Kunzwisisa Kurangarira Kwoupakuvamba

Kurangarira kwapakuvamba mutoo wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo nerapamutemo iyo inotsvaka kuziva revo yorugwaro rwapamutemo rwakavakirwa panzwisiso yarwo yapakuvamba panguva yokugadzwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza omutemo wokubuda, mutoo uyu unobatanidza kunzvera vavariro yapakuvamba yemafrecters of the Constitution kana kuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yemiraudzo yavanhu. Vatsigiri, vakadai seMutongi Antonin Scalia, vanonzvera kuti mitemo inodzikamisa chisarudzo chedare uye inovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa nenzira inowirirana nokuda kwavanhu vanovaita. Kune mativi maviri makuru emitemo: [[FLT:] yapakuvamba yedonzo revo revo revo revo repotution rekuti vadzo, [FLT:], iyo inotarisa pane mitoo inowirirana nemutezoteverwa.

Nheyo yenheyo yenheyo yerangariro yemavambo munhau dzokutamira inotsamira papfungwa yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress simba renyika pamusoro penhau dzokutamira. Iri simba rakazivikanwa pakuvamba munhau yeU.S. uye rakasimbiswa nguva dzose neDare Rapamusorosoro. Vadudziri vekare vanonongedzera kurugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo, iro rinopa Dare chiremera chokugadza mutemo mumwe wokuva nomutemo wechisiko uye kudzora kutengeserana nemarudzi okumwe. Kubva pamurangariro wapakuvamba, aya masimba anoreva kuchenjera kwakafara kubvuma, kubvisa, kana kuti kubvisa vasiri vagari vemo. Uku kuturikira kurangarira kuoma kunoita matare kutsika dzokutama, kazhinji kacho anotungamirira kutevedzero kumitemo yokutonga yakaitwa panguva yokuvamba kana panguva yokutanga kwenguva yokupinda kwemitemo.

Mubasa, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunoda kuti vatongi vazvinyudze vamene mumanyuko enhau: gakava rinobva muConstitution yeConstitution, zvinyorwa zvapakuvamba zveConstitution, maduramashoko enguva ino, uye rondedzero dzapamutemo kubva kunhambo inowirirana. Uku kunzvera kwenhau kunorehwa kuwana revo yokuti mashoko iwayo angadai akapfuudzira kuvateereri vakadzidza panguva yokuziva kana kuti kuratidzwa. Somuenzaniso, apo kuturikira mashoko "kuvamba kwomutemo" muFind Republic Amendment seaset inzvets, muwatizen, munhu wokutanga anganzvera kuti mashoko iwayo ainzwisiswa sei muna 1791 uye kana achibatanidza vatorwa vagari vanogara mukati nharaunda yeU.. Kunzvera kwakadaro kazhinji kunoparira miuyo inosimudzira chiremera chehurumende kutama nokudzivirirawo nokuda kwekudzivirira nokuda kweyayaya inotova.

Nhoroondo Yomutemo Wokubatanidza uye Kutanga

Kushandiswa kwokurangarira kwapakuvamba mumutemo wokubuda kwakavakirwa zvikuru muhumwe urongwa hwenhau hunokosha zvikurusa ndi Chae Chan Ping v. United States, inozivikanwa zvikuru se Chinetso cheConficiation Case [[FLT:] . Muchisarudzo ichocho, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira simba rehurumende rokubvisa vashandi vemubatanidzwa weChina kunyange pashure pokunge vawana rugwaro rwokudzorwa. Dare rinotsamira pauchangamire hwedzinza rorudzi kuti ridzore miganhuro yaro yaro, mufungo wakabva mumutemo wamarudzi ose unonzwisiswa sewavambwa. Kunzvera uku kunganzvera renhau yesimba renyika yose pamusoro pesimba renyika dzenyika yose. Chitendero chedare chitsiridzo hachisi kunziri maruramiro okudzorwa kudzorwa.

Imwe mhaka ndeye INS v. Chadha [193], iyo yakataura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo muzvinhu zvokusapinda. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho ichizivikanwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuparadza kwayo masimba, nharo dzepakuvamba dzakaita basa mukurova imba imwe yemitemo kuti iwire pasi. Dare rakatarira kutsika yapakuvamba, kuwana kuti veto vanoputsa chikwaniriso cheBidaralism nezvinoiswa muChikamu I. Nokuda kwomutemo wokutama, Hadadha yakaita basa mukurangarira kwapakuvamba kunogona sei kuderedza mufambiro nokuchinja kubviswa kwechisarudzo. Chinjo chamagadziro chapakuvamba. Chinjo chinosimbiswa chomutemo chinofanira kusimbisa kushandura mutemo wokuchinja.

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakanga kwakatanhamara zvishoma mumatare okusakurira vagari vemo, uko kazhinji kazhinji kwaizviisa pasi pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika mudzidziso yesimba. Zvisinei, mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kutangazve kwemiitiro yemavambo kwakapesvedzera kuti matare maduku adudzira sei Immigation and Nationality Act (INA). Uku kurangarira kwenguva dzose kwaiparira miuyo yakavhenganiswa yenhau, shanduro dzapakuvamba dzemitemo yokubuda munyika, uye dare redare redare redare redare redare rinoyera kuyera kuti aone revo yapakuvamba yemashoko se "persecurity,"" uye "agrated felity." Uku kurangarira kwakabudisa miuyo yakavhero yakavhengana, pane dzimwe nguva dzinokura dziviriro dzavavatsvakidziri vara vara varavi veko nadzimwe nguva dzakavakirwa padudziro dzenhau.

Mabatanidzo anobva kwairi kumicheto yeDare gurusa namashoko akapoteredza enhau anogona kupa varavi nzwisiso huru zvikuru muiyi mienzaniso yenheyo. Somuenzaniso, rugwaro rwakazara rwenzvimbo yepaIndaneti Chae Chan Pang uye INS v. Chadha inowanika pa [FLT:] Oyz[ Institute yeIndaneti remitemo yokubudisiss, uye Cornell Legal Information Institute inopa zviwiro zvemitemo yokupinda munyika yokupinda [[FT:][FLT]]].

Kushandisa Mumhaka Dzedare Dzazvino Uno Dzinochinja

Mumatare avanhu vanopinda munyika dzepasi pano, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunowanzokumbirwa mumarudzi maviri enhau: denho kukududzirwa kwemipimo yokusashanda kwemitemo nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo kumabasa okuita kuti vatamire. Vatongi vanoshandisa mitoo yapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji vachavamba norugwaro rweINA uye ipapo vanonzvera nhau yemitemo kusimbisa revowo zvayo yamashoko panguva yokuitwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo inopesana zvikuru neiyo inosvikwa navatongi vanoisa donzo romutemo kana kuti miuyo yedudziro yakapiwa.

Kujeka uye Kududzira Mashoko Apakuvamba

Rangarira rondedzero ye "mwana" nokuda kwezvinangwa zvevhisa pasi peINA. Murayiro wazvino uno unorondedzera "mwana" somunhu asina kuroorwa pasi pamakore makumi maviri neamwe ezera. Zvisinei, vatongi vokutanga vangatarira kushanduro dzapakuvamba dzeINA kana kuti kumutemo wavose we "mwana" panguva yemadonzo makuru evhisations muna 1952 kana kuti 1990. Kana nzwisiso yenhau yakabatanidza mapoka akati, savana vokurera kana kuti vana vokugamuchirwa, mutongi wepakuvamba angadzivisa kutsakatikanya pasinei zvapo nezvinodiwa nemitemo yazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:] FG. [FL. v] FL.[FLD1] [F:1]] [7], Dare guru rinotsigira kusarura kwapamutemo napamhindirwa mumutemo wokutama, anovimba nomumupimo wapakuvamba ungagona kurangarira mupimo wapakuvamba senzwisiso chapakuvamba.

Kutaura KwechiAsylm Nokurangarira Kwokutanga

Mutemo weAsylum unopa nzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru yokurangarira kwapakuvamba. Gadziriro yenzvimbo yekokupotera yazvino uno inobva kuChibvumirano cheRefugeease cha1980, iyo yakagamuchira rondedzero ye "potive" kubva paProtocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Kududzirwa kwapakuvamba kweshoko "kutambudza" kwaizotarira kunzwisiso yapakuvamba yeshoko iroro mumutemo wamarudzi ose newemhuri panguva yeratikodzero. Vamwe vatongi vakarangarira kuti chitambudzo chinofanira kubatanidza chiito chehurumende kana kuti kuvadziko yakakomba mumuviri, kuchiwirirana nokurava kwapamhiko. Vamwe vanotaura kuti revo yapakuvamba inobatanidza mwero mukurusa wekuvadziko, zvakadai sokuzvidzorwa kwomugariro wemari kana kuti kunetsa kwakarongwa kwavagari vehurumende havagoni kudzora. Uku kutsanangura zvakananga kurukurirano kwemigumisiro yezvinoitika zvokuvandikanoko, kuita mutoo wakakwirira mudare rokutanga.

Somuenzaniso, mu Matter of ACOSLA (1985), Boka reImmigration Appress rakarondedzera "boka renzanga renzanga] seboka rinogoverana chinhu chimwe chete. Vatsoropodzi verondedzero iyoyo vanotaura kuti inopesana nevavariro yeChibvumirano, yaifanira kubatanidza United Nations High Commissioner for the Refugees. Kuongorora kwenhau yeRevition ingatsigira kududzira kwakatete kana kuti kwakafara, zvichitsamira pakuti itsimei. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinokarakadza kuti Dare ramarudzi ose raida kunyoresa nyika yose uye kukurukurirana kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemitezo yenyika yose.

Kupinzwa Munzvimbo Nokutanga

Mirairo yokubudisa inowanzomutsa denho dzebumbiro-mitemo dzakavakirwa pamuitiro wakafanira kana kuti dziviriro dzakaenzana. Vatongi vemavambo vanowanzoganhurira idzi dziviriro kune zvakanzwisiswa muna 1791 kana kuti panguva yomutemo wakafanira. Somuenzaniso, maruramiro okupa zano mukuendesa zviitiko haavimbiswi neBumbiro remitemo asi anopiwa nomutemo. Muiti weChinjo angataura kuti Gadziriro yeFite Dission's Reconsolement ya Claus haina kuda zano rakagadzwa nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi ari mumiitiro yavagari vemo, kubatanidza vasiri varatibheki vanotarisana nokubviswa. Uku kurangarira kunogona kutungamirira kutsigira maruramiro azvinoganhurirwa kurudyi kuzano, asi kunogonawo kushandiswa kudenha purogiramu dzapamutemo. [[FLD:] [FF:]

Mabatano anobva kunze ku [[FLT]] V. Kim uye Cornell LII recurecure[ inogona kubatsira varavi kunzvera idzi nhau muudzame hukuru.

Kurangarira Kwokuvamba Mumutemo Wokuchinja

Vatsoropodzi vekurangarira kwapakuvamba mumutemo wokubuda vatami vanomutsa zvirambidzo zvinoverengeka zvinogombedzera. Chokutanga, ivo vanotaura kuti uzivi hwepakuvamba hunogona kubudisa miuyo yekusagona kubatira pahunoshandiswa kunzvimbo yakachinja zvinoshamisa chifo chokuvamba. Panguva yokuumbwa kweBumbiro remitemo, muitiro wokutama wakanga uri muduku, uye mirangariro mizhinji yapakati pomutemo wevatami vazvino uno (vechipiri) yakadai sehuvaziro, husati huri hugaro hwechigarire. Kushandisa kuiyi mifungo yapakuvamba kumapoka yazvino uno inotonga kutambanudza revo isingagoni kutendiswa kana kuti kuramba rusununguko urwo Dare rakasanoronga kugovera.

Chechipiri, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunogona kufuratira mipimo yavanhu. Mutemo wamarudzi ose pamusoro pavapoteri navatami wakatanga nenzira ine revo zvikuru chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi20, uye nyika zhinji dzakagamuchira rondedzero dzinoisa dziviriro yavanhu vasina dziviriro. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera parevo yakaoma kubva muna 1791 kana kuti kunyange 1952, vatongi vemavambo vanogona kukanganisa misengwa yeUnited States mumibatanidzwa seMganhuro yemitemo ya 1967. Vatsoropotedza vanotaura kuti mutoo mupenyu webumbiro remitemo, unobvumira kuchinjika migariro, unowirirana zviri nani negadziriro inofanira kuita chiito kunjodzi dzenyika yose, sezvitambudzo zvikuru zvinoda kuchinjwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu epasi kana kuti kutambudzwa kwevaduku vatsva.

Chechitatu, ruzivo rwetsika dzapakuvamba runobatanidza kusarudza manyuko enhau anowirirana nemirangariro yomunhu oga yomuturikiri. Republic yapakuvamba yaichengeta mitemo yokuchinja kwedzinza, yakadai seNaturation Act ya1790 iyo yakaganhurira kuva mugari wemo ku "vanhu vemitengo yakasununguka". Muvambi wemavambo anoedza kushandisa nzwisiso yenhambo iyoyo angagumisa kuti Congress ine simba rokuisa ganhuriro dzedzinza kana kuti dzedzinza, idzo dzingarwisana nenheyo dzazvino uno dzedziviriro dzakaenzana. Ikoku kunofumuranisa kupomera kusaruramisira kwenhau. Vamwe vapakuvamba vanoedza kutsaura pakati pezvirevo zvapakuvamba nezvapakuvamba napakuvamba zvinokakarirwa, asi mutsa muganhu wacho unogona kuva mushandiro.

Chechina, migumisiro inoshanda yokufunga kwepakuvamba mumatare okusaenda kumusha inogona kuva yakakomba. Kupfurikidza nokuisa nzwisiso dzenhau pamusoro pezvinhu chaizvoizvo zvazvino uno, kuvamba kungatungamirira kukudzingwa kwavagari venguva refu vane batano dzemhuri dzakasimba, kurambwa kweutiziro kuavo vanotiza vatambi vasiri vomunyika, uye kuchengetwa kwezvikamu zvechinyakare zvisati zvichiratidzira mitoo yokutama yazvino uno. Munhambo yematare okupinda munyika akabatana nokutaura kwomutsa kwakaoma kunzwisisa, kuvamba kwapakuvamba kunogona kuparira kusaruramisira panzvimbo pokusimudzira kusaruramisira.

Pakupedzisira, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti kuvamba hakusati kuri mutoo unowirirana muhudzori hwevatami. Vatongi vanotaura kuva vatangi pane dzimwe nguva vanopesana nerevo yapakuvamba apo kwaizoparira miuyo isina muganhu wezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, nzwisiso yenhau ye "kufamba kwenguva" ingave yakabvisa zvisaririra zvisiri zvechipameso chose chose pakudzivirira kwayo, bva vatongi vapakuvamba vapakuvamba vanowanzosimbisa kuti dzimwe maruramiro akafanira anoshanda kuvaeni mukati meUnited States. Uku kushandiswa kunosarudza kunosekesa kutaura kwokuti uzivi hwemavambo hahusi rutivi rwayo chose chose uye muitiro wenheyo.

Kudzikamisa Kududzira Nhau Nezvinodikanwa Zvenguva Ino

Kuoma kwokushandisa kurangarira kwepakutanga munhau dzedare rokutamika kwakatungamirira vatongi vakawanda nenyanzvi kutsigira mutoo unochinjika unodzikamisa kuvimbika kwenhau nezvinhu chaizvoizvo. Chimwe chinhu chapakati chinobvira kushandisa kurangarira kwepakuvamba senzvimbo yokutanga asi kubatanidza zvimwe midziyo zvinodudzira, zvakadai serevo yakajeka, marusarudzo okuvaka, uye kunonoka kuunyanzvi hwemasangano pasi pe CHEVron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[ [19984]. Uku kurangarira kwamarudzi anopesana kunobvumira matare kuremekedza kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwokuyera apo kunenge kuri kupa ukoshi hwemarefu pasi pemapamhiko namafungiro emapazuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Somuenzaniso, pakududzira shoko rokuti "kuchinja kwapakarepo" muINA, mutongi wepakutanga angavamba nokunzvera kuti shoko iroro rakarondedzerwa sei panguva yokuwedzera kwaro muna 1998. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti rondedzero yakakudzwa kakawanda, mutoo wapakuvamba bedzi ungafuratira vavariro inotevedzerwa. Muitiro wakadzikama ungarangarira revo yapakuvamba yomutemo wechivako apo unoshandisawo kududzira kwomusi wenguva ino mafaro anotendera kupfurambira muzviitiko zvokudzingwa.

Imwe fambiro mberi inovimbisa kushandiswa kwemavambo muwirirano nomutemo wamarudzi ose wamaruramiro avanhu. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti revo yapakuvamba yeProtototol inoda kubvunza nedudziro dzamarudzi ose dzeKokorodzano yevapoteri, kwete bedzi yeU.S. ingagona kuwiriranisa mavambo nemurangariro wakasiana - siana, umo vavariro yapakuvamba yavagadziri veProtocolment yakanga iri yokuita mupimo wenyika yose. Nepo murangariro uyu unoratidzira kuti kuvamba hakufaniri kuva kwechiito chenyika yose kana kuti kudzokera shure.

Pakupedzisira, mutoo unobudirira zvikurusa werangariro yapakuvamba munhau dzokupinda munyika ndemumwe unobvuma ganhuriro dzenzvero yenhau nokudikanwa kwokuzvininipisa kwokutonga. Chinyorwa chinopa nzwisiso inokosha murugwaro nemuganho wemitemo yokubuda, asi hachigoni kupindura mubvunzo uri wose unobvunzwa nenhau dzazvino uno dzakaoma. Vatongi vanoshandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba vanofanira kuita kudaro nenzira yakajeka, vachiziva apo chinyorwa chenhau chakajeka kana kuti chisina kukwana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanofanira kuramba vachiziva nezvemapango avanhu anobatanidzwa uye mutoro wevatongi kuti vadzivirire maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe, zvikurukuru ayo evasiri vanyajambwa.

Gakava pamusoro pekurangarira kwapakuvamba mumutemo wokubuda hakutongogadziki. Sezvo denho itsva dzinomuka . zvakadai sokupindirana kwokubuda nokuchengeteka kwenyika, kuvandika kwemitemo, uye kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzemhoteredzo nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzepasi nenzvimbo dzepasi. Basa rekuvamba kuchapfuurira kushanduka. Vanamazvikokota vemitemo, nyanzvi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kubatanidzwa nouyu mutoo wokunzvera nomutoo wokusangwarira, kuva nechokwadi chokuti unobatira migumo yeruramisiro panzvimbo pokunamatira kunguva yakapfuura. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, vanogona kuita mutevedzo wemitemo inowirirana nenheyo dzapakuvamba apo vanosangana nezvinodikanwa zvokukurumidza zvenyika ine simba.