Revo Isingaperi Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kubatanidzwa pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoumba simba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu norusununguko rwomunhu. Vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakabatana, vachinzwisisa kuti iyi mifungo inoshanda pamwe chete sei inokosha mukufambisa zvinhu zvakaoma zvenzanga yazvino uno. Mvumo dzavagari vemo dzinomirira rusununguko rukuru runodzivirira vanhu pahurumende inonyengera, nepo kodzero dzemitemo dzichigovera kuvaka kwapamutemo kunobatanidza nokudzivirira rusununguko irworwo. Pamwe chete, ivo vanogadza miganhu yesimba rehurumende nechiremera chomunhu, vachiita kuti fundo yavo ive yakakodzera nguva uye inokosha.

Munhambo inoratidzirwa nokuchinja kwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunokurumidza, kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gakava rakawedzerwa pamusoro pokuva voga, kutaura, uye kuenzana, kudikanwa kwokunzwisisa zvikuru rusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hakuna kutongova kwakakomba zvikuru.iyi nyaya inonzvera rondedzero dzavo, mavambo enhau, kumbiriso dzinoshanda, uye denho dzavanotarisana nadzo, ichipa chisakiso chikuru nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa nokudzivirira idzi mbiru dzinokosha dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kurondedzera Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo ikodzero huru nerusununguko zvinovimbiswa kuvanhu, zvakadzivirirwa zvakakurumbira pakuputswa nehurumende.Idzi dzinosanganisira rusununguko rwokutaura, kodzero yokuva voga, kodzero yemuitiro wakafanira, rusununguko rwokuungana, uye rusununguko rwechitendero. Mvumo dzevagari vemo ikodzero dzisina kunaka mupfungwa yokuti vanoganhurira hurumende: ivo vanotaura hurumende zvaisingagoni kuita kuvagari vemo vayo.

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo, mukupesana, dzinonongedzera kukodzero dzakananga dzakaiswa mubumbiro remitemo rerudzi, iro rinobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika. MuUnited States, idzi maruramiro anowanwa zvikurukuru muBill of Rights uye gadziridzo dzinotevera. Nepo rusununguko rwavagari vemo runogona kuvapo pasina miraudzo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzapamutemo, maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo anodzikwidziridza kunzvimbo yakakwirira zvikurusa yapamutemo, kuchiaita anomanikidzirwa mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.

Musiyano wacho une chokuita nokuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopa nhoo yakasimba zvikuru uye yakasimba zvikuru. Hadzigoni kuputswa nyore nyore nomutemo wavose uye dzinoda kuti zvigadziriso zvikuru kana kuti mirau ive yapamutemo zvichichinja. Uku kugara kwenguva dzose kunoumbirwa: kunovimbisa kuti rusununguko rukuru runoramba rwakachengeteka kunyange mukati menhambo dzenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti chishuvo chakakurumbira.

Mavambo Edzidziso Okusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Pfungwa dzerusununguko rwevagari vemo dzakatangira zvikuru muuzivi hwokuvhenekerwa. Vanofunga vakadai saJohn Locke vakataura kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzomusikirwo dzoupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, izvo hurumende dzinotangwa kuti dzidzivirire. Iyi pfungwa yakapesvedzera zvikuru Vatangi veAmerica, avo vakaisa dziviriro dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga muBumbiro reMitemo neBill of Rights.

" Kodzero dzomunhu hadzifaniri kutsvakwa muzvinyorwa zvamakore ekare, asi muzvinyorwa zvomuzvarirwo wadzo dzimene. — Thomas Paine, Marurami aMan [ (1791])[FLT]]

Kunzwisisa nheyo iyi kunobatsira kunzwisisa chikonzero nei rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwuchidzivirirwa zvakasimba kwazvo uye nei kuparara kwarwo kuri nhau inokosha zvikuru.

Mavambo Enhau Nokushanduka - shanduka Kwamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo

Nhau yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inhau yokuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunatsiridzwa. Magna Carta wa1215 anowanzodudzwa sechinhu chokutanga, achitanga nheyo yokuti kunyange mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Bhii reEngland rekodzero dzamambo ra1689 rakaganhurirwazve ndokusimbisa ukuru hweparamende, asi kwakanga kuri kuedza kweAmerica uko zvirokwazvo kwakarongeka maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakaumba gadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, asi pakutanga rakanga risina dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga. Bhishopi yekodzero, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakabvisa kushaikwa uku kupfurikidza nokuronga rusununguko rwakati: kutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, kukumbira, kudzivirira, kunzvera nokubatwa nepfari, muitiro wakafanira, uye mamwe. Mumazana amakore maviri anotevera, Idmerlinement yakatambanuro iyi kusvikira kumwero wenyika kupfurikidza nedzidziso inobatanidza, uye kugadziridzwa kwakatevera kwakawedzera dziviriro yemari inodzo.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), European Convention on Human Rights (1950), uye mitemo yenyika yakawanda zvinoratidza kubvumirana kwepasi pose kwokuti dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha uye dzinofanira kudzivirirwa nemitemo. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo izvinyorwa zvipenyu, zvinotsanangurwazve uye zvinowedzerwa sezvo nzanga dzinowedzera kuzara uye zvakarurama.

Kugadziridzwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nedziviriro Zvikuru

Kugadziridzwa kunotevera kunoumba musimboti wekodzero dzepamutemo dzeAmerica:

  • Mutemo wePrefect wePremistem: inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwechitendero, rwegungano, uye kodzero yokukumbira hurumende. Inowanzorangarirwa kuva rusununguko rwakavakirwa panheyo zvikurusa, sezvo ichiita mamwe mabasa ose ehurumende youtongi hwegutsaruzhinji.
  • Finamendment: Kungwarira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, kunoda zvisakiso nezviratidzo. Kunzvera kukuru kwebumbiro remitemo pakunzverwa kwehurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunyengera.
  • Fith Amendment: Inogadza muitiro wakafanira, inodzivirira pakuzviparadzanisa, inodzivisa ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, uye inoda muripo bedzi nokuda kwokutora zvinhu.
  • [[FLT: 0] SSHmendment: inovimbisa kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, kodzero yokupa zano, uye kodzero yokutarisana nezvapupu.
  • [[FLT: 0] menduro youtsinye:[[FLT: 1] inokwevera mari yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose.
  • Foundation: The Encial Procesme Claus neGue Claus Process zviri pakati pegadziriro dzakarongwa zvikurusa, dzinobatira sehwaro hwezvisarudzo zvekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Iyi gadziridzo inoshanda pamwe chete uye inowirirana. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuva woga / (8) kunyange isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo) yakatorwa muMasangano okutanga, eChina, eshanu, uye egumi namana, achienzanisira kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinochinja sei kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwedare.

Ukama Pakati Pokusunungurwa Kwehurumende Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Ukama pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hunovhiringidza uye hune simba. Rusununguko rwevagari vemo runogovera nheyo dzetsika nedzouzivi dzekodzero dzinofanira kuvapo; kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandura pfungwa idzodzo kuva kutaura kwepamutemo kunobhadharwa. Apo rusununguko rwevagari vemo runotyisidzirwa, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopa nzira yokuti vanhu vatsvake kugadziriswa nomumatare.

Ukama uhwu hahuna kujeka nguva dzose. Dzimwe nguva, rusununguko rwevagari vemo runorwisana kana kuti nemimwe mipimo yenzanga. Rusununguko rwokutaura, somuenzaniso, runogona kupesana nekodzero yokutonga kwakarurama apo dare risati razivisa rusaruro. Ruvengo runomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti rusununguko runogona kudziviswa here kudzivirira kuenzana nokurongeka. Uku kukakavara kunoda kusanodzikamiswa, uye gadziriro yemitemo inogovera maturusi okuzvipedza kupfurikidza nehwirudzuruso, kurangarira kwedare, uye kurukurirano yedemocracy.

Kudzikamisa Kodzero Nemabasa

Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti kunyange maruramiro makuru anogona kudzorwa kana hurumende ichiratidza fariro inogombedzera uye ichishandisa mitoo inoganhurira. Uku kunzvera kuri pakati nepakati kunooneka zvikurukuru munhau dzechengeteko dzorudzi, umo rusununguko rwomunhu oga rungadziviswa mukati menguva yehondo kana kuti mukupindura tyisidziro dzougandanga. Denho ndeyokuva nechokwadi cheganhuriro dzakadaro ndedzechinguvana, dzinowirirana, uye dzinotarisirwa.

Somuenzaniso, mu Korematsu v. United States (1944), Dare rakatsigira kubatanidzwa kweMajapani okuAmerica mukati meHondo Yenyika II, chisarudzo chinoshurikidzwa zvikuru nhasi sokukundikana kwedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi nhau inoratidzira zvakajeka kuti kutya kunogona sei kubvisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo uye nei kungwarira kusingachinji. Nhaka, mu Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], Dare rakatonga kuti U.S. Vagari vemo vemo vanofanira kuva nekodzero dzakakodzera, vachisimbisazve kuti kudzivirira kusingaperi mu [FLT]

Fundo Dzokusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo Dziri Kuitwa

Nyaya dzinoratidza kuti rusununguko rwevanhu uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo zvinoshanda sei.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kubatana, kuputsa "dzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" yakagadzwa mu Pnety v. Ferguson (1996). Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzaniswa hazvienzaniswi," kubatira Dare rePrecial Protection Claus eGrandment. Mhaka yacho haina kugumisa nokukurumidza kuva noroundation, asi yakagovera hwaro hwepamutemo hwekodzero dzavagari vemo nemitemo yakatevera. [[FLT:] Rava mufungo wakazara paOy [[FLT]

Wade (1973)

Muchisarudzo ichi chenharo, Dare Gurusa rakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuchivanda anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakaramba kuti Gidth Amendment’s Readterment Clause inodzivirira iyi maruramiro, kuienzanisa nefariro dzehurumende muutano hwaamai noupenyu hunobvira. Nepo [ Roe yakatongwa na [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of State [FLD] [20:] [202], nhaka yayo inoramba iri pakati penhau pamusoro pekurukurirano dzakavanzika, dzomuviri, uye muenzaniso unotonga. [[FLT:]

Miranda muArizona (1966)

This case established the famous "Miranda warnings" that police must read to suspects before custodial interrogations: the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, and the warning that anything said can be used in court. The decision was based on the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination and the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel. Miranda exemplifies how constitutional rights are translated into practical safeguards that ordinary people can understand and invoke.

Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)

Munhau iyi, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira maruramiro avadzidzi okupfeka zvibayiso zvamaoko zvitema mukutsutsumwira Hondo yeVietnam, richitonga kuti vadzidzi havasati vachi‘bvisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi reimba yechikoro. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha chomutemo wavadzidzi worusununguko rwokutaura uye kazhinji kazhinji unodudzwa mukurukurirano dzapanguva ino pamusoro pechirango chechikoro nokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinetso Kurusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, rusununguko rwevagari vemo runotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira uye dzinowedzera.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nekusununguka Kwevagari Vomunyika

Kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kutapura zvikuru rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mukati menhambo dzenjodzi yorudzi, hurumende dzakaisa kare ganhuriro dzinopunza maruramiro omunhu oga muzita rechengeteko. Alien neSedition Mabasa a 1798, kubviswa kwehabeas corpus mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, kubatanidzwa kweJapan muHondo yeNyika II, uye gadziriro dzokunzvera dzakaitwa pashure pe 9 / 11 dzose dzinoratidzira uyu mutoo.

Kupesana pakati pechengeteko norusununguko hakugadziriswi nyore nyore. Vanhu vane mufungo vanogona kusabvumirana pamusoro peanofanira kuiswa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwezvigadzirwa Nezvinonetsa Munhu Anenge Asiri Woga

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakamutsa zvinetso zvisina kumboitika zverusununguko rwevanhu, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende zvokuongorora, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko ebhizimisi, kuziva chiso, ungwaru hwokugadzira, uye maatomutsi ezvemagariro evanhu zvose zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro poukuru uhwo vanhu vanogona kukarira kuva voga muzera renhambo yemifungo.

Chirambidzo cheGavhuremhedhedhe cheChina chokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari chakanyorwa munguva yezvinyorwa zvenyama namasuo akakiyiwa. Nhasi, hurumende inogona kuwana mirwi mizhinji yemitemo, mashoko enzvimbo, uye kurukurirano pasina mvumo mumativi akawanda. Dare Rapamusoro rakaedza kugadziridza jurisprudence yeChina kuruzivo rutsva muzvinoitika zvakadai se Carpeent v. United States (2088), iyo yainodavira kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enhau yenhau yenhau yekombiyuta. Zvisinei, mutemo unopfuurira kupfuurira kutora nguva mberi sezvirongwa zveruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu.

Kuva woga hachisi chinhu chaunoda iwe pachako; mugariro uri madikanwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwedzimwe rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Pasina kuvandika, rusununguko rwesonganiro runogona kutonhodzwa, rusununguko rwokurava nokufunga nenzira yokuzvimirira runogona kudzorwa, uye mano okuramba kudzorwa. Kudzivirira kuva woga muzera remifungo yemifungo ndomumwe wenhau dzechimbichimbi - chimbi dzinoda zvikurusa dzenguva yedu. The Electronic Frondation Foundation inopa mipiro pakodzero dzakavanzika dzemichina yemunhu

Kubudisa Nhau Dzenzanga, Mashoko Akaipa, uye Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Zvikuva zvevoruzhinji zvakadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube hazvisi vatambi vehurumende saka hazvimanikidzwi neFirst Amendment.

Ikoku kwakaparira mukaha wekutungamirira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti zvikuva zvinofanira kurangarirwa sezvisingatakurirwi kana kuti zvirongwa zvavose uye kuiswa pasi peMitemo yeFirst Amendment. Vamwe vanotaura kuti udzori hwomunhu oga hwakanakisisa kumurairo wehurumende, ungagona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana. Ganhuriro inodarika 230 yeCommunications Decancy Act, iyo inodzivirira nzvimbo dzinova nemhosva nokuda kwezviri mukati mevashandi, inowedzera imwe nzvimbo yakaoma kunzwisisa.

Basa Remufundisi Mukudzivirira Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Vatongi vanoita basa guru mukududzira nokusimbisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokuongorora kwokutonga, matare anogona kurova mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803], anoita kuti judiary ibazu rehurumende rinowirirana rine chiremera chokunzvera chiwiriranwa chemitemo nechiremera.

Zvisinei, matare edare anosarudza kutonga anosarudzwa zvikuru, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvinowanzoratidzira kuumbwa kwepfungwa dzebhenji racho. Hondo dzokusimbisa paDare Rapamusorosoro mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura dzinosimbisa njodzi huru dzokududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, vatongi vachiri nzira inowanika zvikurusa nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka kureverera kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo. Masangano erusununguko rwevagari vemo akadai seACLU neNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) akashandisa nenzira inobudirira kusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko, kazhinji achiunza mhaka nokuda kwevanhu vane kodzero dzakatyorwa.

Kusimudzira Kuziva uye Dzidzo

Vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye nzira yokudzidzivirira nayo, kwete chete kana pasina kodzero yevagari vemo yakadzidza.

Zvirongwa Zvokudzidzisa Vadzidzisi

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokudzidzisa vadzidzi nezverusununguko rwevanhu uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo:

  • Tsvakaro refundo: Nemhaka dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa mudzidzo. Iva vadzidzi vanorava zvikamu zvamashoko zvinobva mumifungo ndokunzvera kurangarira, kusabvumirana, uye tapuro dzenzanga.
  • kurukurirano dzazvino uno: Kurudzira vadzidzi kuunza nyaya dzenhau dzine chokuita nerusununguko rwevagari vemo nekurukurirano nhau. Nhau dzingabatanidza murairo wenhomba, zvirambidzo zvamabhuku, kunzvera, maruramiro okuramba, kana kuti mitemo yesarudzo.
  • kutonga kwematombo nematare etsotsi: Tsvaka Dare Gurusa. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera ndokupa mativi ose ari maviri enhau, ipapo kudzivirira mirau yavo.
  • Millimedia: Shandisa mapepa, mapodcast, uye mawebsite okunyoresa. National Constitution Center's Interflict ichinhu chakaisvonaka chokunzvera rugwaro nenhau yeBumbiro remitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vakurukuri vehurumende: kumbira magweta, vatsigiri verusununguko rwavagari vemo, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vanoona kuti mutemo wakakwana kutaura pamusoro pezvinoitika zvavo.
  • migove yokunyora: Kumbira vadzidzi kunyora rondedzero dzinonyengetedza kana kuti pfupi pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo yapanguva ino.

Zvirongwa Zvokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Choupenyu Hwose

Vagari vemo vanogona kupfuurira kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza na:

  • Kuziva nezvemitemo uye zvisarudzo zvematare zvine chokuita nerusununguko rwevanhu.
  • Kutsigira masangano erusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuva mutezo kana kuti mipiro.
  • Kuonana navamiriri vakasarudzwa kuti vataure kuitira hanya pamusoro pemitemo yairangarirwa.
  • Kupindira mukurwisana kune rugare, kupindura pachena, uye kupindira munzanga.
  • Kushandisa kodzero dzavo pachavo nemaune uye nokuoneka, sechiratidzo kuvamwe.

Makakatanwa Enguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Kukakavadzana kunoverengeka kwepanguva iyoyo kuchaumba remangwana rorusununguko rweAmerica.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Kusvika kuroti ikodzero yehwaro yehwaro hwebumbiro-mitemo, bva yazova muganhu unotsiva. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Shelby County v. Horer (2013) yakarova migove mikuru yeCoting Rights Act, inotungamirira kukudzorwa kweganhuriro dzenzvimbo inovhotera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, gakava pamusoro pepo kuvhotera, mitemo yemitemo, uye tsvukui inopfuurira kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedziviriro yakaenzana nerudyi kuvhota.

Rudzi, Ruramisiro, uye Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Black Live Matter yanangidzira ngwariro yorudzi pautsinye hwemapurisa, kusungwa kwavazhinji, uye urudzi. Idzi nhau dzinobatanidza dziviriro dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo: kurambidza kweGavhura reChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo, kurambidza kweSert Amendment pachirango choutsinye nechisingawanzoitiki, uye Exclement Examental Protection Clause. Kupfuurira kugadziridza nokuchinja mitemo zvinotsvaka kupedza zvinetso zvikuru izvi.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nokusasarura

Gakava pakati pemitemo yorudzidziso nemitemo isingasaruri rakaparira dzimwe dzenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, LGBTQ+ maruramiro, uye kusunungurwa kworudzidziso nokuda kwamabhizimisi navanhu zvakamanikidzira matare kudzikamisa mipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa remitemo mu Masteringhop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission[ (20: 8) na[FLT] Filton. City of Philadelphia [20]]] [201]

mhedziso

Kunzvera mhesano yerusununguko rwevagari vemo nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira nzanga yakarurama neyakasununguka. Iyi mifungo haisati iri dzidziso dzapamutemo dzisinganzwisisiki; iwo zvishandiso zvinodzivirira vanhu paudzvinyiriri uye kugonesa kuzvitonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti rusununguko rwevanhu nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, vanhu vanogona sei kutsigira rusununguko rwavo vamene uye kubetsera kubasa rinopfuurira rokuvaka nzanga inowirirana zvikuru.

Savadzidzisi, mutoro wedu kushongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera nezivo iyi. Zvinetso zvinokosha kuvambira pakudzongonyedzwa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kusvikira kuruwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika(*) asi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogovera zviwanikwa kuti zvisangane nazvo. Mumashoko eMutongi Louis Brandeis, "Njodzi hurusa kurusununguko runovanda mumisungo yavanhu veshingairo, ine revo yakanaka asi isina nzwisiso. Kunzwisisa imishonga. National Constitution's Constitution Constitution inogovera pfundo rokutanga rokunzvera kukurusa.