anovarairidza pamusoro pokurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka, mutoro weufakazi (pamberi pepanikiro ine mufungo mumhaka dzoutsotsi), uye mativi apamutemo emhosva.

Vagadziri vejeri vanoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka:

  • Kuteerera nokuchengeta[ – Vanofanira kusanoteerera chipupuriro, zviratidziro, uye nharo. Mumamwe matare, vanobvumirwa kunyora manotsi, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchisiyana kupfurikidza nomutemo.
  • [ Kuvimbwa [ – Vachengeti vanonzvera kana zvapupu zvakatendeseka, zvakarurama, uye zvisingachinji. Zvingarangarira mufambiro, vavariro, uye kutsigira ufakazi.
  • Kubatanidza boka - Pashure pokugumisa nharo nemirairidzo yomutongi, vatongi vanorega basa mukamuri rapachivande kuti vapesane ufakazi. Kunyora kunogona kupedza maawa kana kuti mazuva. Vajeri vanofanira kuteererana, kurangarirazve mirangariro yokutanga, uye kushanda kuchisarudzo chakabatana (kana kuti kuzvibata kukuru mune dzimwe migariro yevagari vemo).
  • Kupa chisarudzo - chisarudzo chokupedzisira chedare rinobetsera vatongi chinofanira kuvakirwa muufakazi nomutemo sezvakaraidzwa. Kana vasingagoni kubvuma(a “dare rinobetsera dare redare”) mutongi angazivisa mhaka isiriyo, uye muroveri wemhaka anogona kusarudza kana aizoedzazve nhau yacho.

Varidzi venyaya iyi vanowanzoshuma kuti zvakaitika zvacho zvinobatsira uye zvinochinja.

Kutapura Kwemiedzo Yechijuri Pagadziriro Yepamutemo

Kuedza Jury hakungoumbi migumisiro yomunhu oga asiwo nzvimbo yepamutemo yakakura.

Kuronga Zvinetso Zvepamutemo

Nepo matare anobetsera matare asingaiti mutemo, zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kupesvedzera mhaka dzipi dzinokwidzwa, uye matare anotungamirira dzimwe nguva anotsamira pamufambiro wedare wedare kuti ridudzire mipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mu Apprendi v. New Jersey] [2000], Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakataura kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinowedzera mutongo kupfuura mutemo chinofanira kubvumikiswa kudare risingapanikirwi nepanikiro ine mufungo.

Kunzvera Simba Rokutonga

Juries akabatira kare somurindi wokudzivisa kurovererwa kwakanyanyisa. Apo ufakazi hunenge husina kusimba, kana kuti apo mutemo unenge usingafarirwi navose, vatongi vanogona kusunungura kunyange mukurwisana nouremu hwoufakazi kupfurikidza no “kuparadza” (jeri rokudzorera chisarudzo chisati chiri chomuuyo pasinei zvapo nokudavira mupomeri achiputsa mutemo. Mienzaniso ine chiremera inobatanidza vatongi vehurumende vanoramba kuisa John Zenger mutongo wokupandukira mutemo (1735), uye 19 muzana yamajanga inosunungura vapoteri kana kuti vanunuri vavo.

Kuchinja Pfungwa Dzevanhu

Phezulu-profile inodzora kutonga kwezvinobudisa nhau uye inomutsa kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pedzinza, kirasi, uye ruramisiro. Zvisarudzo muzvinoitika zvakadai se Vanhu v.O.J. Simpson (1995] kana Chikamu cheruwa cheFlorida v. George Zimmerman[[FLT] [202013]) akava mativi anokurumidza ekurukurirano pamusoro petsika yedzinza mutsika yeruramisiro. Miedzo yakadaro inogona kunyandura chinjo dzechibvumirano chemitemo yechinjo yechibvumirano (muenzaniso, chinjo kumiitiro yokuzivisa kana kuti sumo yemuviri wezvipopo zvemapurisa.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Kunotsiva

Kutora rutivi mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vagari vemo kuratidzira kushanda kwomukati kwematare. Mukuwirirana nenzvero ya 2019 yakaitwa neNational Center for State Courts, vanopfuura 85% vaichimbova vatongi vakashuma kuti ruzivo rwavo rwokuzviwanira rwakawedzera ruremekedzo rwavo nokuda kwegadziriro yedare. Kupfuurirazve, majaji akasiana - siana anovandudza kumirira mitongo, sezvinoratidza kuti majajiripiti anovhengana apamutemo anogamuchirwa namaune kwenguva refu, anorangarira ufakazi hwakawanda, uye anoita zvikanganiso zvishomanene zvikuru kupfuura zvikwata zvose zvedare rezve.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemiedzo Yevasungwa

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwawo hunogara, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha dzinogona kusekesa kururama kwavo nokubudirira.

Mirangariro Yakaoma

Munhu ari wose anounza fungidziro dzakajeka kubhokisi rinobetsera vatongi (jeri rokutonga) rinotsamira padzinza, chirume, mugariro wenzanga, kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwoupenyu. Kunyange nokufungira mano akaipa kwokungwarira, kwakasanopinzwa kunogona kuramba kwakavanzika. Vapomeri vechitema vane bviro zvikuru yokuwanwa mhaka ndokugamuchira mitongo ine utsinye kupfuura vakwirirwi vechichena, uye uku kusasarura kunoparirwa murutivi nemhaka yefungidziro. Matare akaedza kutaura naikoku kupfurikidza nerovedzo yakajeka yechipiri yechipiri, miraidzo yedare yakagadziridzwa, uye kushandurazve profiti yedare redare revorceallenge, asi chinetso chinopfuurira.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Kutaura Kwemazuva Ano

Nhau zhinji dzoutsotsi zvino dzinobatanidza ufakazi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, urongwa hwechirongwa chetsoro, kana kuti mhosva dzemari dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Kutongwa kweavhareji zvino kunotora mavhiki anoverengeka, uye dzimwe dzinogona kutambanudza kwemwedzi. Vatongi, avo vanowanzova vasina kurovedzeka namashoko apamutemo kana kuti mirangariro yesayenzi, vangaparapatika kupinza ndokuchengeta mashoko ane udzame. “Mukaha uyu unopedzerwa napakuwedzera ngozi yechisarudzo chisina kururama. Mamwe matare zvino anobvumira vatongi kutumira mibvunzo yakanyorwa nokuda kwezvapupu, kana kuti kuvagovera vazivi veGreays.

Nguva Nezvinhu Zvisingadzorwi

Mitongo yedare yeJury inodhura. Kutongwa kumwe kungada zviuru zvemadhora munguva yedare, mari yedare, uye maawa egweta. Mitengo inopfuurira kutongwa inowanzoda mwedzi yakawanda yokugadzirira kutongwa, uye kutongwa kwacho pachakwo kunoramba kusingawanzoitiki. Muhurumende, mhosva dzeutsotsi dzinoda kutongwa; dzinopfuura 95% dzinopedzwa nokukumbira kuti zviitwe. Kurega kutonga kwedare kunoreva kuti basa renhau redare rinotonga riri kupedza kuparadzwa, uye vapomendi vanoomerera pakodzero yavo kudare redare redare rinobetsera vangatarisana ne “chirangoridzo yemhosva yemhosva ” inova nemhosva kupfuura zvavangadai yakatongerwa nokukumbira mhosva.

Pesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau Nekuzivisa

Vanenge vatoita kuti vatonge pfungwa dzakasimba vasati vadanwa. Zvikanyanya, vatongi vanofanira kuisa vatongi mudare redare redare kuti vazotonga nyaya dzose, kuvaparadzanisa nenhau uye zvinobudisa nhau, kana kuti kunyange kuendesa nyaya yacho kunzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kusvika kwemafoni uye kusvika kwamashoko nokukurumidza kwakaita kuti zvive zvisingabviri kuvimbisa kuti vatongi havazowaniswi zvinhu zvinoda kutendwa.

Kumiririra uye Kusiyana - siyana

Kuti vatongi vave vasingasaruri zvirokwazvo, vanofanira kuratidzira kupesana kusingasaruri kwenzanga. Bva mativi mazhinji achiri kurwisana nokupikiswa kwapaduku napaduku pedzinza, vanhu vaduku, uye vagari vemo vakaderera vanowanwa. Ikoku kunogona kubva murusaruro munhevedzo dzamanyuko, kushandiswa kwedenho dzokudzivisira mapoka akati, kana kuti nhamo dzinopembedza nhamba dzisingaenzaniswi dzavashandi navatarisiri. Nhamburiko dzokuvandudza kumirira dzinobatanidza kushandisa manyuko akawanda, kuderedza kana kuti kubvisa denho dzinoparadza, uye kuita basa redare redare rinobetsera rakakodzera zvikuru (g., kubvumira basa rimwe rezuva, kugovera kutarisirwa kwavana).

Miedzo Yokufungidzira Yakaenzaniswa: Miedzo Yavanyanza Kupota Nyika

United States inoonekwa seine gadziriro yakasimba zvikurusa yokutonga yedare rinobetsera vatongi, asi iri kure nenyika bedzi inotsamira pavamiririri vevagari vemo.Kunzverwa kupfupi kwemimwe miitiro kunoratidza kuti muenzaniso wedare rinobetsera vatongi unogona sei kuchinjirwa kutsika dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo.

  • England neWales – Musimboti wedare razvino uno richiri kushandisa nokuda kwemhosva dzoutsotsi dzakakomba muDare raMakurukota. Zvisinei, majaji akabviswa nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa dzehurumende, uye maruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi akaganhurirwa kupfuura muU.S. denho dzekubvisa dzinza muna 1988.
  • Canada - Kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunoitwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba. Juries dzine mitezo 12 uye dzinofanira kusvika pachisarudzo chakabatana. Voir trod yakaganhurirwa zvikuru kupfuura muU.S., uye denho nokuda kwechisakiso dzinoshandiswa zvishoma zvikuru.
  • Australia - Juries dzinosarudza mhaka mumitongo yose youtsotsi nokuda kwemhosva inorangwa neinopfuura mwedzi 12 yokuiswa mutorongo. Kusazvidzora kunodikanwa munyika zhinjisa, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachibvumira rutongeso rwavazhinji pashure pokurangarira kwakawedzerwa. Basa redare rinobetsera mumhaka dzavagari vemo rakaderedzwa nenzira yakatsiga.
  • [FLT]Europe - Nyika dzakawanda dzevagari vemo dzakatsiva matare edare emitemo emo akabatanidzwa kana kuti vatongiwo zvavo. Somuenzaniso, Germany inoshandisa gadziriro ye “vagadziri” ( Schöffen) vanogara pedyo nedare rematsotsi akakomba. France inoshandisa boka ravatongi vatatu uye vatongi vatanhatu nokuda kwemitongo mitanhatu. Masangano aya anovavarira kubatanidza unyanzvi hwepamutemo nokutora rutivi rwapamutemo apo anodzivisa matare edare ravose.
  • yeChinetso cheJapan - Muna 2009, Japan akatanga saiban àin (kuisa mutongi) gadziriro yemhosva dzakakomba. Masangano avagari vatanhatu navatongi vatatu vane unyanzvi vanosarudza zvose zviri zviviri kuva nemhaka netongero. Chinjo yakatsvaka kuwedzera ruvimbo rwavose nerokubudirira pashure penhevedzano yezvitendero zvakakwirira [1] Tsarudzo dzapakuvamba dzinoratidza kuti vatongi vanotora rutivi nokushingaira uye kunaka ikoko kwakavandudzika.

Gadziriro imwe neimwe inodzikamisa kudikanwa kwokubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo mukurwisana neitiro hanya pamusoro pendyiko, kukwanisa, uye kururama.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Neramangwana Remiedzo YavaJudha

Vachifunga nezvezvinetso zvataurwa pamusoro apa, vachinji vakawanda vepamutemo vakakarakadza kuchinja kwokuchengetedza nokusimbisa kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuvandudza Kusarudza Chirango Chenyu

  • Kuwedzera ndaza yemanyuko kuti ibatanidze marekodhi ezvishandiso, maID ehurumende, uye mamwe masero okunyorera kuti awedzere mhatsa.
  • Kubvisa kana kuti kuderedza zvakakomba zvinetso zvokuderedza rusaruro rwedzinza.
  • Kubvumira gweta remagavhuna kuvhura pfungwa dzakavanzika.

Kuedza Kwemazuva Ano

  • Vachibvumira vatongi kunyora zvinonyorwa ndokubvunza mibvunzo yakanyorwa (yava pasi pokutonga tendero).
  • Kugovera “pfupiso dzoutongi” dzoufakazi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, hwakafanana nemabhuku edare rinotonga anoshandiswa mukutonga kwokunyengera.
  • Kushandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakadai sokuratidzwa kweuchapupu hwemagetsi uye kutepfenyura chaikoiko kwenguva kuti unzwisise.

Kutaura ku “Chirango Chakafanira”

  • Kushandisa nhungamiro dzemitemo dzinoderedza kupesana kwekutonga pakati pekuedza nokuteterera. Dzimwe nyika dzakatorayira kuti kupwiswa pashure pokutongwa kugorega kuguma nomutsetse wakakwirira kupfuura chikumbiro chakafanana.
  • Mari inowedzera nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira kwokusazvidzora kuitira kuti vadziviriri vehurumende vagone kutora nhau dzakawanda kutongwa.

Kutsigira Mugumo

  • Kuwedzera muripo wehuro (kazhinji kazhinji wakaderera se $15-20 pazuva) kuderedza mutoro wemari pavagari vemo vanotambira mari shomanene.
  • Kugovera kutarisirwa kwavana kwakasununguka kana kuti kwakarongwa nokuda kwamatare anobetsera vatongi.
  • Kugamuchira “zuva rimwe kana kuti kutongwa kumwe” mitemo yokuderedza kudzongonyedzwa.

Chiito Chomutemo uye Chokutonga

  • Kukumbira kodzero yokutonga mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende (ratotongeswa mu50 yose) uye kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti vatongi vasaone maruramiro okutonga nokuderedza zvirango zviri pasi penzvimbo yedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • Vanokurudzira kuchinja zvinhu kwokuedza zvakadai se “huru dzedare redare repamusoro” kana kuti majangaridhi edare (anobatsira vatongi kusarudza nyaya dzakaoma pasina mutongo unodzikatidza) kuti vaunganidze mashoko.

Nguva yemberi yekutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi ichatsamira pakuti matare namatare emitemo anogona kuchinjira iri sangano rekare kunyika yazvino uno. Pasinei zvapo nezvikanganiso zvaro, vatongi vanoramba vari kuratidzirwa kunooneka zvikurusa kwenheyo yokuti ruramisiro ibasa rinogoveranwa, kwete basa redare rinotonga. Seizvo Mutongi weDare Gurusa akanyora, “Vatongi vanounza kumuitiro wokutonga mudzimu wokutora rutivi kwakakurumbira uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwezviri mumutemo. Basa rawo rinokosha ndero kuchengetedza simba reboka repuritiki.”

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemiedzo Yokusunga Mwana

Miedzo yeJury haisi chisarudzowo zvacho chetsika; ikodzero yebumbiro remitemo inobatanidza vagari vemo kumavambo etsika dzavo dzeruramisiro. Inogombedzera hurumende kubvumikisa nhau yayo pamberi peboka ravanhuwo zvavo, ichivimbisa kuti mutemo unoramba une mutoro kumipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Rwendo rwenhau kubva kuAnare Greece kuenda kuimba yedare razvino uno runozivisa batano inopfuurira: chitendero chokuti nhau yomutemo inofanira kuva nenzwi mukushanda kwayo.

Vadzidzisi vanodzidzisa gadziriro yemitemo yeutsotsi, kutongwa kwedare redare rinobetsera kuongorora kuti mutemo, zvematongerwe enyika, uye magariro evanhu zvinobatana sei. Vadzidzi vanoziva kuti mhedziso hadzisi migumisiro inongoerekana yavapo yemitemo yepamutemo asi dzinotangwa kupfurikidza nokurangarira uye kutonga. Zvinetso zvinotarisana nemiedzo yedare redare redare nejeri ((bias, zvakaoma, mari, isingaregi, haifaniri kufuratirwa, asi inofanira kutaurirwa nezvokuchinja. Chisarunganzi chakakwana chinonzi “a deletedrust system system ” chinova nechemedzero dzehurumende.

Sezvatinoswedera zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi 21, kupukunyuka kwekutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera kuchatsamira pakuda kwenzanga kuisa mari mariri. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogona kubetsera, asi ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu harugoni kutsiva chiito chomunhu chokuteerera, kurangarira, uye kusarudza pamwe chete. Nzira yakanakisisa yokukudza nayo basa redare rinobetsera redare, kuona basa re [[FL:] U.S. Dare rinopetamisa basa redare redare redare redare [FOL:], [FLD], [FOL], , [F2]