Chii Chiri Bazu Rokutonga?

Bazu rinotonga rinomira sembiru yechitatu yehurumende, yakaenzana namapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo. Basa raro guru nderokududzira mirau, kakavadzano dzechinowirirana, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa nenzira isingachinjiki uye nenzira isina ruramisiro. Pasina dare rakasimba uye rakazvimirira, mutemo waizoderera, uye kodzero dzomunhu oga dzaisazova nedziviriro yakavimbika. Bazu rokutonga rinogovera nzira yechisarudzo chine rugare cherwisano, rinotarira hurumende kuva nomutevedzeri wemitemo. Kunzwisisa chimiro charo, miitiro, uye mipimo yenheyo zvinokosha zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti kudzora kwoubati ushe hwedemocracy.

Dare rinotonga rinoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, imwe neimwe ine udzori hwayo imene. matare eFederal anotonga nhau dzinobatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mitemo yehurumende, zvibvumirano, uye gakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti vagari vemo vehurumende vanotarisira nhau zhinjisa dzemitemo, kubatanidza kukwikwidzaniswa kweutsotsi, mutemo wemhuri, zvibvumirano, uye kusawirirana kwezvinhu.

Gadziriro Yebazu Rokutonga

Gadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica idzoro, yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chetsananguro yenguva dzose yomutemo nepo ichibvumira nokuda kwezvikumbiro. Pamwero womubatanidzwa, mugadziri une nhurikidzwa nhatu huru: Dare Rapamusorosoro, Dare reNhenhare reZvikumbiro, uye Madare eRuwa. Mitezo yeHurumende inoratidzira iyi dare ravafundisi asi inosiana muzita nesangano.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Dare rapamusorosoro idare rapamusoro zvikurusa murudzi. Rine chiremera chikurusa pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende. Yakaumbwa neChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, Dare panguva ino rinoumbwa neRuramisiro pfumbamwe (Hwetauro imwe huru neSabatano Asere. Ruramisiro inogadzwa naPurezidhendi uye inosimbiswa neDare, ichibatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwechisarudzo chokusasarura panhau dzegakava.

Dare rinonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau imwe neimwe yeshoko rimwe nerimwe .Iro rinosarudza nhau dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende, dzinobatanidza mirau yedare yeruwa inorwisana, kana kuti nhau dzazvino dzoukoshi hworudzi. Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevhoti zhinjisa, uye mirangariro inonyorwa kutsanangura mufungo wapamutemo. Chisarudzo cheDare rinova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwematare ose akaderera.

Matare Ehurumende

Dare reSangano reMitemo reHurumende yeUnited States rinobatanidza 94 Courts, iyo inobatira sematare edare enhau ehurumende. Vatongi veruwa vanotungamirira pazvose zviri zviviri nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, kutema maidi nokushandisa mutemo. Jury kutonga kunoitika mumhaka dzakawanda dzeDare reRuvanze. Kupfuura Dare re Disituriko pane 13 reU.S. Dare reKukwirira, rakarongwa kuva matunhu 12 enharaunda pamwe neFederal Frandment. Ayamatare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvamatare uye masangano anotarisira, anonangidzira pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo panzvimbo dzose. Dunhu rimwe nerimwe rine maidi pakati pevatongi 6 ne29, uye nhau dzinonzwiwa nematare matatu, uye zvinodzorwa nerambidzo dzorudzorumwe rwedunhuruwa.

Dare rehurumende chairo riripowo, rakadai seDare reInternational Trade, Dare reUnited States Remitemo Rinotonga, uye Dare Romutero reU.S.

Matare Ehurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta gadziriro yayo imene yedare, iyo inobatanidza zvikurukuru matare anotongwa edzorerwo yakaganhurirwa (muchib., zviteshi, zvikumbiro zvedare) uye matare okutonga ehurumende (anowanzonzi matare makuru kana kuti matunhu). Zvikwidzo zvinobva kumatare anotonga zvinoenda kumatare apakati, uye kumwe kukwirira kungasvika dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa seDare Rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Hurumende ndiyo chiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo wenyika, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzemitemo yehurumende dzehurumende dzinogona kukwidzwa kudare repamusorosoro reU.S.

Vatongi vedare rehurumende vanosarudza kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana: kugadzwa nagavhuna, kwakafanirwa nokusarudza sarudzo dzokuchengeta, kana kuti sarudzo dzinosarudzwa navasiri vaparidzi. iyi mhatsa inoratidzira mitoo yakasiana - siana yokudzikamisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Basa Revatongi Nevatongi

Vatongi ndivo vatambi vakuru mubazu rokutonga. Vanotungamirira matare, vanotonga pamiitiro yedare, vanorairidza, uye vanotonga. mutoro wavo ndewokushandisa mutemo nenzira isina kuvimbika, pasina rusaruro kana kuti nyasha. Kusasarura hakusati kuriwo zvako kushuviwa; chinodikanwa chapamutemo netsika. Vatongi vanofanira kubvisa zvitendero zvomunhu oga nemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika pakuita zvisarudzo.

Kuronga uye Kutora Nguva

Vatongi veFederal Court, kubatanidza vatongi veRuwa, vatongi veNhenhare, uye Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Vanobatira mukati momufambiro wakanaka, uko kunoreva nenzira inobudirira upenyu kutoti vachirairwa nokubviswa neDare. Ichi chivako chakagadzirwa navatangi kuti vasunungure vatongi kubva mumirangariro yemifungo yevhoti yechisarudzo chapamutemo nedzosero yechipomende. Hurumende, nokupesana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotarisana nevhoti kana kuti mavhoti, izvo zvinogona kuparira kusawirirana pakati pekuzvidavirira nokuzvimirira. Nzvero yakasarudzwa ingaratidza kuti vatongi vakasarudzwa vanganzwa zvikuru kumurangariro wavose, zvikurukuru munhau dzakakwirira dzinobatanidza utsotsi kana kuti nhau dzenzanga dzenzanga dzinomutsa nharo.

Uzivi Hwokutonga

Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nerenjesi reuzivi rakasiana. Kuchinja kwemitemo, kwakatsigirwa neMutongi mushakabvu Antonin Scalia, kunotaura kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yarwo panguva yokuita kuti zvive zvakasiana. Kusvika kupenyu, kwakabatanidzwa neMutongi William Brennan, kunotaura kuti nheyo dzakafara dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinofanira kuvapo nechinjo dzechisocieta. Mimwe miitiro inobatanidza unyoro (kunangidzira parugwaro rwemitemo) uye pragmatism (kuisa mumigumisiro yemigumisiro). Uzivi ihwo hunopesvedzera mumigumisiro yenhau inobatanidza kutaura norusununguko, kodzero dzepfutiko, uye simba rehurumende. Nepo vatongi vachitarisirwa kuva vasingasaruri, vadudzir kuwirirana nokutonga kwavo nenzira isingadzivisi.

Muitiro Wokutonga Muudzame

Nyaya yacho inotanga pakuronga kuti igadziriswe sei, asi nyaya yacho inotosiyana nenyaya dzehurumende nedzematsotsi, asi pfungwa yacho inoramba yakafanana.

Zviito Zvevagari Vemo Nezveutsotsi

Nyaya dzinobatanidza kusawirirana kwevagari vomunyika dzinobatanidzwa pakati pemapato avanhu voga − vanhu vanopomerwa kutyora mutemo wemhosva. Mupimo wechibvumikiso unosiana: mumhaka yavagari vemo, kana kuti purofiti, kana kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga. Mutengi anouya nemhosva, achitsvaka muripo kana kuti murairo. Mitongo yeutsotsi inounzwa nehurumende (kutambudza kuuraya) mutongo womupomerwi wokutyora mutemo woutsotsi. Mupimo wechibvumikiso unosiana: mumhaka dzavagari vemo, mutenzi anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yake ne "kupokana kuti upiwe); muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, mutongo unofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka yemhosva "Kupokana kune mufungo," chiteshi chikuru.

Nhano 1: Kunyunyuta Kana Kuti Kupomera

Mhaka yavagari vemo inovamba apo mutongi anoisa dare nyunyuto nedare, achionesa maidi nezvirevo zvapamutemo. Mukwirirwi anotsigirwa uye anofanira kupindura, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuisa mhinduro kana kuti chiito chokudzinga. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, muitiro wacho unotanga nemhosva nedare guru rinobetsera kana kuti dare rinopomerwa nomuchuchisi. Mukwirirwi anopomerwa, anoziviswa nezvepomero, uye anokumbira kupinda muchikumbiro.

Nhano 2: Fambiro Mberi Dzapamberi Pezviito

Dare risati ratonga, dare rinoita misangano kuti ribate nyaya yacho. Kuvhura mashoko kunobvumira mativi ose kutsinhana ufakazi, kutora zvikwereti, uye magwaro okukumbira. Zviito zvingaitwa kuti zvipedze nhau dzepamutemo . zvakadai sokudzosa ufakazi mumhosva dzeutsotsi kana kuti kupfupikisa nokuda kwokutonga kwechipfupiso mumhosva dzehurumende. Mhosva zhinji dzinogara kana kuti dzinobviswa padanho rino. Mumhosva dzinopa mhaka, kukumbira kunozivikanwa navose: Mukwirirwi anoteterera mhaka kumhosva shoma mukutsinhanhanisa mutongo.

Danho 3: Kuedza

Kana nyaya yacho isingagadziriswi, inoramba ichitongwa. Mudare rinobetsera vatongi, mutongi anosarudza maidi; mutongi anosarudza nhau dzapamutemo. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa zvitatiso zvokuzarura, danidziro, mufambiro wemiratidziro, uye kurukurirano. Pashure pokupedzisa, mutongi anorayiridza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda. Vatongi ipapo vanoronga ndokudzorera mutongo. Mumatare ebheji, mutongi anoita mabasa ose ari maviri, achibatira somubati weidi.

Nhano 4: Kukumbira

Vari kurasika vacho vane kodzero yokukwirira kudare repamusorosoro. Kukwirira hakusi kutongwazve; vanonangidzira ngwariro pakuti dare redare redare rakaita zvikanganiso zvakakanganisa mugumisiro wacho. Dare redare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga rinoongorora, rinoverenga mashoko mapfupi akanyorwa, uye rinonzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. Ringasimbisa, kana kuti kudzosera nyaya yacho nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, mhosva yacho ingakwidzwazve kudare repamusorosoro rehurumende kana kuti Dare repamusorosoro reU.S.

Muitiro wokuongorora unoshanda senzvero yokungwarira pamatare okutonga, uchivimbisa kusachinja mukududzira kwepamutemo nokururamisa zvikanganiso, uyewo unobvumira matare makuru kutanga nokunatsa dzidziso dzepamutemo.

Nheyo Dzokusasarura

Pasina zvinhu izvi, vanhu vanovimba kuti dare rinoshanda raizoparara.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokuzivisa zviito zvemitemo kana kuti zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende. Yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103]), iri chiremera rinobvumira mutongi kunzvera mamwe mapazu ndokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Apo mutemo unorwisana neBumbiro remitemo, ibasa rejudicary kutaura saizvozvo uye kuramba kuigombedzera. Iyi nheyo inokosha kuparadzanisa masimba eAmerica uye yakagamuchirwa nehurumende dzakawanda munyika yose.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi

ChiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa," kutarira idzidziso iyo matare anofanira kutevera pamberi pemienzaniso. Ikoku kunosimudzira dzikamo, kufanodekanya, uye kuva nohuenzana mumutemo. matare epasi anosungirwa nezvisarudzo zvematare makuru musimba rawo. Dare rapamusoro ringashandura mipimo yaro rimene, asi rinoita saizvozvo kashoma uye bedzi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinomanikidzira, zvakadai sepo chisarudzo chokutanga hachishandiki kana kuti hachina kururama zvikuru. Brown v. Board yeDrashim's[FLT:] (1196] [196]]), iyo inotonga "BBHNHASITIKA] dzidziso [FLT: 2]

Kuzvibata Kwevatongi

Vatongi vehurumende vanotungamirirwa ne Code yeMufambiro waVatongi veUnited States , iyo inogadza mipimo yetsika kubatanidza kusasarura, kushingaira, uye kudzivisa kusasarura. Vatongi vanofanira kuzvipomera vamene muzvinoitika umo kusasarura kwavo kungagona kupanikirwa nenzira ine mufungo (somuenzaniso, kana vane shanje dzomunhu oga, fariro yemari, kana kuti ukama hwapedyo nebato. Dare reRecuagement reUnited States rinotarisira kuchengetwa, uye zvichemo zvinogona kuiswa mukurwisana navatongi nokuda kwetsika. Iri murairo, kunyange zvazvo risati riri pamutemo, rinotakura simba rechirango.

Kuwana Vanhu Vose Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Dare rinowanzovhurwa, uye nhau dzinozivikanwa navanhu vose. First Amendment inovimbisa kodzero yokupinda matare outsotsi, uye iyi nheyo inotambanukira kunhau dzakawanda dzehurumende. Munhambo yemitauro, matare akawanda anogovera masviko apaIndaneti kumicheto, mirangariro, uye mapepa. Public Access to Court Electronic Records [PACR:1] gadziriro yemitemo inobvumira munhu upi noupi kuona magwaro edare renyika. Kujekachata kuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro haiitirwi muchivande uye kuti jasticiary inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Zviratidzo Zvepasi Netapuro Yazvo

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza simba rematare rokudzivirira kodzero uye kuchinja mutemo kuti uenderane nemamiriro ezvinhu anochinja.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Muichi chisarudzo chakabatana, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende yakaputsa Aclimate Protection Claus yeMitemo ye 144. Dare rakaramba dzidziso ye "yokuparadzana asi yakaenzana", richizivisa kuti zvikoro zvinosarura hazvienzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo. rown yakanyandura sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo ndokutungamirira kukubviswa kwetsika dzapamutemo muUnited States. Rinoramba riri mumwe wemienzaniso inokosha zvikurusa yechiito chebazu rokutonga kufambisira mberi ruramisiro nokuenzana.

Wade (1973)

Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kuva voga inodzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri, kuchidzikamisa panzvimbo dzinodavirwa nehurumende muutano hwaamai noupenyu hunobvira. Chisarudzo chacho chakamutsa makumi amakore egakava rezvamatongerwe enyika nerapamutemo. Chakatonyanya kudzorwa mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [ [202] [202], iyo yakadzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kumitengo. RO] na [[FLT:]] Dobs [FLT:] [FLT] [FFFLT]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare rapamusoro-soro rakati varoorani vevatano imwe chetevo vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okuroora muChiteshi cheChiteshi naMudzivisiro wakaenzana waClaus. Chisarudzo chakarerutsa zvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano imwe cheteyo youtere munyika. Chakaratidzira rukundo rukuru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ maruramiro uye kuratidzira kuti bazu redare rinotonga rinogona sei kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene kunyange apo zviremera zvemitemo zvinokakavara. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy anosimbisa chiremera chezvisarudzo zvomunhu oga oga uye kunzwisisa rusununguko.

Izvi zvinoitika, uye zvimwe zvakawanda, zvinosimbisa mano edare redare kupindura mibvunzo mikuru yenzanga. Bazu haringopedzi bedzi kukakavadzana asiwo rinojekesa mipimo yenyika ndokugadza miganhu nokuda kwamamwe mapazu.

Basa Rebazu Rokutonga Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Bazu redare rinokosha mukushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yebumbiro remitemo.Iro rinovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu kunyange mukuru mukurusa ane simba zvikurusa kana kuti mukurusa(anopfuura mutemo). Dare rinodzivirira vanhu pamaitiro ehurumende okusasarura, kumanikidza zvibvumirano, uye kugovera nzvimbo nokuda kwechisarudzo chine rugare cherwisano. Nheyo yokuzvimirira kwokutonga inovimbisa kuti vatongi vanogona kusarudza mhaka pasina kutya kutsiva kana kuti nyasha.

Uyezve, dare redare rinobatira senzvero pamitemo navakuru vakuru vanonyengedzwa. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti inopfuura masimba akapiwa. Iyi gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora uye kuchengetedza kuparadzana kwamasimba. Fateral Judicialial Center [ inogovera mitengo yakawanda pamusoro pokuti iyi chiyero inoshanda sei mukushanda.

Kuvimba kwavose chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa chedare. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti matare haasaruri uye haasaruri, vanogamuchira zvisarudzo zvakaipa uye vanowirirana nemirairo yedare. Apo chivimbo chinoshata (pamusana pokurangarira kwokuzvitutumadza, rusaruro, kana kuti ushati)) gadziriro yose yapamutemo inotambura. Ndicho chikonzero nei kujeka, mipimo yetsika, uye kuzvidavirira zvichisimbiswa.

mhedziso

Bazu redare rinopfuura zvikuru nzvimbo yokupedza matare. Muchengeti weBumbiro remitemo, mudziviriri wekodzero dzevanhu, uye mutsigiri wehurumende inotonga nehurumende yehurumende. Nokududzira mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuongorora simba rehurumende, matare anovimbisa kuti ruramisiro haisi chinhu chaicho asi chaichoicho chezuva nezuva. Vadzidzi nevadzidzi, vanoongorora gadziriro, maitiro, uye nheyo dzedare zvinosimudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kuti mutemo unoumba sei nzanga. Kunzwisisa bazi rinotonga kunopa vagari vemo simba rokuita zvine revonero, kutsigira mutemo kuti ushandurwe. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kushandura, matare acharamba ari nzvimbo inokosha apo mibvunzo inokosha yerusununguko, kuenzana, uye kutongwa kutongwa kunoitwa.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzidza zvakawanda, Tchekiyo yeDare rapamusorosoro reUnited States inopa mirangariro, nharo, uye zvishandiso zvedzidzo. U.S. Dare [ rinogovera pfuma padare rehurumende, kubatanidza nhau nemishumo yemishumo. Izvi zvishandiso zvinogonesa munhu upi noupi kunzvera basa rinopfuurira rebazu rokutonga zvakananga.