Ukama pakati pehurumende nemitemo yehurumende muUnited States hunorondedzerwa negadziriro youchangamire huviri, umo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera pavagari vemo vamwe chetevo nenharaunda. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera dare rakajeka pasi peSupremacy Claus, rwisano chaidzoidzo dzenyika pakati pemitemo nemitemo yehurumende dzinogara dziripo, dzinokakavadzana, uye dzinoteverwa zvikuru. Idzi nharo dzinowanzova nechokuita pakodzero dzinokosha, mirairo yemari, uye chengeteko yavose, dzichiita misoro inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza hurumende yeAmerica kana kuti nhau. Nokunzvera mienzaniso chaiyo yeidzi, vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kuripo pakati petsika dzorudzi nedzo, uye kuti kuoma kwetsika kwezuva nezuva.

Bumbiro Remitemo: Kunyanyisa kwaClaus uye Kuchinja Kwechigumi

Manyuko apamutemo erwisano yenyika kana kuti rwisano dzapamutemo dziri mugadziriro mbiri dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopinza mumativi akasiyana. Supremacy Clause, inowanwa muChikamu VI, Clause 2, inozivisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndi "Mutemo unopesana weNyika" uye kuti hurumende inotonga inosungwa naro, kunyange kana murairo kana kuti kupesana kwemitemo. Ikoku kunogadzira kamuri rapamusoro rezvirevo: apo mutemo wehurumende unoshanda pasi peBumbiro remitemo, unobvisa mutemo upi noupi unopokanidza. Panguva imwe cheteyo, matura egumi ePramendement kumasimba ose asingadzorwi kuhurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa. Ichi chivako chinosimbwa nokuda kwokusawirirana kunoenderera mberi kwesimba renyika.

Nokuda kwezhinjisa dzenhau yeUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabatira somupinyi wokupedzisira, kuputsa mitemo yehurumende inopindira pachiremera chehurumende uyewo kuganhurira nzvero dzehurumende munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa gamuchidzanwa. Kubatanidzwa kweiyi nheyo mbiri dzebumbiro remitemo kunoparira rwisano inotungamirira kuhondo chaidzoidzo dzoupenyu hwapamutemo, zhinji dzadzo dzinova nzvimbo dzinooneka dzorudzi.

Maatomu makuru Ehondo Dzehurumende

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Gakava pamusoro pembanje ndeimwe yemienzaniso inooneka zvikurusa uye inogarisa yekusagadzikana kwehurumende. Kusvikira muna 2025, 24 nyika neruwa rweColumbia zvakanyoresa chikwata chemuchina kuti chishandiswe, uye inenge 40 yehurumende inobvumira rudzi rwembanje. Bva pasi peGuom Guetal Substancess Act, marijuana inoramba iri shangu sechinopa mikana mikurusaidzo yemabhaisipo I. Chirwerevo chapamutemo ichi chinogadzira chiverengero chezvinetso zvinoshanda. State-licenslated recureaters, varimi, uye kuidzwa kwemiteve zvinoshanda pachena munyika dzakadai seColoradorse neCalifornia, asi mibato inoputsa mutemo wehurumende. Vachuri vezvokudzorwa vaigona kuvapfigidzokororwa pasi, kunyange zvazvo zvazvo nhevedzano yeSangoridhesi yePrence Colda (Berran, 2013, uye producerbatedmist arner) inorwisana neS.

Indasitiri yebhangi inopa muenzaniso wakajeka wetapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika. Nemhaka yokuti mabhizimisi embanje anoputsa mutemo wehurumende, mabhangi mazhinjisa namasangano echikwereti (anodzorwa nehurumende kuabatira. aya mauto anopa mari kuti avape mari yakawanda, achiparira ngozi huru yavose uye achiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuronga kutengeserana kwemari nokuda kwemitero. SAFE Banking Act, iyo ingabvumira masangano emari kushanda namabhizimisi ehurumende echicanabis, akapfuudza dzimba dzakawanda asi akachengetwa muDare remitemo. [[FLT:]] Kusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo kunotapurawo kutengeserana bhizimisi:[FLT:[FFOLD1]] nemhaka yokuti mari haigoni kuyambuka pamutemo pasi pemitsetse yomutemo, kutaura kuti zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogona kupfumisawo kusha dzimwe mari.

Kudzora Pfuti

Mitemo yemirairo inomirira imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira apo hurumende nemitemo yehurumende inopesana. Gun Control Act ye 1968 uye gadziridzo dzinotevera dzinotanga mitemo yechivako pamusoro peangava nepfuti, nzvimbo inoyera kupfurikidza neNational Point Criminal Vicky Vicky System (NICS), uye ganhuriro pamapoka akati ezvombo. Zvisinei, Pedziso Yechipiri yakashandurwa neDare rapamusoro kuti idzivirire kodzero imwe neimwe yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, izvo zvinoti zvingawedzera neganhuriro dzazvo zvogaro dzavo vamene. Ikoku kutungamirira kubasa remite remitemo inosianosiyana. California, New York, uye Illino inoisa mirairo yakadai sezvirambidzo dzorumwero, zvikwadivi, uye "zvikamu zvakavanzika zvakavanzika" zvinovanzwa nemitemo yehurumende inorevesaidzoro yeTexane "ineron" inobvumira kutakura mitemo inobvumira kupfura.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen yakabvisa zvinoshamisa nzvimbo kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti mitemo yokudzora pfuti iwirirane negamuchidzanwa renhau renyika remitemo yepfuti. Iyi chisarudzo chakatomutsa denho dzapamutemo dzakawanda kuisa mitemo, kubatanidza idzo dzinodzora simba ramagazini, zvakakotsekana, uye zvinobvumidza zvinodikanwa. muuyo wacho unoenderera mberi kugura matunhu enyika, nemitemo yakaderera inorwisana inoparira kusateererwa kwemitemo navari vepfuti vepfuti. somuenzaniso, mutongi womubatanidzwa akarova basa reCalifornia pazvinorambidzwa mumagazini 20, ane kudzorwa kwechikamu chamakore 20 okudzoka kudzoka kudivi.

Kuchinja Kweutano

AFfordble Care Act (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, inomirira kukura kukurusa kwehurumende kuva mutemo wezvoutano chifo chaMedicare neMedicaid. ACA inoda vanhu kuti vachengetedze kufukidzwa kusinganetsi kwapaduku (ine murairo womunhu oga), inotanga misika yeinishuwarenzi, uye inokudza Midhicaid mari kuvakuru vose vane mari kusvika 138% yemari inopfuudzwa nehurumende yeurombo hwenyika yose. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa reHurumende renyika rinoumba [Foct:0] Federation of Independent Busis. Seberius[FLT:] [202] (202] yaigona kusagona kuranga nyika nokuda kukudza Mdid; yaigona bedzi kudzosera mamiriro ezvinhu enguva yemberi. Chikamu chitsaro chamatongeri chikaro chamato chamatongeteshichate muRepublic Republic-oset .[9]

rwisano yacho yakangowedzera bedzi. Dzimwe nyika dzakatsvaka vadzivisi vezvinodikanwa zvehurumende kuti vashandise zvinodikanwa zvebasa nokuda kwaMedicaid vanobetserwa, nepo vamwe vakapa mhaka kudzora mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira chirango choutano chenguva pfupi kana kuti kudikanisa kudzivirira kudzivirira kubereka. Somuenzaniso, vanoshandisa nzvimbo yavo vamene yebhizimisi nezvikamu zvemari kupfuura izvo mutemo wehurumende unopa, uye yakaisa murairo womunhu mumwe nomumwe nechirango chake amene chomutero. Izvi zvinoparira gadziriro mbiri dzezvipfuramisi misha: vagari mukutaura kuti vanofarikanya dziviriro huru nebetsero yakakwirira, neyavo vanotaura kuti vane zvisarudzo zvishoma. Zvinetsoro zvemitemo zvinopfuurira, kana zvichigona kuisa migariro yemitengoro yezvo zvoutano.[FLTY]

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neutarisiri Hwokusarudza

Hurumende nehurumende rwisano pamusoro pemitemo yokuvhota dzave dzakakomba zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Voting Rights Act ye 1965 (VRA) mutemo wehurumende unorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota uye, kwamakumi amakore, yaida nyika dzakati nemitemo ine nhau yorusaruro kuti awane "kuvhotera" kubva kuhurumende yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Asi chisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro mu Shelby County v. Raker [2013]) rakaparadza mutoo waishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi, zvinowirirana nako. Mumuuyo, unotaura zvakawanda muSouth/Entected tractedrotion, kubatanidza mitemo inovhotera, mumazuva apakuvamba, kuvhotera reze, uye kurovhara bhokisi retsamba.

Vatongi vehurumende vakaputsa mimwe yeiyi mitemo sekuputswa kweVRA kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, asi mimwe yakatsigirwa. Muuyo inzvimbo yapamutemo yakaputsika umo muitiro mumwe chetewo wokuvhota (jee, inoda vavhoti kugovera nepikicha yazvino uno(ingava yapamutemo mune imwe nyika uye isiri yapamutemo mune imwe. , U.S Department of Justices yakakashairira nenzira inoshingaira kufanana neGeorgia neTexas pamusoro pemitemo yainotaura kuti inoremedza vanhu vashomanene.] Iyi mitongo inosimbisa basa rinopfuurira rehurumende mukuvhotera, kunyange kutaura chiremera chavo pasi peChikamu I, chikamu 4 cheGeqendero cheGenetition ku "nguva, nzvimbo nechimiro chehondo." muganhu kudzo yemitemo yemitemo yedare repepuko.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Mutemo wokutora igwaro rinodzorwa nedare rehurumende ramakurukota (2011) inharaunda yeArizonassétial yehurumende inodzorwa, bva nyika dzakaedza dzaedzazve kuzvipinza dzimene mutsigiri. Mhaka yechiratidzo Arizona v. United States (2012) yakarova gadziriro huru dzeArizona S.B. 1070, iyo yakakuita utsotsi hwehurumende nokuda kwomutami asina kutenderwa kushanda kana kuti kukundikana kutakura magwaro okunyoresa, uye mapurisa anobvumirwa kusungwa pasina mvumo aingatendwa. Dare rapamusorosoro raidavira kuti idzi gadziriro dzakabviswa nomutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende, unotaura munda wemitemo yokushambadzira. Zvisinei, Dare rakasiya `shooka mapepa ako").

Rwisano yacho yakamuka kuti inangidzire ngwariro pa "Mitemo yeICIFURAYO", umo nyika namaguta zvinoganhurira batira pamwe yazvo nezviremera zvokubuda zviri muhurumende. California neNew York dzakagadza mitemo inorambidza mitemo inodzivisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kubva pakudzorwa kwavanhu bedzi pakudzorwa kwemiitiro yokubuda munyika kana kuti kubva pakugoverana mashoko neImmigration and Custommentmentmentmentmentment (ICO) mumigariro mizhinji. Kutarisira kwaTrump kwakadzorwa nemitemo yehurumende uye nokuisa mhaka dzinotsigira mitemo yakadaro dzinoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa. Kudzorwa kweBande yakachinjwa nzira yeBhingi, asi nzvimbo yepamutemo inoramba isingachinjiki. Sezvinopfuurira kuedza miganhuro yechiremera chechiremera chiremera chayo. Somuenzaniso, Texas yakapfuuSA (B. 4) inobvumira mutemo kudzorwa zvakananga kudzodzo inodzorwa zvakananga, kutongwa navanhu.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mutemo wemhoteredzo unogovera mamwe manyuko makuru erwisano yenyika. Ceaner Air Act inobvumira nyika kugadza mipimo yakatsiga yeburitsi kupfuura hurumende yehurumende (* asi bedzi nemuparadziri wemhoteredzo yazvo muEnvironmental Protection Agency. California, nemhaka yezvinetso zvayo zvakakomba zvemhepo inoshatisa nemitemo yayo isati yavapo, yagamuchira zviwiriranwa zvakadaro munhau uye yakabvumirwa kugadza mitemo yayo inobudisa muswe wesipi. Dzimwe nyika dzingasarudza kutevera mipimo yeCalifornia panzvimbo pemitengo yehurumende. Iyi yakatungamirira kugakavadzano dzinopfuurira, zvikurukuru apo hurumende inochinja nzira. Mukati mokutungamirira Trust California, EPA revita rekugadza mipimo yayo yegasiro yemotokari yemotokari, inotungamirira kumipimo yemotokari yemotokari yemotokari yemotokari yemotokari kubva kuCalifornia nedzimwe nyika 22 dzehurumende yezvibvumirano zvehurumende zvehurumende zvepamutemo.

Nenzira yakafanana, rwisano dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinomuka pamusoro peChiteshi cheGwai rePreft, umo rondedzero ye "Magariro eUnited States" (Wotus) inosarudza muganhu wehurumende pamusoro penzvimbo dzinonyorova nehova. Dare Gurusa reU.U.S. 2023] Sacket v. EPA] yakaganhurirwa nenzira yakajeka rondedzero iyoyo yehurumende. Maganhu zvino anotarisana nechisarudzo: zvimwe kugamuchira kutarisirwa kwehurumende kana kuti kuita dziviriro dzawo dzehurumende dzakaderedzwa, idzo dzingava dzinodhura uye dzinodenha.[FLT] Muuyo ibasa remitemo yemhoteredzo inosiana zvikuru nemamiriro ezvinhu, kugadzira mitoro yetsika inodzodzo.

Basa Redare Repamusorosoro Mukupedza Makakatanwa

Nokuda kweidzi nharaunda, Dare Gurusa rinoita basa guru mukuratidzira rwisano pakati pehurumende nomutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FLT:] MCLOch v. Maryland (1819), iyo yakatanga nheyo yesimba rehurumende, uye [[FLT:]] Gezans v. [FLT:] Gozaln[[FF]] [200], iyo inorondedzera simba reHurumende pamusoro pomubatanidzwa wezvokutengeserana, inoisa dzidziso dzehwaro. Munguva dzazvino uno, Dare rakataura nharo dzehurumende dzakawanda: [[FLT] [FLT], uye mutongo wehurumende.[4]

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, voruzhinji veDare vasingawirirani vakaratidza kuda kutsiva musimba resangano rehurumende uye kudzivirira chiremera chehurumende, sezvinoonekwa mu Bruen nhau yepfuti ne Sacket[ nhau yemhoteredzo. Kunyange zvakadaro Dare rinopfuurirawo kumanikidza ukuru hwehurumende mukubuda nokuvhota mhaka dzekodzero. [[FLT:]] Kusazvidzorwa kweidzi mirangariro kunoreva kuti kurwisana kwehurumende kuchapfuurira sechinhu chinokosha chehurumende yokutonga kweAmerica.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvevagari Nemabhizimisi

Idzi rwisano hadzisi dzidzowo zvayo. Dzinoita mitoro chaiyo yokuteerera vanhu namabhizimisi. Muridzi wembanje muOregon anofanira kushandisa murandudzo wemitemo yemitero yehurumende inodzivisa kubviswa kwemitero yebhizimisi risiri repamutemo, pasinei zvapo nokubvumirwa nehurumende. Mugadziri wepfuti muArizona anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvawo zvinowirirana nechengeteko yakakomba yeCalifornia uye miraudzo yezvokutengeserana kana zvichitengeswa mumusika iwoyo. Mhuri yavatami veTexas ingatarisana nokusungwa nemapurisa ehurumende pasi peS.B. 4, kunyange zvazvo pamutemo wehurumende ungavadzivirira pakudzingwa munyika. Mamitengo aya anoisa mari inotengwa nebhizimisi, anorasika, uye kuzvidya funganya.

Kupfuurira kuteererwa, rwisano dzehurumende dzine revo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga. Dzinosimbisa kuvadziko yenharaunda nepetuation, sezvo hurumende dzinodzorwa nebato rimwe kazhinji kazhinji dzinopa mitemo yakajeka kushora miitiro yerimwe boka muWashington. Dzinoedzawo ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende: apo nyika dzinorangarira kuti maruramiro adzo ari kudzorwa, angatyisidzira secessition kana kuti kuparadzwa, kunyange zvazvo masangano akadaro asingabudiriri. kurangarira aya masimba anokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kupinda mune zvezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro penhau dzakafanana noutano, kubuda munyika, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo.[FLT]

mhedziso

Gakava pakati pemitemo yenyika nemitemo yehurumende hachisi zviratidzo zvegadziriro yakaputsika; panzvimbo pezvo, mativi enhaka echibvumirano cheAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira noune udzori hwemibatanidzwa yakaenzana uye pane dzimwe nguva kuwiriranisa chinzwano chorudzi nemhatsa yenharaunda. Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo youpenyu(kubva pambanje kudzora pfuti kuti udzori hwekodzero dzehurumende nekodzero dzechikamu chiduku) inosimbisa kuti iri chiyero iri kuramba ichidzorwa kupfurikidza nokurongwa kwegadziriro, mutemo, uye chiito choukuru. Vadzidzisi, vachifunda izvi zvinopa mamiriro ezvinhu makuru echigadziko eAmerica: kurwisana pakati pemibatanidzwa nehurumende nekodzero dzechikamu chiduku, uye pakati pesimba rehurumende yepakati nerusununguko rwehurumende. Sezvibudisa nhau itsva semashandiro emitemo, matemendime, uye kuchinja mugariro wemamiriro okunze mutsva, uye mamiriro okunze achatodzamakenwa kutongwe nenzira isingapanikira kupanikira pasina kupanikira kunetsa kunetsa kuoneka.