Kunzwisisa Michina Yechiremera Chinodzora

Mutsetse-kanhu vhato unomira serimwe ramasimba ezvirongwa zvemari anosiana zvikurusa anoitwa namagavhuna ehurumende muUnited States. Kusafanana neveto yegamuchidzanwa, inomanikidzira mukuru mukuru kugamuchira kana kuti kuramba mutongo wose munhambo imwe chete, mutsetse-item vheto unogonesa gavhuna kurova gadziriro chaidzoidzoidzo /achiwanzoshandisa kana kuti kupedza purogiramu dzinoitwa neappropss (pasurumu yemitemo) apo inobvumira yasara kuva mutemo. Iri chiremera chinorongedzerwa kupa vatongi mutengi panzvimbo pezvirongwa zvemari, kuvabvumira kucheka mari inopambadzwa, kubvisa mabhangi, kana kuti kubvisa gadziriro dzinorangarira kusafanira kushatarwa.

Basa rinoshanda rinosiyana nehurumende, asi muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa gavhuna anofanira kuita mukati mechiverengero chakati chamazuva pashure pokugamuchira mutengo, zvikurukuru 5 kusvikira ku 30. Zvinhu zvakaiswa zvinodzorerwa kuimba yomutemo, izvo zvingaedza kukurira kuvavhota nesimba guru rinovhota, asi kana kuti zvikamu zvitatu zvekamuri rimwe nerimwe. Kana kudzosera kwapamberi pemvura kukundikana, zvinhu zvakabviswa zvechigarire mupepa. Dzimwe nyika dzinopawo vatongi mano okuderedza kudzorwa kwemaapurofiti panzvimbo pokuzvirova, simba rinowanzonzi "kudzosa" kana kuti "kuderedza."

Nhau Pfupi yeMutsetse Wakanyorwa

Pfungwa yacho yakasvika muzana ramakore rechi19, apo bumbiro remitemo reNhambo yeHondo yevagari vemo raibatanidza muganhu wemagiramu evhiti yemutengi wemutungamiriri wayo. Pashure pehondo, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa urongwa hwakafanana sorutivi rwechinjo dzinofambira mberi dzakarongedzerwa kuwedzera kuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru uye kudzora kushandiswa kwemari yenyama yenyama yenyama yenyama. Pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, mahurumende anopfuura 40 akanga apa vatongi vavo chimiro chakati chetemu yematerumu yemaganhurirwa, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo chaiyoiyo nemigariro zvakasiana zvakasiana zvikuru.

Pamwero wehurumende, kuedza kwakadzokororwa kupa purezidhendi muganhu muganhu muganhu wemutsetse wewiromu yeLine To To Act ye 1996, iyo yakapa purezidhendi simba rokubvisa zvinhu zvakati zvinoshandiswa nebetsero dzemitero. Dare Gurusa reU. rakaputsa mutemo mu [FLT][1] Clinton v. City reNew York[[[FLT]][[FLT]][[FLT]][[FLT]]] [[3] [1998], richitonga kuti rakaputsa Chipo chaClaus yeBumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nokubvumira purezidhendi nenzira inobudirira kudzosa mutemo kuChibvumirano. Chisarudzo ichocho hachidzodzi hurumende mutsika yakasiana pamutemo. Chibvumirano chacho chakatungamirira uye chakatungamirira mamwe mabasa avo amene, asi chinoramba chiri pamutemo.

Makambani Aiita Zvepamutemo Mhiri KweUnited States

Mabumbiro emitemo nemirau zvinorondedzera miganhu chaiyo yesimba remutsetse wegavhuna weveto. Pamberi pama2020, magavhuna 44 ehurumende ane chimiro chakati chemutsetse wezvinhu vhato chiremera, nepo 6 dzehurumende DAWARE, Indiana, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina, naRhode Island. Pakati pa 44, upamhi hunosiyana kubva kuchinhu chakachena vharotoes chinoganhurirwa kumasimba makuru anobvumira kurovanya mitongo inodzora mutauro usati waappropia, kuderedza kushambadza, kana kuti kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu anodzosera mari.

Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Vazhinjisa vanotaura kuti giramu-materu mumabumbiro avo emitemo. Somuenzaniso, Constitution yeCalifornia (Article IV, Chikamu 10) inopa gavhuna chiremera kuderedza kana kuti kubvisa chinhu chipi nechipi cheapproriation. Constitution yePennsylvania (Article IV, Chikamu 15) inobvumira gavhuna kuisa zvinhu mumitengo yemitengo; mutemo wemitemo ingakunda chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakagadzirwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe. MuWisconsin, simba ragavhuna rakafara zvikuru: "Tamboto" inobvumira mashoko anoshamisa, madhigineti, uye kunyange tsamba imwe neimwe inobva mumabhiriti, simba iro vatongi vakashandisa mugadziri wezvinhu zvokuumba zvinhu kure nenhano yenhano.

Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa ganhuriro chaidzo. MuFlorida, gavhuna angaisa zvinhu mupepa ripi neripi rine zvitsama zvemifungo, asi haagoni kuderedza zvitsama; chirango chakazara bedzi chinobvumirwa. MuTexas, gavhuna angadzivisa mutsetse wezvinhu bedzi mumitengo yose inodzorwa, kwete zvinhu zviri mune mumwe mutemo. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew York, dzinopa vato bedzi nokuda kwezvikwereti ndokurambidza gavhuna kubva mumutauro wevetoing izvo zvisina chokuita zvakananga nokushandisa.

Tsananguro Dzematare Ehurumende

Dare guru rehurumende ragara richikumbirwa kurondedzera miganhu yomutsetse-imbeto. Mu [FLT]State sex rel. Wisconsin system v. Thompson [1994], Court Supreme yakatsigira Gavhuna Tomson Thompson Thompson kushandisa kwa "chikamu che-ti -" kurova tsamba imwe neimwe ndokugadzira mashoko matsva, chinangwa chinoshanda. Chisarudzo ichocho chakadzoserwa gare gare gare gare neadzo yebumbiro remitemo ([FLTLTLT]) yakaganhurira gavhuna kuti arove zvinhu zvose, appries, kana kuti mashoko ashai tsamba.

Mu Anderson v. Commonwealth [2002], Dare Gurusa rePennsylvania rakatonga kuti simba ragavhuna rinotambanudzira bedzi kuzvinhu zviri "Magariro echokwadi," kwete kumiitiro yetsika yakabatanidzwa nokushandisa. Nhau dzakafanana muIllinois, Michigan, uye Oregon dzakabudisa basa rakaenzana redudziro, kuita kushanda kunoshanda kwomutsetse-magiramu renhau epamusoro-geome.

Mitoo Yokushandiswa Navanagavhuna Vehurumende

Vatongi vanoshandisa mutsetse wechinhu vhato nekamwe kakawanda, zvichitsamira pamigariro yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika, utano hwemari hwehurumende, uye ukama hwavo nedare. Nzvero yenhau inozivisa kuti vheto inoshandiswa nenzira youdzvinyiriri zvikurusa mukati menhambo dzenjodzi yemari, apo vatongi vanotsvaka kuderedza kupedza pasina kuvhara hurumende, kana kuti apo gavhuna ari webato rakasiana kupfuura voruzhinji vemitemo.

Mienzaniso Inocherechedzeka

  • California Gavhuna Arnold Schwarzenger (2003-2011): Achitarisana neperevedzo huru, Schwarzegger akashandisa mutsetse wemateru vhato kutema mazana emamiriyoni emadhora mubhajeti dzemitemo. Muna 2008, akabvisa madhora anopfuura mamirioni 500 mumari, achiranga purogiramu airangarirwa seasingakoshi. Zviito zvake zvakawana kutsoropodza kubva kuDidemocratic magger asi zvakarumbidzwa nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.
  • .Florida yaGavhuna Rick Scott (2021-2019): Scott akashandisa zvikuru shopu yakachekwa-naiwo nesimba, kazhinji kazhinji achibvisa zvinhu zvinoiswa nedare remitemo mukati mekurukurirano dzemari. Muna 2018 moga, akabudisa giramu yechinhu chinonyorwa mamirioni $411. Iye akaisa aya mabasa seanodikanwa kuchengeta bhajeti rehurumende rakavakirwa uye kutsigira nzvimbo dzokutanga dzakadai sedzidzo negadziriro.
  • Arkansas Gavhuna Mike Huckabee (1996-2007): Huckabee akashandisa vhato kubvisa yaakadana kuti "pork" mubhajeti rehurumende. Mavhinga ake akakwirira zvikurusa akabatanidza mari nokuda kwamarongedzero chaiwo emigwagwa mikuru namapurogiramu enzanga ayo iye akataura kuti haana kururamiswa zvakakwana. Chigaro chamatendero chaiwanzoedza kukunda asi hachiwanzoteve chaibudirira.
  • Wiscon’s Gavhuna Scott Walker (2019): Walker akashandisa muteshi wehafu kuti adzore nokusatya, akamborova mashoko 556 kubva pamutezo webhajeti kuti abvise gadziriro yemitemo yaizodai yakaganhurira chiremera chake papurogiramu dzekubudirira kwezvemari. Iyi fambiro yakatsigirwa mudare, asi yakawedzera kukumbira kwokuvandudza.
  • Illinois yaGavhuna J.B. Pritzker (209-preset): Muna 2023, Puritzker protein will wind centvetomed $mamirioni 75 muwirirano dzemitemo, inonyandura rwisano yemibatanidzwa. Vavetoes vakanga vasingakwani mune zvimwe zviitiko asi vakatsigisa muzvimwe, vachiratidza basa resimba mukurukurirano dzinopfuurira.

Kushandiswa Kwezvikamu uye Kushandisa Zvematongerwe Enyika

Mutsetse wevhiti vheto hachisi chishandiso chisingatori rutivi; kazhinji kazhinji unoiswa nokuda kwebetsero inorwisana. Vatongi vebato duku muhurumende vanoushandisa kudzivisa nhano dzemitemo dzavanoshora pasina kushandisa ngozi yezvamatongerwe enyika yengozi yakazara iyo inganyandura kuparadzwa kwebhajeti. Nenzira inopesana, vatongi vebato rimwe chetero sevoruzhinji vemitemo vangarishandisa kumanikidza chirango chemitemo kana kuti kubvisa bvumirano pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvemitemo.

Nzvero inobva Nsongano yeNational of State Legislatures inoratidzira kuti hurumende yakakamukana ndiyo chiratidzo chakasimba zvikurusa chokushandisa kwechinhu chakakwirira protendi. Mukati menhambo dzokudzora kwakabatana kwebato, vatongi vanowanzoshandisa tsvina, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kururamisa zvikanganiso zvesayenzi kana kuti kubvisa zvinhu izvo mutemi wemitemo amene anoona sechinetso.

Tapuro Pakutonga Kwehurumende uye Pamari Yavose

Muuyo wechikamu chemutsetse chezvirongwa zvemari nedzosero wakavhengana. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kunowedzera kuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokupa gavhuna nzvero yakananga pakushandiswa kwomutemo, kunoderedza sundo yokuti vaiti vemitemo vaise zvirango zvinopambadza, uye kunobvumira ruramiso dzechimbichimbidzo dzemari pasina kudzongonyedza bhajeti yose. Fundo dzemipiro dzakaratidza kuti nechinhu chakasimba chinonzi masimba anokombamira kuva akaderera pakushandiswa nokushandiswa kwemari inodzorwa nokukurumidza, kunyange zvazvo idzi nhevedzano dzokurera dzichiva dzinoderera uye dzinopesvedzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.

Kuranga Kunorema Here Kana Kuti Kunyanyorayira?

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muganhu wewiroom yedavi rinosekesa simba guru rebazu remitemo rechikwama. Apo gavhuna anogona kubvisa zvinhu nenzira isina kurongwa chigaro chigarwa mudare kukurukurwa nokungwarira, dzikamo yesimba kudzokororwa kumukuru mukuru. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukushandisa kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvemitemo zvagavhuna panzvimbo pokubvumirana kwechibvumirano. Mumhaka dzakanyanyisa, vatongi vakashandisa vheto kubvisa mapurogiramu ose, vachimanikidzira mugamunisi kubvisa zvimwe murairo wacho kubvisa kana kuti kugamuchira chinjo, iyo ingava yave isina kuva inobvira kupfurikidza nomutemo wenguva dzose.

Chimwe chinhu funganyo ibviro yokushandisa zvisina kufanira kupfurikidza ne "veto" masimba anobvumira kunyora mutauro. Gavhuna anogona kurova mashoko kubva mumutsetse kuti achinje chose chose revo yawo, sezvakaitika muWisconsin. Zviito zvakadaro zvinowanzodenhwa mudare, asi muitiro wokupa mhinduro unogona kuva murefu, uchisiya bhajeti dziri kupinda kwemwedzi. Uku kusava nechokwadi kunogona kudzivisa kuronga mamiriro ezvinhu nokudzvinyirira ukama pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo.

Kupindura Kwomutemo Nokushatisa Zvinhu Zvine Simba

Hurumende dzakaita mipimo inopesana kuganhurira ganhuriro dzechikamu chemutsetse. Mamwe masangano emitemo emitemo anoronga zvikwereti kuitira kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chishandiswe nomutauro wemitemo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuna gavhuna kuitwe pasina kutapura chimwe. Vamwe vakagadza "into reprojects" inoda gavhuna kutsanangura munyorero mumwe nomumwe, inogona kuita kuti kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuve kwakarovedzeka, kunyange zvazvo mwero yebudiriro ichisiana. Munhau nezvinodikanwa zviviri zvemibato mikuru yemajeri, kupfuvura kusingawanzowa kutonge kuti boka ragaruri. Munyika dzine zvikumbari zvakaderera, zvakadai sezvikumbari, zvikamu zvitatu zvinonzi, zvinoitika kazhinji.

Makakatanwa Enyaya uye Anorwisana Nevhaisi Yakatemwa

Kupopotedzana Kunofadza

  • Vatongi vanogona kurasa mari: kuronga mabasa akati enyama yenguruve kana kuti zvirongwa zvekushayisa mari yakaderera pasina kuisa bhajeti yose.
  • inowedzera kuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru: Vaongorori vanogona kuisa mutoro wavatongi nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemari yokuronga kupfuura zvavanogona kuva nedare rose remitemo.
  • [ Chirango chemitemo chapamutemo: kuziva kuti gavhuna ane mupi wemitemo anokurudzira vaiti vemitemo kubatanidza zvinhu zvakasanoruramiswa bedzi.
  • Kuzivisa chishandiso nokuda kwokutarisira njodzi: Mukati mekuderera kwemari, magavhuna anogona kuita kuti kuderera kwepabhodhi kukurumidze kupfuvura pasina kumirira chiito chemitemo.

Kurwisana

  • inoisa simba remitemo rechikwama: Basa rakagoverwa mubumbiro remitemo remitemo rokugadza zvokutanga zvokushandisa rinoderedzwa.
  • Vatongi vangashandisa nokuda kwemigumo yedzinza: Vangaisa zvinhu nemhaka bedzi yokuti havabvumirani nemuitiro, kwete nemhaka yokuti chinhu hachina kunaka.
  • inoparira bviro dzokubatwa zvisina kufanira: masimba eBroad-veto anobvumira mutemo wokunyorazve, uyo unogona kudzivisa muitiro wemitemo chose chose.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Yakawedzera kuoma kwekurukurirano dzemari: Mitemo ingaisa zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanaka kuti iomere kudzorwa, kuchitungamirira kumagwaro ebhajeti akagadziridzwa.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Zvakadzama

Wisconsin: Chikamu Chiduku Chokuchinja Kwacho

Hakuna Hurumende ine mienzaniso inoorora zvikuru yemitsetse inoshandiswa kupfuura Wisconsin. Muna 1995, Gavhuna Tommy Thompson akashandisa chisakiso chisaririra kurova mabhii "s,"" uye "r" kubva mumashoko "hapasi pasi pa50% yehwerengedzo yemari yechikoro, achichinja chinodikanwa ku "pasi pe0% yehwerengedzo". Kufamba kwakatsigirwa neWisconsin Supreme Court muna 1997, kuchitungamirira kukutsoropodza kwakapararira. Chibvumirano chinoisa pakupedzisira chigadziko pabhishopu pabhino murokoti muna 2008, icho chinotenderwa, chinoganhurira gavhuna zvinhu zvose, appro, mashoko, kana kuti kurambidza zvinyorwa zvoga zvoga zvoga zvoga.

Muna 2019, Gavhuna Tony Evers (a Democrat) akashandisa mutsetse wegamuchidzanwa weitem vento kubvisa $300 000 000 000 mumari yemari yeRepublican shopu. VaRepublican vakaedza kudzora, asi vakakundikana kuva nembiri dzezvitatu. Chinoitika chakasimbisa kuti vhato inoramba iri chombo chine simba kunyange pashure pechinjo ya2008.

Pennsylvania: Kutonga Kweveto uye Kurwisana Kwematongerwe Enyika

Gavhuna wePennsylvania ane chiremera chokuisa zvinhu mumitemo yezvikwereti zvemari, asi bumbiro remitemo haribvumiri gavhuna kuderedza zvinhu. Muna 2020, Gavhuna Tom Wolf akashandisa mutsetse-metato kurova mamirioni $5,5 mumitemo yemari yemari yebhajeti, achikwikwidza mari yacho kuidzoserwa kudzidzo. Chiitiso chaRepublican-control recontrogement resc restuation kupfurikidza nokuisa denderedzwa reveto, kuratidzira muenzaniso usingawanzowaniki wekubudirira muhurumende. Wolf adaroto adaro yemari yose yemari yapamutemo gore iroro gare gare, achitungamirira kumari yemwedzi mitatu. Chiitiso chakaratidzira kuti mutsetse wezvinhu zvinoumba purofiti, kunyange zvazvo nesimba, chinogona kupfuudzira rwisa rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika apo anoshandiswa.

California: Matambudziko Okushandisa Mari

Mukati menjodzi yemari yeCalifornia mukupera kwama 2000, Gavhuna Schwarzenger akashandisa muganhu wemagiramu wemaitem vhato kazhinji kazhinji kuderedza mari yemapaki, maraibhurari, uye mapurogiramu outano. Muna 2009, akawana mamirioni anopfuura $500 muwedzero dzemitemo, achitaura kuti hurumende yaisagona kuva nemari. Chibvumirano chehurumende chakaedza kukurira asi chakashaiwa voruzhinji vaviri. Zvikamu zvakatungamirira kukuderedza basa nokuramba, asi mugariro wenyika wakavandudzika mumakore anotevera. Kushuma kwakabva kuPuputu yeForking yeFogrogen yeCalifornia yakawana kuti Schzenger’s gorog akanga ari zvimwe zvinhu zvinodanwa zvikuru nokutsigira, sezvo dzidzo yenzanga yenzanga yapachena, panguva inochengeterwa dzidzo yavose.

Chinjo Nenguva Yemberi yeVeto Yakarongerwa

Zvichirangarirwa namagakava, Hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakarangarira chinjo kugadziriro dzadzo dzomutsetse. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinovavarira kuganhurira vavhoti kuzvinhu zvakachena, kubvisa mano api naapi okuchinja mutauro wemitemo. Vamwe vanokarakadza kupa magavhuna "kudzorwa kwapashoma" simba ringabvumira kudzosera zvikarakadzo kurumbidzo kudare, nevhoti yapasi inodikanwa panzvimbo pekudzosa kushaikwa kwechipfuvara chikuru. Muenzaniso uyu, wakafanana nechikarakadzo chehurumende chakarovanurwa muna 1998, kuedza kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa wemitemo apo ingapa basa rakatemwa mutungamiriri wehurumende mukuderedza kutengwa.

Imwe kombamiro ndeyokugamuchirwa kwemitsetse yezvokunyura kwezuva pamitemo, iyo inomanikidzira kupedza zvinhu kutoti zvatenderwazve. Ikoku kunoderedza kudikanwa kwevakuru vakuru kuti vapedze misengwa mirefu yenhambo ndokuchinjira mutoro kuvanopa mitoro kururamisa kupedza nguva nenguva. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedzawo nokushandisa wirirano yewirotenst vhato "diargers" inobvumira magavhuna kuderedza kudzorwa nemwero inoteswa nezvinoiswa mubatanidzwa muzvinhu zvose zvisiri zvehurumende, zvichipinda mutendero yemitemo.

Gakava pamusoro pomutsetse wezvinhu weveto haringabviri kupera. Sezvo nyika dzichirwisana nendyiko dzinokwira, kukwevera, uye kuraira kuti pave nokujeka kwemari, chishandiso chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru cheukama hwehurumende. matare ehurumende achapfuurira kunatsa miganhu yadzo, uye matare emitemo achakurukura ukuru hwesimba. Mutsetse wechinhu hachisi chiwirirano chemari yemari, kana kuti chishandiso chinodzvinyirira. Chifananidzisa chikwaniso chedzikano pakati pokupa gavhuna mito mito nokuvimbisa kuti vamiririri vadzo vanochengeta chiremera chavo chapamutemo pamari yavose.

mhedziso

Mutsetse wezvinhu wemagavhuna igadziriro ine simba asi inokakavara inopa simba magavhuna ehurumende kuumba muitiro wetsika kupfurikidza nokurova zvinhu zvichibva kumutemo. Kushandiswa kwawo kunosiyana zvikuru munyika, kwakaumbwa nomutauro webumbiro remitemo, matare, uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakushandiswa nenzira yokuchenjera, inogona kusimudzira chirango chemitemo nokudzikamisa kunyanyisa. Kana ikashandiswa nesimba, inogona kudzvinyirira kuparadzanisa masimba uye kukoka zvinetso zvepamutemo. Sezvo hurumende dzinopfuurira kushandura, rugwaro rwedare redare redare, richaramba riri pakati penhau pamusoro pechiremera choukuru, kuzvidavirira, uye kugoverwa kwakafanira kwesimba mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa kwaro. Zvikoshaidzo-mitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira pamutemo.