Kunzwisisa Kusiyana - siyana Kwezvisarudzo

Kusarudza chinhu chinokosha chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanomirira, kuchipa mutoo wakarongwa wokusarudza vatungamiriri vavo negadziriro yavanhu vose. Kure nokuva chinoitika chimwe, dare rokusarudza rinobatanidza marudzi akasiyana - siyana esarudzo, chimwe nechimwe chichishanda chinangwa chakasiana. Kubva pasarudzo yakakwirira inosarudzwa nevakuru vakuru verudzi kudare rechikoro rinovhota pamusorosoro, kunzwisisa aya marudzi anoisa vavhoti kuti vatsigire nenzira ine revorechekedzo. Iyi nhungamiro inokudzwa inopfuura mipimo yemipimo yerudzi rumwe norumwe, gadziriro dzesarudzo dzinovadzora, uye dzinodenha nzira iyo tinosarudza nayo.

Kutora rutivi uchiziva kunopfuura kungoziva bedzi nguva yokuoneka panzvero. Kunoda kuziva chikonzero nei sarudzo dzakati dzichidanwa, kuti vadedei vanosarudzwa sei, uye icho vagari vesimba vanoita chisarudzo vanogona kushandisa kupfurikidza namapasendimendi. Nyaya ino inogovera hwaro ihwohwo, kushongedzera varavi nezivo kuti vadzore chiverengero chiri chose chavanosangana nacho.

Kusarudza Kwokupedzisira

Sarudzo dzavose rudzi rwakarovedzeka zvikurusa uye runoziviswa zvikuru rwesarudzo. Zvinoitika panguva dzakatsiga.Nkakawanda kazhinji panhambo dzakatemwa (8, 4,, kana kuti 6) makore ari ose (kuzadza mahofisi evakuru vakuru nehurumende paruwa, hurumende, uye pane dzimwe nguva mwero yomunzvimbomo. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, sarudzo yapurezidhendi mukuru inoitwa makore mana ari ose paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November, nepo zvisarudzo zvedare repakati zvinoitika makore maviri ari ose.

Mukati mesarudzo yavose, vavhoti vanosarudza chaizvoizvo pakati pavadaviri vakatowana kusarudzwa kwebato ravo kupfurikidza nemiitiro mikuru kana kuti kacus (kana kuti vada kubhapatidzwa kupfurikidza nechikumbiro). Mahofisi ari pabhoti anogona kubatanidza:

  • Purezidhendi kana kuti Mutungamiriri weHurumende (aitsamira pagadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika)
  • Nhengo dzedare rehurumende renyika yose (Coreff, Paramende, Zvokudya, zvichingodaro)
  • Magavhuna ehurumende navaiti vemitemo vehurumende
  • Mayar, mitezo yedare reguta, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo
  • Vatongi munyika umo vatongi vanosarudzwa

Sarudzo dzakakurumbira kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidzirwa nomuvhoti mukuru achienzaniswa namamwe marudzi esarudzo, kunyange zvazvo kudzoswa kuchisiana zvikuru nenyika. Somuenzaniso, International reInternational IDEA indata inoratidza kuti nyika dzine kuvhota kwokumanikidzirwa, dzakadai seAustralia neBelgium, dzinoona nguva dzose kubuda pamusoro pa 80%, nepo mumarudzi anozvipira akafanana neUnited States, achitendeukira nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi zvinobhururuka zviri 60% uye dzinodonha kusvikira ku 40% kana kuti kuderera nokuda kwepakati pemabopoti.

Mugumisiro wesarudzo yavose unosarudza nhungamiro yomuitiro wehurumende nokuda kweshoko riri kuuya, kuchikuita chisarudzo chikurusa chinoguma chava muvhoti chinogona kuita. Mumiitiro yeparamende, sarudzo yavose inganyandurawo chinjo yehurumende zvakananga zvikuru, sezvo boka kana kuti mubatanidzwa unowana chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro zvinoumba chaizvoizvo bazu revakuru vakuru.

Kusarudza Kukuru Mugadziriro Dzakasiana Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti havasati vari vatongi vose voutongi hunosarudzwa navanhu vose vakananga nokuda kwemisoro yavo yehurumende. Muparamende yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu (mutoo, United Kingdom, Canada, India), vagari vemo vanovhota mitezo yeparamende, uye mukuru wehurumende (mushumiri wehurumende) anosarudzwa nebato kana kuti mubatanidzwa musimba. Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi (muchib., United States, Brazil), vavhotera zvakananga vose vari vaviri vagavhuri vemitemo napurezidhendi muzvirongwa zvakaparadzana. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano ikirwo kududzira miuyo yesarudzo munyika yose.

Kusarudza Kunokosha Kupfuura Kusarudza Varwi

Sarudzo dzenguva dzose dzisati dzaganhurira nzvimbo kumunhu anonyorerwa mumwe pabato rimwe, sarudzo huru inosarudza kuti ndiani achamirira mubato rezvamatongerwe enyika mumakwikwi okupedzisira. Varimi zvikurukuru rutivi rweUnited States, kunyange zvazvo misiano iripo mudzimwe nyika (somuenzaniso, France inoshandisa mapati akazaruka nokuda kwezvikamu zvehurumende yapurezidhendi). Muitiro wokutanga unowedzera kutora rutivi kwedemokrati kupfurikidza nokubvumira mitezo yenzvimbo yebato nefarafiti uye, muzvimwe zvinoitika, vavhotera vakazvimirira kuva nenzwi muchisarudzo chokuda kutengwa.

Kune marudzi makuru anoverengeka, uye mitemo yavo inotapura zvikuru vanowana kusarudzwa:

  • vhura mapepa [[[FLT: 1]: Muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro, anogona kuvhota mubato ripi neripi guru. Ikoku kunokurudzira kuva nomwero asi ngozi “kuvhota kwapamhene yebato rakasiana” apo mitezo yebato inoedza kuisa zviyero kumukwaniri.
  • Vavhoti vakavharwa: Vavhoti bedzi vakanyorwa nebato rakati vanogona kutora rutivi mubato iroro guru. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti munhamba anoratidzira mirangariro yavatsigiri vebato asi anogona kutungamirira kuvadaviri vakanyanyisa zvikuru sevasaruri vakuru vanowanzova vane pfungwa dzakawanda.
  • SAMI-PRIGUS]: Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa nevokuvhota vasina kunyoresa ingatora rutivi, asi vavhoti vakanyoreswa neimwe sangano havadiwi. Uku kuedza kuganhurirwa nokuperera kwavavhozhokeri.
  • Nonpartan Blanket Primites: Inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzeU.S. (mutoo, California, Washington), vose vanoda kubhapatidzwa vanooneka papepa rimwe guru, uye chiverengero chapamusoro chavavhoti vaviri vanoenda kurusarudzo pasinei zvapo nepati. Iyi tsika inogona pane dzimwe nguva kuguma navapindi vaviri kubva mubato rimwe chetero mukuwa.

Chikonzero Nei Utsinye Huchikosha

Vaparidzi vakakura muukoshi sezvo utungamiriri hwebato hwakaderera uye vanoda kutendeukira nenzira inowedzera kukuisa mari nokukwidziridza nhau. 2016 na 2020 vaPrincial primial yeU.S., somuenzaniso, vakaratidzirwa vapamberi vakatsunga kukunda kukuru kuti vadzorezve nzvimbo dzavo dzepati. Nemhaka yokuti kubuda kwokutanga kuri kwakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kudzorwa kwezvisarudzo zvechikuru, kuva namabhipoka makuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, kuvimbisa kwavakuru, uye kupfuudza vakawanda . Ichi chinoitika chinozivikanwa se “kukanganisa mapati avo." uye chinonyandura nharo pamusoro pokupinda pamavambo, zvakadai sokupfuudza nokuvhotera kana kuti nzvimbo yavose.

Kusarudza Chaiko – Kuzadza Misiyano Isingakarirwi

Apo mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa anobuda muhofisi asati apera — nemhaka yokurega basa, rufu, kudzingwa, kana kuti kugadzwa kune chimwe chinzvimbo — sarudza chairo rinodanwa kuti rizadzise nzvimbo yacho. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinovimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanoramba vachimiririrwa pasina kumirira sarudzo yakarongwa nguva dzose. Inogona kuitika pamwero upi noupi wehurumende, kubva kudare reguta kuU.S.

Sarudzo chaidzo dzakaita kuti kusarudzwa kushande. Somuenzaniso, 2017 kusarudzwa chaiko kweDare reU.S. muAlabama, kwakatangwa nokugadzwa kwaJeff Sessions saAttorney General, kwakaguma naDemocrat Doug Jones achiwana murwi mukuru weRepublican. Zvakafanana, muna 2009, muNew York 23rd collegionational committee yakawana muvhoti chaiyo yechitatu inokamuramura purote yeRepublican, ichiita kuti democratic atsane zvaifananidzira chikwata cheTea Party.

Sarudzo chaidzo dzinowanzokwezva mamiriro ezvinhu akaderera uye dzinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nemamiriro ezvinhu omunharaunda, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika panguva iyoyo.

Kusarudza Kwomunzvimbomo – Uko Komupiyuta Unobata Musha

Nepo sarudzo dzorudzi dzichidzorwa nemisoro mikuru yenhau, sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Sarudzo dzaMasipala neruwa dzinosarudza kuti ndiani anotarisira zvikoro, anogadzira migwagwa, anogovera mabasa amapurisa nemoto, anogadza mitemo yokuronga, uye anotarisira utano hwavanhu. Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwadzo, sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzinotambura zvikuru kubva mukuvhota kwakaderera zvikurusa kworudzi rupi norupi norupi. muUnited States, kunyange madzinza makuru eguta anoonekwa kuva anochinja pasi pe 30%, uye sarudzo dzezvikoro dzinogona kuderera muzvikamu zviduku.

Nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nevakawanda munharaunda yacho dzinosanganisira:

  • Mitezo yeDare reGuta Navakuru
  • Mayor (mumiitiro yemeya yecouncil) kana kuti mamaneja eguta (mumiitiro yedare ramamaneja)
  • Vatengi vechikoro
  • Vamiririri veruwa navatarisiri
  • Vatongi (mumitemo yesarudzo)
  • Vaongorori vemitero, vatongi, magweta omuruwa

Chimiro chesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo chinosianawo: vamwe vanoshandisa mavhoti okuvhota apo vamwe vari vasingaparati; vamwe vanoitwa panguva imwe cheteyo sehurumende kana kuti sarudzo dzenyika kusimudzira ((“sarudzo dzakasimbiswa”), apo dzimwe dzinochengetwa pamisi yakaparadzana. [[FLT]][FLT]BRANT Center ye Justice[ [[FLT]] ] inotaura kuti panzvimbo yesarudzo yomunzvimbomo inoda kuderedza uye inoda zvikuru pesvedzero neboka rakarongwa. Vagari vomunyika vanoda kuvandudza nzanga yavo vanogona kuita muuyo mukuru kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi iyi mibato inodzo inodzorwa.

Majeri Nezviito Zvehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuronga nokuvhota zvinhu zvinobvumira vavhoti kudarika vamiririri vavo vakasarudzwa ndokusarudza mibvunzo yemitemo zvakananga.

  • Referendoms mipimo inonongedzerwa kuvavhoti kupfurikidza nedare remitemo (kana kuti mukuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo). Inogona kushandiswa kugadziridza pamutemo, kutendera zvisungo zvikuru kuva zvisungo, kana kuti kusarudza kana kudzosa mutemo unotopfudzwa (a “kunongedzera kurumuro”).
  • Mitemo [[[FT:1] (kana kuti zvirongwa zvakakurumbira) mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokarakadzwa zvakananga navagari vemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokukumbira. Kana siginicha dzangounganidzwa bedzi, mwero unotangira muvhoti.

Mubatanidzwa wezvirongwa zvehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zviripo muhurumende dzakawanda, Switzerland ichiva muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga pamwero yose yehurumende. MuCalifornia, muitiro wokutanga wakaita mipimo yechiratidzo yakadai seProcester 13 (kepisi dzemitero dzapamutemo muna 1978) uye Proposition 209 (kuramba). Brexit itsika yakakwirira yepaji ye2016 umo rudzi rwakava nemiuyo mikuru yeukama hwamarudzi ose.

Kuvhara mav. Advisory Referendendums

Mamwe mapearendium anosungirwa pamutemo(dai aipfuudzwa, muitiro wacho unongoerekana wava mutemo. Mamwe anongofanira kuyera pfungwa dzavose nenhungamiro. Majekiseni asingabhadhari anotsoropodzwa pane dzimwe nguva sezvirongwa zvokuvhota zvinodhura, asi anogona kutoshandisa simba rezvematongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakawanda dzeU.S. dzine mibvunzo isingasungiri kuisa mifungo panhau dzakadai senguva inochengeta zuva kana kuti kuisa rapamutemo rapa chiratidzo chezvisarudzo kuvota vavhoti vemitemo.

Kunzwisisa Masangano Okugadzira Zvinhu – Mitemo Inoparira Migumisiro Yacho

Rudzi rwesarudzo rutivi bedzi rwomufananidzo; runokosha zvakaenzana igadziriro yevhotaro ($imosvera mitemo inoshandura vhoti muzvigaro kana kuti zvisarudzo. Miitiro yakasiana - siana inoparira miuyo yakasiana- siyana yezvamatongerwe enyika, mwero yewirirano, uye mwero yegutsikano yomuvhoti. Sangano dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa dzinobatanidza:

  • Yokutanga-Past-the Post [[FTP:1]: Inoshandiswa muU.S., U.K., Canada, uye India pakati pavamwe. Voters yakavhota mumwe muvhoti; muvhoti anohwina zvikurusa anohwina. Iyi tsika inowanzotungamirira kuudzori huviri uye inogona kubudisa “vhoti" umo vawinwi vanoda kuwanda bedzi, kwete voruzhinji.
  • propactal idimistry (PR)[FLT: inoshandiswa muzhinjisa yeEurope neLatin America]. Setts dzinogoverwa kumativi mukuwirirana negoverano yavo yevhoti. Mitemo inokurudzira masangano akarongwa amapoka akawanda nemhesano, uye inobuda mumitezo yakafanana nePR, vhoti inotanhanhanhanhanhanhanhaniswa (STV), uye mubatanidzwa wakavhengana (MMP).
  • .Majoritarian Systems: Kuda mudaviri kuwina inopfuura 50% yevhoti. Ikoku kunogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yamativi maviri (sokuFrance) kana kuti kuvhota kwapakarepo (kuvhota kwapakarepo kwakagamuchirwa namaguta saSan Francisco uye marefu akadai seMaine).
  • Systems dzakaiswa : Comee FPTP ne PR. Somuenzaniso, Germany neNew Zealand dzinoshandisa MMP, umo vavhoti vakavhota mavhoti maviri(imo nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo uye rimwe nokuda kwendaza yebato(*kubudisa miuyo inowirirana apo inochengeta mimireza yomunzvimbomo.

Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine zvibvumirano zvokutengesa. FPTP yakapfava uye inoparira hurumende dzakatsiga dzine chikamu chimwe asi inogona kusiya zvikamu zvikuru zvevavhoti vasina kusimudzwa. PR inopa mufananidzo uri nani nokuda kwamanzwi mashoma asi inogona kutungamirira kuparamende dzakakamukana uye kuwirirana. Kunzwisisa aya masangano kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera zvikarakadzo zvinosarudzwa, zvakadai sokugamuchirwa kwevhoti yenzvimbo yakatanhamara muUnited States.

Basa Rezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Muzvisarudzo Zvazvino Uno

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwachinja nzira inoshandiswa nayo kusarudza, kubva pakunyoresa kwevhota kusvikira kumichina inovhota neIndaneti. Kuvhota kwemagetsi (kuvhota nokubudisa mashoko) kunovimbisa kudzorwa nokukurumidza nokuwanikwa kukuru kwevavhoti vane urema, asi kunounzawo ngozi dzeivhiri. [FLT]U.S. EFCOMCOM[FLT]] [FLT] inogovera nhungamiro dzokuedza gadziriro yokuvhotera uye creging, bvurite pamusoro pokuvarangisa, mapurogiramu ekombiyuta, mapepa ekombiyuta, uye kushaiwa pepanhau mumichina yakare.

Kuvhota paIndaneti, kunoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seEstonia nokuda kwesarudzo, kunoramba kune nharo. Nepo kuchivandudza zviri nani uye kungawedzera kuwanda pakati pemhiri kwamakungwa uye vavhoti vaduku, vatsoropodzi vanonyevera kuti kuvhota paIndaneti kunopa zvinetso zvinotyisa. Mapepa (papepa anonyorwa kana kuti anoongororwa) achiri kurangarirwa kuva mupimo wendarama nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi uye kuongororwa, sezvinoratidzirwa nehurumende dzakadai seMichigan nePennsylvania dzinovimba zvikurukuru nezvirongwa zvokuongorora zvinoonekwa nezvinyorwa zvepepa zvinoongororwa.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoitawo basa rinokura mumari yenhimbe (panzvimbo inobhadharwa zvinhu zvakadai seAct Blue), kuvhota (kushambadza kwakaiswa pafoni), uye kuonekwa kwemashoko asiri echokwadi.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokusarudza Kuperera

Kunyange zvazvo kuronga sarudzo kwakatanga, zvinetso zvisingaperi zvichiripo pamwe chete nezvinotyisa zvitsva.

Vagari vanonzwisisa izvi zvinetso vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutsigira chinjo dzinosimbisa gadziridzo dzinosimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzvera kwekunangana nemapoka omumba namarudzi ose . Kwakadai se [[FLT]] National Democratic Institute[[[FLT]]]

Kupedzisa – Basa Rako Mugadziriro Yedemocratic

Democracy haisi mutambo unoona. Mhatsa yemarudzi ezvisarudzo `general, chaidzo, chaidzoiwo, nzvimbo, uye mahespendium(inongedzero) inopa mikana mizhinji yokuvimbisana kwehurumende. Imwe neimwe inoshanda basa rakananga muzvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvambira pakusarudza vabati vemabato kuti vasarudze mibvunzo yemitemo zvakananga. Kunzwisisa uku kupesana, pamwe negadziriro dzevhota dzinovadzora uye zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo, zvinopa vavhotera basa rokufamba nebhuroti nechivimbo.

Asi zivo yoga haisati yakwana. Kutora rutivi ndiyo inoita kuti democracy irambe ichishanda. Apo unovhota muchikamu chikuru, unoumba ndandanda yezvisarudzo zvakapiwa muna November. Paunosarudza muvhoti yomunzvimbomo, unosarudza kuti ndiani anotarisira chikoro chomwana wako kana kuti nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa nharaunda yako. Paunovhota musheresita, unoshandisa udzori wakananga pamusoro pemitemo inodzora nzanga yako.

Kodzero yokuvhota yakarwirwa ndokuwedzerwa kwamazana amakore. Inoramba iri ropafadzo ine mutoro wokutora rutivi uchiziva. Kupfurikidza nokuzvirovedza umene namarudzi akasiana - siana esarudzo namasimba anotapura miuyo yadzo, unova mutariri anobudirira zvikuru wemipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iva, taura, uye vhota musarudzo iri yose / kwete bedzi iyo inoumba misoro mikuru.