Bazu Rokutonga Somutarisiri Wedzikamo Yebumbiro remitemo

Bazu redare rehurumende yeUnited States rinomira sechinhu chinokosha mugadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo. Apo bazi remitemo rinonyora mitemo uye bazi rinotungamirira rinoisimbisa, bazu rinotonga rinorangarira kana mitemo iyoyo nezviito zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Iri basa ringaratidzika serisinganzwisisiki pakutarira kwokutanga, asi rinotapura zvakananga kuti unowana sei kodzero dzako, rusununguko, uye kufambidzana nehurumende kwezuva nezuva. Apo dare rinoputsa mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwako kwakasununguka, kana kuti apo rinotsigira mutemo unodzivirira kuva kwako wogaro, bazi rinotonga riri kushandisa basa raro. Kunzwisisa kuti bazi rinonzvera sei simba rako risati riri bedzi pamutemo; chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwokuziva kuti rusununguko kwako kunochengetedzwa sei.

Magedhi eChikamu cheChirungu cheChirungu: Marbury v. Madison

Seri kwesimba rokutonga inotsamira panheyo yehwirudzuro, yakagadzwa munhau yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison. Muchisarudzo ichocho, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbirira kuti ibasa redare kududzira Mutemo weMitemo nokuzivisa pasina mutemo upi noupi unorwisana nawo. Iyi murairo hauna kuoneka murugwaro rwapakuvamba rweBumbiro reMitemo; panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rakaubvisa muchimiro cheBumbiro remitemo rimene. Chifo chenguva iyoyo inokosha, bazi rinotonga rakashandisa simba iri kunzvera mutemo namapazu avakuru, richivimbisa kuti kana kudarika miganhuro yawo.

Kuhwirudzura dare hakusati kuri rezinesi rokutonga. Panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wokusimbisa ganhuriro idzo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa pamapazu ose ehurumende. Apo Congress inopa mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kana kuti apo bazu guru rinoita chiito chinopfuura chiremera charo, matare anogona kupindira. Iri simba rokuti kwete kumamwe mapazi ndiro rinoita kuti judiary rive bazi rakaenzana panzvimbo perinozviisa pasi.

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Kudzokorora Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare kunowanzomuka kupfurikidza nenhau chaidzoidzo nenharo. Dare haripi mifungo pamibvunzo inofungidzirwa. Munhu kana kuti sangano rinofanira kuva rakamira, kureva kuti rinofanira kuva rakatambura kuvadziko chaiyoiyo iyo dare rinogona kupedza. Kana mhaka yacho yangova pamberi pedare nenzira yakafanira, vatongi vanonzvera mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende munhau ndokuienzanisa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Kana dare riripo, rinogona kuderedza mutemo kana kuti chiito, zvimwe murutivi kana kuti zvimwe.

Muitiro uyu unopetwa pamwero mizhinji. matare eruwa anonzwa nhau kutanga. Dare redare rinoongorora zvisarudzo izvozvo. Uye Dare Gurusa rine shoko rokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Pamwero mumwe nomumwe, vatongi vanoshandisa nheyo imwe cheteyo huru: Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, uye hapana mutemo wavose kana kuti chiito choukuru chinogona kuikurira. Iyi mibvunzo yedare rinotonga inovimbisa kuti ibvume kuti ibvumwe yose inorangarirwa pamutemo mutongo wokupedzisira usati waitwa.

Kukura Kwechiremera Chokutonga: Icho Matare Anogona uye Asingagoni Kuita

Matare anoshandisa simba guru kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare, asi simba iroro rine miganhu yakajeka. Kusafanana navaiti vemitemo, vatongi havatangi muitiro. Vanomirira mhaka kuti dzisvike pamberi pavo. Kusafanana navakuru vakuru, vatongi havamanikidziridzi mitemo yavo vamene; vanotsamira pamamwe mapazu kuti vawirirane. Uku kuganhurirwa kunodisa. Vatongi vakagadzira vajudicari kuva bazi rakaneta zvikurusa mukuwirirana nesimba remuviri, asi rakasimba zvikurusa mune zvetsika nerepamutemo. matare anogona kunzvera mamwe mapazu bedzi apo vane mhaka yokusarudza uye apo mamwe mapazu anoremekedza zvisarudzo zvedare.

Imwe ganhuriro inokosha idzidziso yokururamisa. Matare haasati achizonzwa mhaka idzo dziri dzouori, dzoupedzi, kana kuti idzo dzinopa mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanyatsopedzwa namapazu akasarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa rakaramba kutonga padzimwe nharo dzinobatanidza muitiro wokumwe kana kuti miitiro inosarudzika, kusiira zvinhu izvozvo kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi ganhuriro yakazviparira imene inodzivisa vatongi kuva vabati vehurumende kuva vanoshanda mumitezo yechipiri iyoyo kana kuti chisarudzo chehurumende chiri chose.

Dzidziso Yemibvunzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Dzidziso yemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika idruuro huru pasimba rokutonga. Apo gakava rinobatanidza nhau idzo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa chose chose kuDare kana kuti Purezidhendi, matare acharamba nhau yacho seisino kufanira. Iyi dzidziso inochengeta kuparadzana kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokuchengeta rutongeso rusina chiremera chemitemo chokusarudza. Muuyo igadziriro apo bazi rinotonga rinonzvera simba nenzira inosarudzwa, rinopindira bedzi apo mibvunzo yapamutemo nemitemo inokurukurwa nenzira yakafanira uye apo chisarudzo chokutonga chakafanira chinenge chakafanira.

Nei Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Zvichidzivirira Kodzero Dzako

Apo bazi rinotonga rinoongorora mutemo ndokuuwana usingawirirani nemitemo, muuyo wapakarepo ndewokuti mutemo haugoni kudzorwa. Asi tapuro huru ndeyokuti maruramiro ako anoramba aripo. Rangarira mutemo unoita kuti kutsutsumwa kworugare kuve kwokusatendeseka. Kana mutemo wakadaro ukaisirwa, matare angagona kuuputsa sechikanganiso cheFirst Amendment. Kodzero yako yokuungana nokutaura norusununguko haisati ichizochengetwa nedare remitemo kana kuti mukuru mukuru, asi nomutemo wakasununguka unopindura kuBumbiro remitemo bedzi.

Iyi dziviriro inotambanudzwa mumativi ose ekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha. Findth Amendment inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro pakuzviparadzanisa. Iwenath Amendment inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Munharaunda idzi, matare anobatira sechidzoreso kukunda kunyengera kwehurumende. Pasina mutongi mukuru, mamwe mapazu angagona kubvisa kodzero idzi mukunyungurira, achisiya vagari vemo vasina mushonga unoshanda.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yenzvero Dzokutonga

Munhau yose yeAmerica, dare redare reSangano reMitemo rakanzvera simba ravakuru vakuru neremitemo munzira idzo dzakatapura zvakananga vanhuwo zvavo. Mu Brown v. Board of Education (1974]), Dare Rapamusoro rakakurira zvikoro zvavose zvamarudzi, kudarika mitemo yehurumende yakamanikidzira vanhu vamazera. United States v. Nixon [77]), Dare rakagombedzera Purezidhendi Nixon kuti atendere pamusoro petepio, akaramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo yakakwana yehurumende. [FOct:] Mu [FLD] .[3]

Zvisarudzo zvacho zvaiitiranwa nharo, asi zvinoratidza basa rinokosha rematare pakushandisa mitemo yepamutemo. Kana dare rikanyatsoongorora simba richishanda zvakanaka, haringopedzi gakava riri pakati pemapoka maviri; rinosimbisa mutemo unodzivirira munhu wose.

Kunzvera Kunoita Bazu Rinotungamirira Rokutonga

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine simba guru pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwomutemo, muitiro wokumwe, uye chengeteko yenyika. Pasina utarisiri hwedare, simba iroro ringagona kuva rinobata zvisina kufanira. matare anonzvera mukuru mukuru munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, anonzvera zvirango zvamasangano nemiraudzo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Chechipiri, vanoyera kuva pamutemo kwezviito zvehurumende, zvakadai sokuuraya kwakarongwa, zvirongwa zvokuongorora, uye kupfiga.

Imwe yenzvero dzinokosha zvikurusa inoitwa kupfurikidza nehabeas corpus. Apo mukuru mukuru anosunga mumwe munhu, munhu iyeyo anogona kukumbira dare rehurumende kudenha kuva pamutemo kwekusungwa. dare ipapo rinonzvera kana mukuru mukuru wacho akanga ane chiremera chapamutemo chokubata munhu. Uyu wekare, akarovererwa muBumbiro remitemo, anobvumikisa kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende haagoni kuisa vanhu musungwa pasina donzo. Kudisa kwedare kufadza varavi mumiitiro yapamutemo yakadai se [FLT: 0] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[[FLT:] [204] [20])) anobvumikisa kuti kunyange munhau dzechengeteko yorudzi, matare acharangarira mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuzvidavirira kumiteko.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Neganhuriro Dzokutonga

Chikomborero chapanzvimbo inodzorwa ikodzero yaPurezidhendi yekunyima mashoko akati kuDare reHurumende nematare. Asi iyi ropafadzo haisati iri yakakwana. Mu United States v. Nixon, Dare rapamusoro rinobvuma kuti ropafadzo iripo asi rinobvuma kuti inofanira kuva nemhosva apo mashoko anodikanwa nokuda kwetsotsi rinoramba richipfuurira. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu, kunyange Purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Apo judicary anoomerera pazvinyorwa zvavakuru kana kuti chipupuriro, anonzvera mano omukuru okuvanza chakaipa.

Nzira Iyo Bazu Rokutonga Rinonzvera Nayo Bazu Romutemo

Congress inoshandisa simba rayo kupfurikidza nomutemo, asi mitemo iyoyo inofanira kuwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Apo mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavanhu kana kuti unopfuura masimba eCongress anorongwa, matare anogona kuubvisa. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Lopez[ [1995], Dare reSikuru reSangano rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unorambidza pfuti iri pedyo nechikoro, uchitonga kuti Congress Congress yapfuura chiremera charomast Clauslee. Mu Muchimbic yeBoerne v. Flores (1997]), Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende waidzwa nokuedza kupfumba kupfumba kupfuudza pamutemo pamutemo, kupfumisa kuti pasa Hurumende isati ikodzei maruramiro eGwarongedze kushato yomutemo.

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinodzivirira gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Congress ine masimba akawanda, asi haina simba risingagumi. Apo matare anodzika ganhuriro dzechiremera chomutemo, anochengeta dzikamo pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika, uye anodzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga pakunyengera kwemitemo. Pasina kuongorora kwokutonga, Masangano angagona kupfuura anenge mutemo upi noupi, unodzorwa bedzi nokurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Rematare Ehurumende Mukududzira Zvirevo

Kupfuura hwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo, matare ehurumende anodudzira mitemo yakapiwa neDare remitemo. Iri basa icherekedzo pabazu nemhaka yokuti matare anosarudza kuti mutemo unorevei chaizvoizvo. Kana Congress achironga mutemo kuti uite mugumisiro wakananga, unofanira kunyora mutemo zvakajeka. Zvikasadaro, matare angadudzira mutemo wacho nenzira iyo Dare risina kuronga. Apo matare anodudzira mitemo, anoshandisa manyoro emitemo, nhau yemitemo, uye revo yakajeka yorugwaro. Iyi inoturikira mutemo inovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshanda seyakanyorwa uye kuti chigaro chine mutoro nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvipi nezvipi nezvipi.

Ukoshi Hwokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Kuti vatongi vaongorore simba nenzira inobudirira, vanofanira kuramba vakazvimirira kubva kune mamwe mapazu. Vatongi vainzwisisa kuti vatongi vaigona kubviswa pakarepo naPresident kana kuti Congress vaizozengurira kutonga mukurwisana navo. Ndicho chikonzero nei Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa vatongi vehurumende upenyu hurefu uye rinodzivirira mibhadharo yavo pakuderera. Uku kudzivirira kwezvivako kunobvumira vatongi kusarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi, vasingatyi kutsiva.

Vatongi pavanosununguka kutonga pasina rusaruro, vanogona kutsigira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo hurumende inovashora.Vagari vanobatsirwa nedare ringaramba kuwanda, kudare, uye kumukuru mukuru wehurumende. Uku kuzvimirira ndiko kunoita kuti bazi rinotonga rive nzvero yechokwadi pasimba panzvimbo pechitambi cherabha nokuda kwehurumende.

Kutyisidzira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira. Kudenha kwezvamatongerwe enyika pamatare, tyisidziro dzinoparadza vatongi, uye nhamburiko dzokuisa matare navagadziri vehurumende zvinogona kusekesa chivimbo chavose mukusasarura kwedare. Apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti vatongi vanongova zvavo vezvamatongerwe enyika vakapfeka nguo, vatongi vanorasikirwa nesimba ravo rokunzvera mamwe mapazu nenzira inobudirira. Kudzivirira kuzvitonga kunoda zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro dzedare uye vanhu vanonzwisisa uye vanokoshesa basa rematare mukuchengetedza hurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuumba Kwaunoita Zvisarudzo Zvedare Repamusorosoro

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinotapura mativi ose oupenyu hwazvino uno. Apo Dare rinosarudza mhaka pamusoro porusununguko rwokutaura, rinosarudza chaungagona kutaura paIndaneti, pachena, uye kubasa. Apo rinotonga pamusoro pezvinhu zvakavanzika, rinoumba kana hurumende ichigona kurava maemail ako, kunzvera nzvimbo yako, kana kuti marekodhi ako ezvokurapa. Painotsanangura muitiro woutsotsi, inopesvedzera mafekitari amapurisa, mapiresa evachuchidzi, uye mabatire anoita matare.

Rangarira Fidstment yeChina nechakavanzika chemipimo. Mu Carbatew v. United States (2017), Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti hurumende inowanzoda pamutemo kuti iwane zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yeserura. Iyi chisarudzo chakaziva kuti ruzivo rwazvino uno runoparira fariro itsva dzakavanzika idzo vaFramers vaisagona kuva vakakarira. Chitongi chinotapura zvakananga mamirioni avanhu vanotakura mafoni zuva riri rose. Pasina kudisa kwejudiary kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yebumbiro-mari, kuva kwako wogaro kuchava akakotsekana zvikuru.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana Bharuti

Dare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMakurukota. Mune dzimwe zviitiko zvakaita se Shelby County vhoty v. Hoker [2013]], Dare reSikuru reSarudzo rakakunda gadziriro huru yeCount Rights Act, rinokurudzira nharo dzinoramba pamusoro pokuwana muvhoti uye kudzvinyirirwa. Vagari vemo vanodzora vanoshandura kuti vave migumisiro chaiyo yemagariro ezvematongerwe enyika uye kutoraworuzhinji.

Bazu Rokutonga Nechibvumirano: Kudzikamisa Simba Rorudzi Nehurumende

Panopfuudza hurumende, matare anoshandisa Supremacy Claus kuti aone kuti mutemo upi uripo. Apo Dare rinotonga rinoedza kudzora nzvimbo dzakachengeterwa hurumende, matare anoita kuti Tenth Amendment itendwe.

Iyi nzvero yehurumende ine revo huru nokuda kwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mitemo yehurumende inodzora dzidzo, tarisiro youtano, zvokufambisa, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi inogona kusiana zvikuru. matare anovimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende hachikuriri kuzvitonga kwehurumende, asi anovimbisawo kuti mitemo yehurumende haiputsi maruramiro emitemo yehurumende. Dzikamo pakati pehurumende nesimba renyika inoedzwa nguva dzose, uye judicary inoita rutivi rukuru mukuchengeta mwero iwoyo.

Mienzaniso Yemagariro Aiita Vanhu

Mu Printz v. United States (1997), Dare Rapamusoro rehurumende rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende waida kuti vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo vaitarisira kuti vasadzore kunzvera vatengi vepfuti. Dare rakaramba kuti Congress haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vaise mutemo wehurumende. Mu [FLT] muv. NACA[FLT] [[FLT] [20:8], Dare rakabvisa mutemo wehurumende wairambidza kubvumira kubhejera mitambo, richitonga kuti kudzosa murairo unodzivisa murairo wemitemo womubatanidzwa unodzivisa murairo. Izvi zvinodzivirira uchangamire neganhuriro yemubatanidzwa, zvichiratidzira basa redare renyika yehurumende seboka rehurumende.

Chikonzero Nei Tichinzwisisa Basa Revatongi Rine Mhaka Nevagari Vomunyika

Kuziva kuti bazi rinonzvera sei simba redare hakungoviwo zvako redzidzo. Kana ukanzwisisa basa rematare, unogona kutsigira zviri nani kodzero dzako, kuziva apo zviito zvehurumende zvinodarika miganhu yebumbiro remitemo, uye kutora rutivi zvine revo muhurukuro yavose pamusoro pomutongo, kuchinja dare, uye mutemo. Mugari wemo anoziviswa idziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwedare uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira nehurumende.

Kana uchiziva kuti Kuchinja Kwechina kunoda mutemo unenge wabva pachikonzero chingangodaro chiripo, uye kuti matare achabvisa uchapupu hunenge hwawanikwa zvisiri pamutemo, unogona kudenha kutsvaka kwacho nenzira inobudirira. Kana ukaziva kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rasimbisa rasimbisazve kodzero yacho kuzano, unogona kurayira gweta kana ukasungwa. Zivo yokudzivirira kwedare inokusimbisa kuti ushandise kodzero dzako nechivimbo.

Kubatanidzwa Negadziriro Yokutonga

Dare rakawanda rinobudisa zvisarudzo zvaro paIndaneti, uye matare akawanda anoongorora zviri pamutemo anowanika nenhau dzinobudiswa munhau uye mari dzedzidzo. Unogonawo kuonana nevamiririri vakasarudzwa kuti vataure maonero aunoita dare uye mari inotsigirwa nedare. Kana ukaramba uchiudzwa, unobatsira kuti vatongi varambe vachizvidavirira kuvanhu asi vachichengetedza rusununguko rwavo pamiedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zviwanikwa Zvakasiyana - siyana Zvokudzidzazve

Kuti uwedzere kunzwisisa kwako bazi rinotonga nebasa raro mukuongorora simba, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinopa mashoko ane chiremera uye kuongorora.

  • Pamusoro peReaudition Review - Website yepamutemo yeDare reUnited States inotsanangura mavambo nokushandiswa kwenzvero yedare, kubatanidza kuti matare anosarudza sei kana mitemo iri pamutemo.
  • Chikamu cheAnnuberg Colation Guide on Judicial Independence - Iri bhuku redzidzo rinofukidza dziviriro dzegadziriro dzinochengeta dare richizvimirira uye rinotsanangura chikonzero nei nhau idzodzo dzokuzvimirira nokuda kwavagari vemo.
  • [[FLT: 0]Ez: Dare Rapamusoro Zvirevo [[FL: 1] – Oyez rinogovera marekodhi namarekodhi enhau dzeDare Rapamusorosoro, richikubvumira kunzwa zvakananga kuti vatongi vanopanikira sei magweta nokurangarira kupfurikidza nenhau dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • [[FOL: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute: Paratation of Powers[[FLT: 1] – LII inopa tsananguro dzakajeka dzeparadzano yedzidziso dzamasimba, kubatanidza hwirudzuro yedare, ropafadzo yechiremera, uye dzidziso yemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [[FLT: 0] American Bar Association: Nzira iyo Dare Rinoshanda nayo – The ABA inogovera mutungamiriri mukuru wegadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende, ichitsanangura kuti nhau dzinopfuurira sei uye kuti matare anorondedzera sei mutemo.

Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwenzvero Yokutonga

Bazu redare harisi mucherechedzi wehurumende asi mutsigiri anoshingaira mukuchengeta nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

Apo unowana nhau yenhau pamusoro pedare rinoputsa mutemo kana kuti kuraira hurumende kubudisa magwaro, ziva kuti vatongi vari kuita chaizvoizvo izvo Bumbiro remitemo rakaironga kuita. Iri kunzvera simba. Iri kuisa miganhu. Uye iri kudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo vose. Ndicho chikonzero nei bazu rinotonga riine mhaka kwauri, kwete chete senheyo yebumbiro remitemo, asi sedziviriro inoshanda nokuda kworusununguko rwako.