Apo rondedzero yebumbiro remitemo inobonderana neserura, foni, kana kuti marobhoti, kusawirirana kwacho kwapakarepo uye kukuru. Chitendero chekare — dzidziso yokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kutsanangurwa maererano nerevo yarakawana — zvipikirwa dzikamo, maruramiro edemokramende, uye kuvimbika kukuda kwamasimba echizvarwa chakavamba. Chinopesana nechechokuisira, kugumisa kunyorwa kwemashoko kwemashoko, uye kunyorwa kwechinhu chakavanzika, uye kunyorwazve kwechinhu chaichoicho murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu, vatsoropodzi uye kunyange vamwe vatsigiriri vanofanira kudzora kana mutoo wakasimba warongedzwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi1818. Chinetso hachisi kuti chingova hachisi chinhu icho chisati chiri chinodikanwa nechapupuriro chapamutemo; ndiwo kuti mutauro wavo chaiwo, unoitwa nokuda kwenyika yose nengarava, zvinoto, zvinotoidzorwa, uye kurangarira mashoko, kurangarira mashoko.

Mapfundo Ouzivi Hwokutanga

Chiratidzo hachisi rondedzero imwe, yeshoko rimwe. Mapazu makuru maviri anodzora kurukurirano: donzo remavambo uye revo yavanhu yapakuvamba. Nheyo dzokutanga dzinotarira kune izvo zvimene zvitendero muchivande mashoko eTractive anoreva. Kutanga revo yavose, nokupesana, kubvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yeratting aizova anzwisisa rugwaro rwacho. Yapashure, yakatsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Sccalia naveits wazvino uno, yazova chinyorwa chikuru nemhaka yokuti inodzivisa kutsamira pavavariro dzenhau shomanene dzenhume uye panzvimbo panzvimbo yezvirevo zvinorehwa.

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinotaura kuti uku kuremekedza rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo somutemo. Kana vatongi vachigona kuvandudza Bumbiro remitemo kuti riwirirane nemirangariro yavo vamene yechiri chokuchenjera kana kuti chakarurama, gwaro rinova mudziyo wemitemo inoita kuti ive itsigire pamutemo panzvimbo pekubatanidza. Scalia akanyora kuti, "Bumbiro reMitemo remitemo hachisi chinhu chipenyu, uye kufanana nezvinyorwa zvose zvapamutemo, rinotaura chimwe chinhu — kana kuti hachidaro." Iyi mhiko yokugadza revo yakachinjika inofungidzirwa kusimudzira kutevererwa, kudzvinyirira vatongi, uye kudzivirira dhimoniga youdhimoni inodzivisa utongi wehurumende inosarudzwa nogaroserose kupfurikidza nokusiya zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvega zvega zvega zvega kumisiro.

Bva kunyange mukati mechiNgezi, mune nzvimbo yepokanidzano pamusoro pemwero wetsika umo nheyo dzeFramers dzinofanira kunzwisiswa. Somuenzaniso, Eighth Amendment inorambidza "rusarudzo nezvirango zvechienzi". Mushanduri angataura kuti uku kutaura kunonongedzera zvakananga kuzvirango zvinorangarirwa kuva zvine utsinye muna 1791, zvakadai sokudhirowa nokunyora, kana kuti kunganongedzera kunheyo huru yokuti zvirango hazvifaniri kuva zvisingaenzaniswi kana kuti zvinoshatisa — nheyo ichiri kugona kushandiswa kumiitiro yazvino uno sechisinogarocherwa kana kuti jekiseni rinouraya. Uku kududzira nzvimbo inova inotsoropodza apo ruzivo rwesayenzi runopa mamiriro ezvinhu eFrames.

Kuda kudzora hakusi kukoka kuti munhu akafa arege kudzora nguva yakapfuura. Ikokoko kuita kuti revo yorugwaro — sezvarwainzwisiswa apo rwakagamuchirwa — ipfuurire kudzora, kutoti uye kutozosvikira vanhu varupedza. — Randy Barnett, Georgetown University Law Center

Ruzivo Rwezvigadzirwa Zvezvigadzirwa

Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pekurangarira kwepakuvamba noruzivo rwemichina rwapanguva ino, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzvera ruzivo rwakavapo apo Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa ndokutenderwa. Muna 1787, mutoo wekurukurirano waikurumidza zvikurusa wakanga uri mufambi webhiza. Muchina wokutsikirira — uchiri kushanda zvinoparira mashoko. Hondo yaitsamira pamichina inoshanda pa 100mmmmmm, uye kurambidza kweGandmentation kweGeneset pa "nzvero ine mufungo nepfaridzo" yakadzorwa mumipimo yezvibvumikiso nemhenidzo dzinoshandiswa navakuru vakuru vakuru vamambo kunzvera misha namabhizimisi nokuda kwechimbi.

Vagadziri vainzwisisa mapepa emunhu oga akapfigirwa mudhesiki, mabhii akavharwa namou, uye kurukurirano kuseri kwemikova. Vaisanzwisisa mifungo yemitauro, kuongorora kwakafara, kana kuti chisarudzo cheat latism. Gamendment yeChipiri yaidzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, asi "Migwaro" yezuva racho yakanga iri mirwi yemabharabhu yakavhara nepfuti, kwete mipfuti, yakaviga mapfuti echibhamu echitima, akavigaro nemagazini echipameso, kana kuti mapepa anodhinda anodhindwa. Clause akapa simba kudzora kuChenderstal "pakati pezvikamu zvinoverengeka zvezvinzvimbo, asi kutengeserana kwainoreva kutsinharo, kana kuti kushambadza kwechike mari yemari, kana kuti kutengesa kwemite yemari inotengesa munyika yose.

Iyi nhambwe yenhau haisati ichingoerekana yaparadza uzivi hwapakuvamba. Vanzveri vemitemo vanogona uye vanoita nharo kuti mutauro webumbiro remitemo wakanga uri wavose namaune uye kuti nheyo dzawo dzinogona kushandiswa kuruzivo rutsva pasina kuchinja revo yapakuvamba.

Vavana Claus Vanokosha Vari Kuvhiringidzwa

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina uye Kuva Woga Kwemadhigirii

Hapana nzvimbo inosimbisa kunetseka kwacho zvakajeka kupfuura Foursed Amendment.Mashoko acho anodzivirira "kodzero yevanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye zvadzinoita, kuti vasatsvakiswe zvisina musoro uye vatapuke." Muzana remakore rechi18, kuongorora kwaibatanidza kupinda mumusha kana kuti kubatwa kwezvinhu zvinooneka. Nhasi, mutemo unogona kuwana mashoko akawanda zvikuru usingambobata - bata nzvimbo inofungidzirwa: serozi yenzvimbo yakanyorwa mashoko anoratidza kwave kuri kwemavhiki, maemail achengetwa pavashandisi vari kure, michina inotepfekedza mameta inozivisa kuti ndiani uye kuti anogara rini, uye kunyange kutorarama vhidhiyo inopa zvokudya kubva pamakhamera okuongorora.

Chisarudzo cheDare guru ra2018 mu Carbate v. United States inoratidzira denho. Hurumende yakawana mwedzi yenzvimbo yemasero enhau kubva kumichina yemukwiridziridziridziri, inovimba ne "dzidziso yetatu yedzidziso" — pfungwa yokuti mashoko akagoveranwa nokuzvidira nebato rechitatu (sekamwe kambani yerunhare) haasati ari pasi pedziviriro yeGazhine. Chiratisitisiro chikuru Roberts, kunyora nokuda kwe 5 934 voruzhinji, yakarangarira kuti nzira yemipimo yenzvimbo yakanga yakasiana nechinyorwa chedzidziso yacho yakavakwa pachinyorwa, nemhaka yokuti yakaziviswa murevo, kana kuti ichiri chechitatu mumugariro unopfuudzira kupfurikidza nechipfuudzo chenhau chapakuvamba. Chirevo chakanzi Goner, chakatongerwa kupfurikidza nechipfuudzo chenhau chapakuvamba. Chipfuurevo chakareve chenhau chakareve chenhau chakati chamashoko chechitatu chakajekaidzwa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nokureva kuti chitsaitwe kuti chiveri chenzira

Vamwe vanoti mugumisiro wakarurama wedzidziso dzepakutanga ndewokuganhurira Kupedzisa kweChina kudarika kwomuviri, sokutaura kwaiwanzoitwa naScalia. Vamwe vanotaura kuti nheyo yokudzivirira "dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro" inotambanukira kuzvinoenzana nazvino uno nemapoka iwayo, uye kuti mwero wezvisaririra apo chitsama chinonzwisiswa unobvumira kurava kwakafara. Kukakavadzana kunofumura mutsetse wezvikanganiso zvikuru: Ko kuvamba kugona kugadzikisa kuvandika zvakavanzika zvemipimo yemiitiro yemiitiro yacho?

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Munguva Yetsika

First Amendment inotaura kuti "Correst Reference haisati ichizotongoita mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokutsikirira". Muna 1791, kutaura kwakakurukurwa mumunhu, kupfurikidza namabhukwana akadhindwa, kana kuti mumapepanhau. Muchina waireva michina yokutsikirira inooneka. Nhasi, hurukuro yavose zhinji dzinoitika pamadhipatimendi emichina yemichina — zvinopa mashoko anopa zvokudya, zvikamu zvemashoko, uye manyorero akavanzika emashoko. Mubvunzo wokuti Kugadziridza Kwokutanga kunoshanda sei kuizvi zviteshi, uye kuedza kwehurumende kuzvidzora, zvinoisa katyamadzo yemavambo.

Rangarira kuva nemwero kwevemagariro. Platforms seFacebook, X (yaichimbova Twitter), uye YouTube makambani akavanzika anodzora zvikuru kutaura kunoramba kuchioneka. First Amendment inoganhurira chiito chehurumende bedzi, asi apo dzvinyiriro dzehurumende dzinodzora zviteshi kuti zvisave zviri mukati — kana kuti apo inopfuudza mitemo inoda kuti vafadze kutaura kwakati — kunzvera kwechinjo kunofanira kurwisana nei "kudzivisa rusununguko rwokutaura" kunoreva munyika umo kwakanga kusina vatambi venhau vehurumende vanodzora hurukuro dzavose. Dare rapamusoro-soro rinotonga 2017 mu [[FL:]. Pamutemo wePritan. North Carolina [FLT] V.1] yakarova mutemo unorambidza kushambadza vanhu vamagadziri, uye unoreverwa nedare renyika renyika rekare rinorevesa kuti risareve namashoko adzorerwe nererwe nerevo.

Imwe nhambo inodzokororwa: miitiro yearutimende yemitemo yemirairo. Kana rati yedare rikabatanidza kutaura kwakati apo rinenge richidzvinyirira kumwe kutaura, ikoko kunoumba chimiro chomugariro kana hurumende ichiraira kuti uonekwe? pakuvamba kunoda kusanoratidzirwa kwezvinokosha se "sech" imene — mukurukuri here? VaFramers vangadai vakawana pfungwa yokumwe. Bva nheyo iri pasi, hurumende iyoyo ingasagona kudzora zvirimo, inoratidzika kuva inoshanda pasinei zvapo neredhi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri Nezvombo Zvemoto Zvazvino Uno

Gemendment yeChipiri: "A Militia inosanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008], murangariro woRugare weScalia wakashandisa mitoo yemavambo kuti apedzise kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti yezvombo. Murangariro wakatsamira zvikuru pakunzvera kwenhau yei "magrame" yairehwa munguva yokuvamba: "Micristia yaishandiswa panguva ino." Asi kuumba ikoko kunomutsa mubvunzo wokushandisa zvombo zvazvino.

Ko AR.N.Nhasi, mamirioni eAmerica ane pfuti dzemazuva ano "masimba" mukati merevo yapakuvamba? Scalia anobvuma kuti rudyi harwuna kuganhurirwa uye kuti "zvombo zvine ngozi nezvisina kurovedzeka" zvinogona kurambidzwa, asi haana kupa muedzo wakajeka weino "kushandiswa kwavose. Nhasi, mamirioni eAmerica ane zvombo zvazvino uno zvemitambo, zvinozviita kuti zvive zvakakurumbira. Kunyange zvakadaro vasati vangava vakafungidzira zvombo zvinokwanisa kupfura mabhiringi akawanda paminiti rimwe nerimwe namagazini anongodzoreka. Matare maduku akakamura: zvimwe zvinodzivisa zvombo zvinorwisa nyika izvo zvombo zvakadaro zvisati zviri "mushandiro wakakurumbira" nokuda kwemadonzo apamutemo; zvimwe zvinozvirovanyadzisa, zvichishandisa kuedzwa kwenhau renhau renhau rinobuda ramatatu namamwe mativi ose. Zvipoto zvikuru muChikamu chikuru chenhau chaMarudzi chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu.[10] Chishati chitsanyiri chinodikanwa chamatevero chekare zvikuru] Chishati chinodikanwa chamumumu

Kutengeserana naClaus neInternet

Constitution inopa simba ku "Regate Congress neMarudzi okumwe, uye pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka, uye neIndiyan units" nokuda kwenhau yeAmerica, ichi chitsama chakadudzirwa zvishoma, kuchengetera mirau yezvokutengeserana yakawanda kunyika. New Develope yaona kukura, neDare repamusorosoro rinotsigira mitemo yehurumende yokutungamirira mabasa ayo aiva ne "chisimba chapakati" pabhizimisi. Asi vatangiri vekare vakarangarira kuti revo yapakuvamba ye "commerce" inonongedzera bedzi kukutengeserana, kana kuti kudzosera zvinhu — kwete kukugadzira, kuruwa, kana kuti mumwe mubato wezve wezvemari. [FLT: 0] United States v[FLF] (1995]) uye [FFFOLT].[2]

Internet, zvisinei, ndeyenyika yeserose yezvokutengeserana munzira dzinodenha mapoka emavambo. Chibvumirano pakati pomutengi muNew York nomutengesi muCalifornia chakajeka kuti "kubatanidza pakati penyika" pasi penzwisiso ipi neipi yenhau. Asi zvakadiniko nezvebasa remichina yemichina chete senzvimbo inochengetwa nazvinogarisana vanhu — riri kudhauniro kana kuti kutumira mashoko "mmerce"? Uye zvakadiniko nedata? VaFramers havana kurangarira kuti mashoko anoshanda sechinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro mutemo wazvino uno kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji idata sechinhu chinogona kutengwa, kutengeswa, uye kupfuudzwa mhesano dzehurumende. Vatengesi vanofanira kubvunza kana revo yapakuvamba yeClaus idzo mumibato inotambanuro inoteko kana kuti iko itsva yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kutanga Mune Zvemakemikari

Vatsoropodzi vanoisa zvirambidzo zvinoverengeka zvine simba mukupesana nokushandiswa kwemavambo kuruzivo rwazvino uno. Chokutanga, projects yeziviso inoyera. Kana mutongi achifanira kuvakazve revo yapakuvamba yavose yemashoko ebumbiro remitemo kuti ashandise kuruzivo rusina kuvapo, mugari wemowo zvake haagoni kufanoziva chichava mutemo. Vatangiri venhau vanopindura kuti revo yorugwaro rwakatsigiwa uye inoziva, kunyange kana kushandiswa kwarwo kuchida kurangarira kwendangariro yapakuvamba. Asi mashandisiro emitemo pachadenga anogona kukwikwidzwa zvikuru, sezvinoitika zveSero yeGeneFind Rempmermeteŕmetic ́meto zvinoitika zvinoratidzira.

Chechipiri, denho ye yenhau. Kugadza revo yavanhu yapakuvamba nokuda kwamashoko makuru akadai se "speech," "harm," kana kuti "asina mufungo" yakaoma zvikuru — zvikurukuru nokuda kwomutauro we 18nformation. Chinyorwa chenhau hachina kukwana, uye manyuko akasiana - siana angabudisa revo dzakasiana. Paanoshandiswa kumibvunzo ipi neipi muna 1791 yati yatongorangarirwa, mutoo wapakuvamba unogona kupinda mukutsvakwa kwoufakazi hupi nohupi hwenhau hunotsigira muuyo wakasarudzwa.

Chechitatu, chinetso triconomy. Mutongi Kagan akamboshongedza nenzira yakakurumbira, "Isu tose tiri vatangiriririri." Asi kugamuchira kurangarira kwapakuvamba hakuvimbisi mhinduro dzakafanana. Mascription haabvumirani pakati pavo vamene: vamwe ndi "vatangi mukutenda kwakanaka," sokutaura kwakaita Judge Richard Posner, nepo vamwe vachiwanza ufakazi hwenhau kuti vasvike miuyo inowirirana. Mumitezo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uku kusabvumirana kwomukati kunogona kuva kwakakomba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mapoka ezana ramakore rechi18 haabvumirani mapu zvakanaka kuzvinoitika zvazvino uno.

Mamwe Mabhuku Anobatsira Pakutsanangura

Dzichirangarira izvi zvinetso, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira mutoo wemhindumupindu zvikuru. Bumbiro reMitemo rinorarama rondedzero, yakabatanidzwa neMutongi William Brennan nedzimwe, inorangarira kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inogona kushanduka nokufamba kwenguva kuti iratidze kuchinja mipimo nemigariro. Paiyi mirangariro, dziviriro yeGaramende reD5 pakunzvera kusina mufungo inofanira kufambira mberi seruzivo rwokunzvera, kunyange kana vashori vangadai vangave vakafunga mutoo wakati une mufungo. Vanotsoropodza vanocherekedza kuti uku kukanganisa Bumbiro remitemo renhau ipi neipi yakatemwarati yaro, vachisiya vatongi vakasununguka kuita zvavanoda.

.Cmmon systinal system systitution, yakafambisirwa naDavid Strauss nevamwe, inoramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitemo wavose, enzanisiro, uye kugadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma — kufanana nenzira iyo matare eAmerica akatanga nayo kunyora kana kuti mutemo wezvinhu. Uyu mutoo unobvumira mhindumupindu apo unobvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvepamutemo panzvimbo panzvimbo yetsikano mukuwirirana nounyanzvi hutsva kupfurikidza nemuenzaniso uripo, sezvakaitwa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu [FLT:] r [[FLT] v. California [2014], apo yakarapa kunzvera chiitiko cheseroko kuti chitorwe seboka rakasiyana neboka remite yemite yemite yemite yemite yemiteokero.

Chisarudzo chechitatu ndi rugwaro , mukoma wedivi rekare rekare rinonangidzira ngwariro parevowo zvayo yorugwaro rwemitemo panguva yokugadza. Textalism inowanzoshandiswa mukududzira kwemitemo, umo muteo wemitemo unogona kuvandudza nyore nyore mutemo. Kubatanidza mutemo webumbiro remitemo, kunowirirana zvikuru nerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu asi pane dzimwe nguva inobvumira nzvimbo yakawanda nokuda kwemashoko azvinopoteredza kana rugwaro rumene rwakapararira.

mhedziso

Chitendero chekare chinogovera gadziriro inogombedzera nokuda kwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, kuisa zvisarudzo zvedare mukubvumira kwehurumende uye kuganhurira chisarudzo chokutonga. Asi kuchishandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwazvino uno kunoratidza kutsemuka kukuru muruzivo rwayo rwokudzidza. Framers akanyora nheyo dzakafara mumutauro wakagadzirirwa kutsungirira, asi musiyano pakati penyika yavo neyedu mukuru kwazvo zvokuti kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwakatendeka kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira miuyo mikuru. Vamwe vafundisi vakazvitsaurira vanopikisa kuti nzira yokutendeseka bedzi ndeyokushandisa chaizvoizvo revo yapakuvamba ndokugamuchira miuyo ingaratidzika kuva inosakafanira — somuenzaniso, zvokuti Fine Remendement haidzisi kudzora, kana kuti kuti Chibvumirano cheChipiri chinorambidza miraudzo yepfuti yazvino uno zvikurusa. Vamwe, kufanana naJasti Gorth, vanotsvaka mapfundo okutanga apakuvamba anopa miuyo yazvinopa miuyo yazvino unovakwa nazvino uno uno uno uno uno unovakirwa, seanogamuchira zvinhu semapepa remiteo yemiteo.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchizotanga, kukurukurirana kwacho kuchangowedzera. Kana dzidziso yepakutanga ichigona kuramba iri nzira inoshanda — kana kuti ichaguma nemafungire anochinja - chinja ebumbiro remitemo — kunotsamira pakuti vatsigiri vayo vanogona sei kuvhara musiyano uri pakati pemapepa echitsoropodzi neaquantam. Chiri pachena ndechokuti hapana dzidziso yokududzira inogona kungofuratira matsva, kuvhiringidza, uye kusava nemitemo yemitemo yetsika. Chinetso chokushandisa mavambo kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwazvino uno hachisi chimwe chezvinhu zvinongofungidzirwawo zvacho; inhau huru zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica nhasi.

[[FLT: 0] Nokuda kwokuravazve: Ona zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro mu [FLT: 1] Kamber v. United States [2017] [2017], Packingham v. North Carolina[[FLT]] [2017], uye [[FLT:] New State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association. [[FLT:] [202]] [202]. Kubvunzawo Barnett,[FL:]