Chinyorwa Chorusununguko: Nzira Iyo Vavambi Vakagadzira Nayo Hurumende Kuti Izviganhurire Imene

Kuedza kweAmerica muhurumende pachayo kunobva pachikarakadzo chimwe chikuru: simba rinofanira kudzorwa negadziriro. Apo Vavaki Vavaki vakaunganidzwa muPhiladelphia muna 1787, vakatakura yeuko itsva dzemhinganidzo dzoumambo nedzomutemo pasi peMitemo yeConfederation. Chigadzikiso chavo chakanga chisati chiri chokungovanza hurumende huru zvikuru, asi kugadzira mumwe ane ganhuriro dzakavakwa. Gadziriro yemiedzo nedzikamo yavaka inoramba iri gadziriro yakasimba zvikurusa yati yamboitwa kuti idzivirire kuiswa kwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa iyi kuva madikanwa kumunhu upi noupi anoda kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo vamene uye kuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwavo kuhurumende.

Unyanzvi hwekunzvera nokudzikama zviri munzwisiso inopesana: nzira yakanakisisa yokuganhurira nayo simba kuisa simba mukurwisana nesimba. Panzvimbo pokuvimba nefariro yavatungamiriri, Vavambi vakagadzira gadziriro umo kuchiva kwaizokurira gwinyiro. Bazu rimwe nerimwe raizova nezvose zviri zviviri kurudziro namaturusi ebumbiro remitemo kudzivisa kudzorwa navamwe. Iyi purogiramu yokuzviparadza yakachengeta rusununguko rweAmerica kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri, kunyange sezvo rudzi rwakashandurwa kubva mubvumirano yemhenderekedzo yegungwa kuva simba gurusa renyika yose.

Mavambo Edzidziso: Kubva kuMontesquieus Kuenda kuMadison

Midziyo youchenjeri yemitemo nedzikamo inotambanukira mukati meChiedza. Manyuko mamwe anopesvedzera zvikurusa nokuda kwaVavambi akanga ari muzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Baron de Montesquieu, ane 1748 basa Mudzimu weMitemo [ akarangarira kuti rusununguko runoda kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende. Montesquieu akacherechedza kuti apo chibvumirano, mukuru wehurumende, uye chiremera chedare zvinobatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo kana kuti muviri, rusununguko rusingagoni kupukunyuka. Fundo yake ine mwero yehurumende yakamupwisa kuti simba gurusa rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri, pasinei hapo nevava vanorubata.

James Madison, muvaki mukuru wegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, akapinza ndokuwedzera nzwisiso yaMontesquieu. Mu Federalist N. 51, Madison akanyora chingava mutongo mumwe unoisvokosa murondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica: ̴ chigadziko chinofanira kuitwa chokudzivisa chinzvimbo. ̵ Iye akaziva kuti boka ramasimba roga rakanga risina kukwana. Bazu rimwe nerimwe raida kwete bedzi nzvimbo yaro rimene yechiremera asi mitoo yaro yomunhu oga yokudzivisa kudzorwa navamwe. Madineirwo akanzwisisa kuti vanhu havafaniri kuva ngirozi, uye hurumende iyoyo inoshanda inofanira kurangarira izvi.

Gakava rapaConstitution yakaratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pekukwidziridza nheyo idzi. Dzimwe nhume, kufanana naAlexander Hamilton, dzakada mukuru mukuru mukuru akasimba zvikuru anokwanisa kuita chiito chakasimba. Vamwe, saGeorge Mason naPatrick Henry, vakatya kuti hurumende ipi neipi yaizoguma yamedza nyika. Gadziriro yakabuda muidzi gakava yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira ̬ muchina wakasanorongwa umo bazi rimwe nerimwe rakagamuchira simba rakakwana kudzivirira maruramiro aro, asi kwete zvakakwana kudzora dzimwe.

Beyond Montesquieu, the Founders drew on the political experience of ancient Rome, where the mixed constitution of consuls, senate, and popular assemblies provided an early model of divided authority. They also studied the British system, where the Crown, House of Lords, and House of Commons had developed an informal balance over centuries. What the Founders contributed was something entirely new: a written constitution that codified these relationships into enforceable law.

Mugadziri Webumbiro Remitemo: Mapazi Matatu, Republic Imwe

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa mapazu matatu akasiyana ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba anorongwa uye rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira pamamwe nokuda kwokushandiswa kwakazara kwechiremera. Ichi chivako chinoiswa muzvinhu zvitatu zvokutanga zveBumbiro reMitemo, izvo zvinorondedzera chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu okutonga munhevedzano iyoyo ̬ nhevedzano inoratidzira vatangi ’ chitendero chokuti simba remitemo rakasvika pakutanga mugadziriro inomirira.

Bazu Romutemo: Rokutanga Pakati Pavakaenzana

Chikamu I cheGwaro reBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba rose remitemo muCongress, iro rakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri neDare. Ichi chivako chamabharareri chimene chinomirira chekero yomukati, sezvo dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinofanira kubvumirana pamutemo upi noupi isati yagona kupiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Imba yakagadzirwa kuva pedyo navanhu, nemitezo yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose uye yakanyiwa navanhu. Dare rakanga raitirwa kuva rakava rakati kuti rive rezve norusununguko, nemitezo yakasarudzwa pakuvamba nemitemo yehurumende uye inoshanda namashoko egore matanhatu anosundwa. Saka kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinomirira kuzvidavirira kwakasiana kwenguva yakasiana nokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masimba anodudzwa eCongress anobatanidza chiremera chemitero, mari yokukwereta mari, dzoro dzezvokutengeserana zvenyika, mari, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira nokutsigira mauto, uye kugovera nokuda kwemauto egungwa. Aya masimba haana kuganhurirwa. Mabumbiro eMitemo anoisawo zvirambidzo zvakati, zvakadai serambidzo pamabhiri echikwereti nemitemo yeposi. Kupfuurirazve, Tenth Amendment Reformation inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwi kuUnited States kunyika kana kuti kuvanhu. Dare rinodzora zvikwama zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, rinopa purogiramu huru yehurumende pamusoro pemamwe mapazu. Hapana purogiramu yedare inogona kuvapo pasina kubhadhadharo yemikoro, uye hapana mubhadharo wedare unogona kuderedzwa apo mutongi anoramba ari muhofisi.

Bazu remitemo rinoitawo simba rinotsoropodza rokusatendeutsa. Imba ingasashanda vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, nokuda kwe ̴ mirangariro, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye matsotsi. ̵ Dare ipapo rinoedza kuzvidza, nevhoti mbiri-tatu dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokupwiswa. Iri simba rinobatira secherevo yemitemo mukurwisana nomukuru mukuru mukuru kana kuti murairo, kuvimbisa kuti hapana mutongi ari pamusoro pomutemo.

Bazu Rine Vane Simba: Simba Nokuzvidavirira

Chikamu II chinoisa simba rapamusoro muMutungamiriri wehurumende mumwe, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wenyika nomukuru wehurumende. Vavambi vakakakavadzana kana kuumba mukuru mukuru mumwe kana kuti dare ravakuru vakuru, pakupedzisira vachisarudza kuti chinzwano chomurairo chakanga chiri madikanwa nokuda kwesimba, kutsunga, uye kuzvidavirira. Purezidhendi ’ mabasa makuru emitemo anobatanidza kuisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress, kubatira somutungamiriri wemauto akashoroma, achitungamirira mutezo wokumwe nyika, uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende namazano nemvumo yeDare.

Simba rinokosha zvikurusa iro Purezidhendi akabata pabazu remitemo ivhuro. Apo Congress inopa musengwa kuPurezidhendi, angasaina mumutemo kana kuti kuudzosera kuDare nokuramba kwake. Dare ringakunda bedzi nenhindi mbiri nevhoti mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri ̬ mutambo wakakwirira wamaune unodzivisa. Izvozvi zvinopa Purezidhendi inzwi rine simba mumuitiro wemitemo kunyange zvazvo asingagoni kusuma mutemo zvakananga.

Purezidhendi anewo masimba makuru okugadza, anoisa vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza. Zvisinei, uku kugadza kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare, kugadzira cheki yakananga pavatarisiri vakuru. Mukuwedzera, Purezidhendi anogona kuita zvibvumirano, asi zvibvumirano zvinoda tendero nekedzero mbiri dzeDare. Aya masimba akagoverana anomanikidza mapazu edare rinotungamirira nerokugadza kuti abatire pamwe mumufambiro wezvinhu zvokumwe nyika nevashandi vehurumende yehurumende.

Kupfuura aya masimba anoverengwa, Purezidhendi anoshandisa chiremera chagara chirimo somumiriri bedzi worudzi rwose.Izvi zvinobatanidza simba rokupa zvirango zvehurumende, kutarisira dare rehurumende, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro inokurumidzira. Zvisinei, aya masimba anoganhurirwa netsinhirano nehwirudzuro yedare. Purezidhendi anogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza, asi mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa nomutemo neBumbiro reMitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Bazu Remhuka Rine Ngozi

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare guru ndokubvumira kuti pave nedare rapasi rehurumende. Vatangi vaikarira vatongi kuva vakaneta zvikurusa pamapazu matatu, vasina simba rechikwama (cheyaCongress) kana simba romunondo (iro nderaPresidenti). Hamilton akarondedzera judicariary muPresitustism No. 78 savane simba kana kuti havazotongovi, asi rutongeso. ̵ bva chisaririrawo hacho chinovanza simba guru. Simba rokuhwirudzura dare ̬ chiremera chokuzivisa kusarura mitemo.

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudzi zvakajeka kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, nheyo yakagadzwa pakuvamba murudzi ’ nhau. Muchinyorwa 1803 nhau ye Marbury v. Madison, Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa Dare gurusa Ù simba rokuparadza mutemo wedare unorwisana neBumbiro remitemo. Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo yemitemo ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika uye kuti ibasa rebazu redare kutaura kuti mutemo ndeupi. Ichi chisarudzo chakashandura judiary kuva dare rinowirirana nechiremera kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri Korasitirandiyo naPresi.

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, pasi pomufambiro wakanaka, uye mibhadharo yavo haigoni kuderedzwa mukati mebasa ravo. Iyi dziviriro dzinovimbisa kuzvitonga mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, vatongi vanoongororwa namamwe mapazu munzira dzinokosha. Dare rinosarudza ukuru negadziriro zvematare ehurumende, kubatanidza nhamba yedare reDare repamusorosoro. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vatongi vose. Dare rinogonawo kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuti ipedze zvisarudzo zvedare, uye Imba inogona kuisa vatongi vehurumende vehurumende nokuda kwokusazvibata. Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza neBato reSahlulero, anoraira miraidzo inotonga ̬ kureva kuti judiary inotsamira pabazu guru pakutonga kwayo.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Mumuitiro: Kushanda Kunoita Simba Zvomenemene

Masangano akarongwa emasimba akaparadzana anongova hafu yenhau. Nyanzvi dzegadziriro yeAmerica dziri mumiitiro yakati iyo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera nayo mimwe.

Simba reveto rinogovera muenzaniso unooneka zvikurusa. Apo Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akarondedzerazve rondedzero yeSyndrobrants yeUnited States muna 1832, iye akasimbisa rondedzero yakafara yesimba ravakuru vakuru iro rakatambanudza kupfuura mhesano dzebumbiro remitemo kudzikamisa kusabvumirana. Jackson akarangarira kuti Purezidhendi ane maruramiro okuita mutongo upi noupi waanorangarira kuva usina kuchenjera kana kuti unokuvadza, kunyange kana akadavira kuti itsika. Iyi tsananguro yakapararira, uye purezidhendi vazvino uno uno anochengeta mutemo pazvikonzero zvemitemo. Mitemo inochengeta simba rokudzora, asi zvikumbaridzo zviviri zvinoita kuti zviome. Pakati pa889 nazvino, purezidhendi vakatopfuvura zvinopfuura 2 500, uye vane 5 muzana yazvo.

Simba rekusimbisa rinopa Dare inzwi rakananga mukugadza vakuru vakuru navanotonga. Iyi nzvero yazova inopesana zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvamasangano makuru akasiana nemapoka anopesana. Kusimbisa kunomanikidzira purezidhendi kubvunza vamiriri uye kuna vanachiremba vanogona kuraira tsigiro yakafara. Apo Dare rinoramba kusimbisa vadzori, Purezidhendi anofanira kubvisa kuvhota kana kuti kuwana mumwe munhu anogamuchirika zvikuru. Uku kushanda kwakaumba kuumbwa kwedare rehurumende kwamazana maviri amakore.

Simba resungano rinoda kuti Purezidhendi aite zvibvumirano zvinogona kutsigirwa nedzimba mbiri dzeDare. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kumhatsa yemabasa anoshanda, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvisingadi tendero yeDare. Zvisinei, zvibvumirano izvi hazvisungiri purezidhendi vomunguva yemberi uye zvinogona kuchinjwa nehurumende dzinotevera. Simba resungano rapamutemo nokudaro rinoramba riri nzvero inokosha pakungwarira mutungamiriri munhau dzokumwe.

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare rinoshanda secherekedzo yokupedzisira yebumbiro remitemo. Apo Dare Gurusa rinotonga sohusina tsinhirano. Dare reChibvumirano kana kuti Purezidhendi rinogona kurimutsidzira pasina kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Muchisarudzo cha1803 che Marbury v. Madison, Dare rakasimbisa iri simba kwenguva yokutanga. Chifocho, Dare rakabvisa mazana emitemo yenyika nehurumende. Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza na57 D Scott chisarudzo (zvinodzorwa nemutemo wemitemo), zvisarudzo zva1935 zvinodenha mutemo, uye 2012 chisarudzo chinotapura iyi nhau. Chiito chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira Dare rehurumende.

Dare rinoshandisawo simba rechikwama kunzvera mukuru mukuru. Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa kubva kuvezvoseri pasina kupfuudzwa neCongress. Ikoku kunopa Congress simba guru pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende. Mukati meGurukota reNixon, Congress akashandisa simba raro rokudzorwa kwemari nokuda kwehondo yeVietnam. Muma 1980, Congress yakaisa migariro yamuro kuContras muNicaragua. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Congress akashandisa gadziriro yokudzora kwehurumende kuganhurira basa rezvokudzora pakubuda munyika, muganhu wemhoteredzo, uye dzimwe nhau dzegakavara.

Simba rokusatendeudzira rinobatira senzira yokupedzisira yokurwisa nayo kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwavakuru vakuru kana kuti kwokutonga. House yakarongedza mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson muna 1868, Bill Clinton muna 1998, uye Donald Trump muna 2019 na2021. Richard Nixon akabuda muna 1974 imba yose isati yagona kuvhota nyaya dzekusatendeseka. Hapana namumwe wavanapurezidhendi akapinzwa mhaka neDare, achienzanisira danda rakakwirira rokubvisa. Kunyanguvezvo, karirowo zvayo yokusatevedzerwa kwechapupuri inogona kumisa mufambiro wapurezidhendi, setyisidziro yokubvisa pfungwa yomukuru upi noupi wevakuru vakuru.

Donzo Rouzivi: Chikonzero Nei Kuganhurirwa Kuchikosha Kurusununguko

Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo dzinobatira madonzo anopfuura zvikuru kushanda zvakanaka kwokudzora. Ruramisiro yayo hurusa iri mukunzwisisa chaikoiko kwohunhu nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vavambi vakanga vasina kusaziva pamusoro pavanhu vaizotonga. Vakaramba pfungwa yokuti chaunga chinogona kuvimba norunako rwavatungamiriri vacho bedzi. Sezvakanyorwa Madison muFederal Muslist No. 51, ̴ kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa.̴

Nzwisiso huru ndeyokuti simba, ratinaro, rinowanzova rakakura. Iyi kombamiro haisati iri chiratidzo chokukundikana kwetsika asi chinhu chaichoicho choupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Avo vane simba nenzira yomuzvarirwo vanotsvaka kuripa. Nzvero bedzi yakavimbika paiyi kombamiro ndeyokuparira nzvimbo dzamasimba anorwisana idzo dzose dziri mbiri mano nesundo yokudzivisa. Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo zvinoumba uku kurwisa, kuchikuita rutivi rwenguva dzose rwekudzora panzvimbo pechinoitika chechienzi.

Iyi gadziriro inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu munzira nhatu dzakatsaukana. Chokutanga, inodzivisa pfundo ripi neripi kubata hurumende yose nokuisa kuda kwayo kuva vashoma. Mitemo yakawanda mugadziriro inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuboka ripi neripi kusimbisa chinjo huru pasina bvumirano yakafara. Chechipiri, rinovimbisa kuti mabasa ehurumende ari pasi pokunzverwa nemirangariro mizhinji. Mutemo unoratidzika kuva une mufungo kuCongress ungaratidzika kuva usingawiriraniswi naPresidenti kana kuti matare. Iyi hwirudzuro inodzokororwa inodzivisa kukanganisa uye kushatisa kungava kusingadzoreki. Chechitatu, inoparira tsika yokukurukura nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Sezvo kuti bazi ringashanda roga, batira pamwe chete. Masangano ava vezvamatongerwe enyika kudzora nokutsvaka zvavanodaiwo.

Gadziriro inosimudzirawo kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokutanga mitsetse yakajeka yomutoro. Voters vanoziva kuti ibato ripi rinodzora Congress uye kuti nderipi munhu ane udzori. Vanogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga ava vatambi pabhokisi rebhoti. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vapane mhaka kuvamwe, nemhaka yokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rakarondedzera zvakajeka mitoro. Apo hurumende inokundikana kuita chiito, vavhoti vanogona kuziva kuti ibazu ripi rine mutoro wokukundikana.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau: Kuchinja Kwakaita Tsika Nokufamba Kwenguva

Nepo kuvaka kukuru kwechekerero nedzikamo kuchiramba kwakabatana, tsika yakashanduka kuva chinhu chinokosha kupfurikidza nokushandisa, muenzaniso, uye njodzi. Republic yapakuvamba yakaona kukura kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, ayo akachinja ukama pakati pamapazu. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri Congress nemonitor, nzvero nedzinodzika pakati pamapazu aya zvinova zvinoshanda zvishoma. Ruvimbiko kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji runokunda ruvimbiko rwesangano, ruchitungamirira kukutarisira kune simba shomanene uye madanga. Apo kukamukana kwehurumende kunova kwakatanhamara zvikuru uye kunorwisana zvikuru.

Kumuka kwehurumende yazvino uno yakashandurawo dzikamo yesimba. Kuvambira neNew Deart muma1930 uye kukurumidza kupinda muGreat Society muma 1960, Congress yakapa chiremera chikuru kumasangano makuru. aya masangano anobatanidza mibato yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yedare munzira idzo dzingadai dzakavhundutsa Vavambi. Vanopa mirau yemitemo, vanodzika mitemo, uye vanokakavadzana. Uku kuiswa kwesimba mukati mebazu guru kwanyandura kwakanyandura danidzo dzinodzokororwazve uye kwakaparira kujekerwa kupfuurira pamusoro pemiganhuro yemitemo yechiremera chesangano.

Kukura kwesimba rapurezidhendi muzvinhu zvokunze nechengeteko yenyika kunomirira chimwe chinjo inokosha. Kuvambira paLouisiana Purchase muna 1803 kuenda kukushandiswa kweuto muLibya muna 2011, mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji akaita zvisina donzo munharaunda umo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoratidzika kuva rinoda mvumo yehurumende. War Powers Resolution ya1973, yakapfuurirwa paPuntainst Nixon ̱ vavheto, vakaedza kudzorazve kuzviisa musendaro pamisengwa yehondo. Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vemativi ose ari maviri vakapesana nemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende uye kazhinji vakabatira pasina kurangarira zvinodikanwa zvayo.

Dare redare reSangano reSangano guru rakawedzerawo basa raro mukuhwirudzura mutemo nechiito chehurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Dare zvino rinosarudza mibvunzo iyo zvizvarwa zvapakuvamba zvingadai zvakarangarira sezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo papamutemo. Ikoku kwakaita kuti chibvumikiso chedare chive chikakavara zvikuru uye chakawedzera gakava pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwesimba rokutonga. Court ̱ zvisarudzo pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, mari yezvirongwa zvehondo, uye zvoutano zvakaiisa pakati penharo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mishonga Yenguva Ino: Kubvisa Marara, Kuvhara Muropa, uye Kushandisa Chiteshi

Gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa yakatarisana nedzvinyiriro huru muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri namashanu. Denho inooneka zvikurusa ndeyokuvadziko yezvikamu, iyo yakashandura ukama pakati pamapazu. Apo mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika akanga akasiana zvikuru uye achipfuudzwa, kwakanga kwakakurumbira kuti mitezo yeCongress ipinde mumapoka uye ishande napurezidhendi webato rinopikisa. Nhasi, chinzwano chakakwirira, uye batira pamwe yebiparta. Ikoku kunoita kuti zvicherekedzo nedzikamo zvive zvikuru uye zvishaye zvinoshanda zvishoma.

Gridlock yazova rutivi runopfuurira rwekudzora kweAmerica. Hurumende yakakamukana kazhinji kazhinji inoparira kusashanda kwemitemo, sezvo mativi maviri asingagoni kubvumirana pamibvunzo mikuru. Kunyange apo boka rimwe chetero rinogona kudzora makamuri ose ari maviri eCongress nehurumende, mapoka omukati mukati mebato adzivisa chiito. Muuyo ndewokuti zvinetso zvikuru zvinova zvisina kuzvidavirira, uye hurumende inotsamira nenzira inowedzera pamirairo yedare, uye kuronga kutonga kuti zvisvike nharidzano dzemitemo. Iyi kombamiro yokudzivisa mutevedzero yomutemo inosekesa pamutemo.

Muitiro wokusimbisa wazova chitsigiso cherwisano dzinorwisana nevhozhe. Judianognetics, zvikurukuru, dzakava dzinoparadzaniswa zvikuru, namasangano anovhota mumitsetse yebato uye anoshandisa nzira dzemiitiro kunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara. Kubviswa kwemonicbuster nokuda kwedare rakaderera muna 2013 uye nokuda kweDare guru muna 2017 kwakaderedza manyuko mamwe emichero asi anowedzera kuvhotera kwegadziriro. Mugumisiro ndewo kuti kugadzwa kwedare kwazova nhau huru muSarudzo, uye matare azova anosanoziviswa zvikuru nezvinzvimbo zvokuvhotera.

Vadzorwi vanodzorwa iitiro hanya inodzokororwa pasinei zvapo nokuti ipati ipi ine White House. Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti aite nharidzano dzemiitiro dzavasingagoni kuita kupfurikidza nemitemo. Nepo zvirairo zvavakuru vakuru kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwechiremera chapurezidhendi, ukuru hwazvo hunowedzera uye kuwanda kwadzo zvakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti zvinowirirana nokuparadzana kwamasimba here. Itiro hanya imwe cheteyo inoshanda kukushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende, kusaina mashoko, uye muitiro wokutonga.

Kutarisira Congress kwazovawo kudzorwa kukuru uye kusingashandi. Kuongorora kunzwa, kwaichimbova chishandiso chokuzvidavirira kuvakuru vakuru, kwazova mikana yokumira kweboka. Boka rebasa routariri rinochinja zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti Kokorodzano nedare rinodzora zvinodzorwa nebato rimwe chetero. Kana zvichidzorwa, kutarisira kunowanzova kunetesa zvikuru.

Kuchengetedza Tsika: Zvinogona Kuitwa Nevagari Vomunyika

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati ichingova yokuzvitsigira. Inoda vagari vakadzidza vanonzwisisa nheyo dzayo uye vanoraira kuti vamiriri vavo varemekedze ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Utano hwetsika hunotsamira pamugariro unokoshesa rusununguko kupfuura kushanda zvakanaka uye uyo unobvuma uchenjeri hwesimba rakakamukana.

Kunzwisisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ndiro danho rokutanga. Mugari wemo ari wose anofanira kuziva chimiro chikuru chehurumende, masimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe, uye nzira idzo vanonzverana nadzo. iyi zivo inoita kuti kubvire kuyera zviito zvehurumende uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire nokuda kwokunyengera. Kunoitawo kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vashandise zvisina kufanira simba kupfurikidza nokushandisa kusaziva kwavanhu.

Kubatanidzwa mumuitiro wezvematongerwe enyika kunokosha. Kunyorerana, kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kutora rutivi mukutonga kwavose, uye masangano anotsigira anodzivirira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo zvose zvinobetsera kuchengeta gadziriro yacho. Nzvero nedzikamo zvinogona kushanda bedzi kana vagari vemo vachidisa kushandisa masimba avo vamene ebumbiro remitemo ̬ kubatanidza simba rebhokisi rebhoroti ̬ kumanikidza kuzvidavirira.

Kana masangano aya akarwiswa, mano awo okuongorora vatendi vehurumende aderera. Vagari vanokoshesa kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu vanofanira kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwemasangano aya, kunyange kana zvisarudzo zvavo zvikasafarirwa.

Pakupedzisira, vagari vemo vanofanira kudzivisa muedzo wokutsigira vadzori veboka rinodzorwa apo vakasarudzwa vanodzorwa nedare. Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogadzirirwa kuganhurira simba pasinei zvapo nokuti ndiani arimo. Avo vanodzivirira gadziriro yacho apo bedzi inobetsera boka ravo vanobva varega nheyo yacho imene. Kuchengetwa kwenhambo refu yorusununguko kunoda kuzvipira kutsika ye̱ perero, kwete bedzi kumigumisiro yayo.

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi Kwavavambi ’ Kugadzirwa

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo izvo Madzibaba Akaitwa anoramba ari dziviriro inokosha zvikurusa yorusununguko rweAmerica. Haruna unyanzvi kana kuti kurongeka. Hahuunzi rwisano, kunonoka, uye kangaidziko. Asi izvi zvakaipa ndiwo mutengo wekuchengetedzwa kworusununguko rukuru zvikuru: kuchengetwa kworusununguko. Seizvo James Madison akarevera muFederalist No. 10, chimiro chimene chehurumende chinofanira kutsiva kusakwana kwohunhu.

Vavambi vakanzwisisa kuti simba rinokombamira kushatisa uye simba rakakwana rinoshatisa chose chose. Vakavaka hurumende inobvuma zvokwadi iyoyi uye zvivako zvimene nenzira inowirirana. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira gadziriro umo kushuva kunodzora, umo simba rinoparadzirwa kuti pasina chiremera chimwe chinogona kudzora. Iyi tsika yakapukunyuka hondo, kuora mwoyo, gakava ravagari vemo, uye njodzi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakachinja kuva chinjo yeUnited States kubva muruwa rwezvemari kuenda kusimba gurusa renyika yose.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo nhasi, denho ndeyokunzwisisa tsika ino nokuidzivirira. Kunzvera nedzikamo hazvisi mativi enhau. Izvo mibato inorarama yehurumende inozvitonga iyo inoda ngwariro yenguva dzose netsigiro. Apo tsika inoshanda seyakagadzirwa, inodzongonyedza zvishuvo zvavane simba uye inodzivirira maruramiro avane utera. Munyika umo hurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira dziri kukwira, gadziriro yeAmerica yechekerero nechiyero zvinomira sechiratidzo chechiono chakasiana: kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa kwete navatungamiriri vanovimba, asi kupfurikidza nokuvaganhurira.

Kungwarira kunoita vagari vemo kunotipa simba. Pakati pavo, gadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikamisa inopfuurira kuita donzo rayo rapakuvamba: kuunza zvikomborero zvorusununguko kwatiri timene nezvizvarwa zvedu.

Constitution Center yeNational ’ Constitutions inobatanisa inogovera kutarira kwakakwana panyaya imwe neimwe negadziridzo. Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira muVavambi ’ zvibvumikiso zvimene, rugwaro rwakazara rweFederal Papers runowanika kupfurikidza neraibhurari yeCongress.