Kugadzirwa Kwemazakwatira emari Yokutanga

Kutanga-kare-post (FPTP) ndiyo gadziriro yokuvhota yakapfava zvikurusa uye inoshandiswa zvikurusa munyika inotaurisa yechiNgezi. Muuyu mutoo unowana wose, muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anokanda muvhoti mumwe nokuda kwomudaviri wavo, uye muvhoti mukurusa muruwa anowana chigaro ($registers of as recureator. . Nyika dzakadai se [[FLT: 0]] British , Canada, India, uye United States inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweSarudzo.

Betsero Dzepast-Pris

Kurerutsa uye Kuwanika

FPTP yakananga zvikuru. Mavhota anoda bedzi chiratidzo chimwe chezita pavhota, kuita muitiro wacho nokukurumidza uye noruzivo rwokuberekwa narwo. Uku kupfava kunoderedza vhiringidziko uye kunoderedza mhinganidzo yokutora vanhu vane unyanzvi hushomanene hwokugona kunyora kana kuti kurovedzana nemiitiro yokuvhota. Kudzorwa kwevhota kwakapfavawo: kuronga kwakapfava, kuverenga kunoitwa namavhoti kunokurumidza, uye migumisiro inozivikanwa zvakakurumbira mumaawa okunzvera kunopfiga.

Kubatana kwakasimba kunopa mutsigiri

Ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe, achiumba ukama hwakananga, hunozvidavirira pakati pavavhoti navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa.Vamiriri vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani wokuonana naye nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo, uye mumiriri ane sundo yakajeka yokubatira chiverengero chavagari vomunzvimbomo. uku kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo kunowanzodudzwa sesimba guru regadziriro dzeFPTP.

Kufarira Hurumende Dzine Simba

FPTP inoda gadziriro mbiri dzine chikamu chimwe. Nemhaka yokuti mativi echitatu haawanzohwinwi wirira zvigaro, gadziriro yacho inowanzoita hurumende nevoruzhinji vakajeka veparamende, vanogona kuita miitiro nenzira yakasimba pasina kuda kurukurirano dzakabatana. Iyi ruramiso inogona kuva inokwezva nokuda kwenyika dzinotsvaka zviremera zvinobudirira pasina kudzorwa kwapakarepo.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Nemitambo Yokuda Kutamba

Mupasi peFPTP, mapoka anonyanyisa kana kuti anotsiva mumwe anowana zvakaoma zvikuru kuwina zvigaro nemhaka yokuti tsigiro yavo inowanzoparadzirwa munyika kana kuti haisati yakakwana kuwana kuwanda muruwa rupi norupi. Uku kutsaura kunogona kuita kuti pfungwa dzakanyanyisa dzisawane simba mune zvematongerwe enyika zveparamende, kuchiparira mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika ine chekuita nechakawanda.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzepast-Presch

Zvaishandiswa Pakupambadzwa uye Kugadzirwa Kwemabasa Akanaka

Kutsoropodzwa kukuru kweFPTP ndichinoitika che “vhoti dzinovhota” --ballot dzinotutirwa nokuda kwavadaviri vasingahwinwi. Mumaruwa akawanda, zvikamu zvikuru zvevhoti nokuda kwokurasikirwa, uye mavhoti iwayo haana tapuro pamuuyo. Ikoku kunotungamirira ku [[FLT:] statev , umo vavhoti vanosiya chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chapachokwadi kutsigira mutevedzeri anoshanda zvikuru, kudzvinyirira kutaura kwechokwadi kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutonga Kuduku Nokushaikwa Kwezvikuru Zvinovapo

FPTP inowanzobereka vawiri vanogamuchira vasingasviki 50% vevhoti. Mubhadhari anogona kuwina ne 35% kana kuti kunyange 30% kana chishoro chikakakamukana pakati pavamwe vada kufunda vazhinji. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vazhinji vezvibvumirano vangave vakavhotera mumwe munhuwo zvake, vachideredza murairo womukundi uye kutenderwa kunonzi kwehurumende. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, boka rinogona kuumba hurumende zhinji neinopfuura 40% yevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika.

Kumirira Kupesana

FPTP inonyanyowandisa nenzira yakarongwa inogovera mapoka makurusa uye inomirira maduku zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mujarura rehurumende reCanada ra2019, Liberal Party yakawina 33% yevhoti asi yakawana 47% yezvigaro, nepo Green Party yakagamuchira 6,5% yevhoti asi 1% bedzi yezvigaro. Uku kusarura nokugoverana kwechigaro kunogona kutungamirira kukushatisa kwakapararira.

Kukamukana Kwenharaunda Nokuchinja Kwenzvimbo

FPTP inokurudzira mapati kuisa ngwariro pamaruwa anotenderera ndokufuratira zvigaro zvakakotsekana kana kuti nhare. Nokufamba kwenguva, ikoku kunogona kukudza mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika enharaunda, sezvo mapati anosona zvikuva kunzvimbo dzakati achiregeredza dzimwe. Nyika dzakadai seCanada neUnited Kingdom dzakaona kukamukana kwenzvimbo, nenharaunda dzose dzichivhota zvikuru nokuda kwebato rimwe, dzichideredza kubatana kwenyika.

Kushandiswa Kwezvisarudzo

Kuvhota kwakasarudzwa kwapakarepo (RCV), kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwapakarepo kana kuti kuvhota, kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vadzore munhevedzano yedavi pamuvhoti mumwe. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga wechoto, muvhoti wokutanga muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti wokutanga wehotera anobviswa, uye mabhora iwayo anogoverwazve kuvatendi vemubatanidzwa. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kutozosvikira wava nevoruzhinji. RCV unoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvorudzi nokuda kwa Games of Offices, marusarudzo apurezidhendi weIreland, uye mavhotaro omunzvimbomo muU. US. Sausta Francisco naNew York.

Betsero Dzechisarudzo Chakatsiga

Kusarudza Mazai Okufambisa Mazambiringa Akawedzerwa

RCV inosunungura vavhoti mu “chinosarira zvakaipa zviviri” chinetso. Panzvimbo pokuvhota nenzira yokutendeseka, vagari vemo vanogona kuisa vadaviri vose mumugariro wapamutemo, vachiziva kuti kana chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chikabviswa, vhoti yavo ichatama. Ikoku kunobvumira vavhoti kutsigira vavhoti vaduku pasina kutya kupambadza vhoti yavo, kuita kuti muvhoti aratidzire zvakaisvonaka zvishuvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukura Kunosangana Nokuderedza Kushanda Kwemhepo

Nemhaka yokuti RCV inopfuurira kutozosvikira mumwe mutsigiri ane voruzhinji, anokunda anosarudzwa nezvinopfuura 50% zvevhoti dzokupedzisira dzokupedzisira .* Anopa murairo wakajeka woruzhinji. Mukuwedzera, RCV inobvisa “muuyo wechitsoro,” apo mukwikwidzi wechitatu anosveta vhoti kubva kumutsigiri mukuru, achiparira mutsvaki muduku kuwina. Ikoku kunoita kuti sarudzo ive mukwikwikwidzani mukuru.

Kurudziro Yokushingaira Kwakanaka

Vatsigiri munhangemutange dzeRCV vanofanira kufadza kwete bedzi kunzvimbo yavo vamene asiwo kuvatsigiri vavamwe vaidiwa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvechipiri nerechitatu. Idzi sundo dzinodzivisa denho dzakaipa uye kutaura kwakaparadzana nemhaka yokuti vanoda kutevera kuda kuva chisarudzo chechipiri chavatsigiri vavo. Nzvero dzakawana kuti nhimbe dzeRCV dzinokombamira kuva dzisina kunyanyova dzakaipa uye dzinova dzenhau dzakawanda.

Mifanikiso Yakasiyana - siyana Nematura Akawanda

RCV inogona kugovera mufananidzo wakadzikama zvikuru kupfurikidza nokubvumira mapati kana kuti vadaviri kunze kwegadziriro yegamuchidzanwa yezvikamu zviviri kuwina zvigaro. Mumitemo mizhinji yewinner RCV (inonziwo vhoti inotakurika), inogonesa kuratidzira mativi echitatu, ichipa mativi aichingoda tsigiro yakafara yakavakirwa. Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera mhatsa yamanzwi mumirairo, kubatanidza vakadzi vazhinji navadaviri vakabva munzanga dzinopinzwa pasi.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzokusarudza

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Vatsigiri Vemabhuku Nevakuru Vakuru Vehurumende

Kuda kuwanda kwevanoda kutendwa kunogona kuvhiringidza, zvikurukuru kuvavhoti vakwegura kana kuti vakadzidza zvishoma. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti zvikanganiso zvokuvhota bhasikoro zvokusasarura zvakadai sevanoda kurasika kana kuti kusvetuka panzvimbo dzepamusoro (ndavarwi) zvinowanzozivikanwa zvikuru muRCV. Vatungamiriri vezvirongwa vanodawo rovedzo yakawanda kuti vaverenge mapepa anoshandisa mitsetse mizhinji, uye muitiro wokusimbisa gandanga unogona kutora mazuva kana kuti kunyange mavhiki mumakwikwidzano akarende.

Kusarudza Kunodhura Kwakareba Uye Kunodhura Zvikuru

Sarudzo yeRCV inodhura zvikuru kutungamirira. Kune ndyiko dzenhimbe dzedzidzo yavose, macolot akagadzirirwa, uye michina mitsva yokugadzira zvinhu. Kuverenga kunononoka nemhaka yokuti marota enzvimbo imwe neimwe anofanira kuiswa pakati, kunononoka miuyo yokupedzisira. Mumitengo yakakwirira yemitengo sesarudzo, uku kunonoka kunogona kuparira kusavimba nokusavimba.

Mabharuti Akaneta Nechinofungidzirwa Kufanorongerwa

Kana muvhoti asingarongi vose kana kuti kana vose vadaviri vavo vakagadzwa vachibviswa pamberi pokupedzisira, korovha yavo inova “vanetswa” uye haichavikizve kumuuyo wokupedzisira. Mune kumwe kusarudza kweRCV, mwero inoneta inosvika 10-20%, kureva chikamu chikuru chevoki havana chavanotaura mukukwikwidzana kwokupedzisira. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza gutsikano yose zvayo nomuvhoti.

Zvaigona Kuguma Nemigumisiro Isingafungidzirwi

Kunyange zvazvo RCV ichideredza kurangarira kwakanaka, haisati ichidzivisika chose chose. vamwe vavhoti vangasarudza kusaisa mutungamiriri akasimba, vachikarira kubetsera mutsvaki wechokushandira wechipiri kuwina. Uyezve, nhevedzano yokubvisa inogona kuita miuyo inopesana neizvo voruzhinji vangada kudai vaiziva kuti zvinoda zvingawedzera sei. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti RCV inogona kuita “kuparadzanisa” kushambadza kwokukurumidza kunokanganisa mugumisiro wokupedzisira.

Kuongorora FPTP neRCV Kunoenzanisa

Kubatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Gadziriro dzeFPTP kazhinji kazhinji dzinoodza mwoyo mumaruwa umo boka rimwe riri guru, nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanonzwa kuva kwavo havasati vachizoita musiano. muUnited States, sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzinoona kukwirira kukuru kupfuura manhambo apakati, murutivi nemhaka yesimba rezvokuvhota. RCV, nokupesana, kuvhota nokukwirira kwakakwirira mune dzimwe mativi. Somuenzaniso, data inobva kuMinnesotacia[FL:1] inoratidza wedzero dzine mwero pashure pokugamuchira RCV, sezvinobvira nemhaka yokuti kwezva kwavo kucharemekedzwa kunyange kana chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chikarambwa.

Kumirira uye Kuzivisa

FPTP inomirira nenzira yakarongwa kumativi makurusa. Pasi peRCV apo inoshandiswa mumaruwa anewinner, kumirira kunoramba kuri kukuru asi kwakarurama zvikuru kuzvisarudzo zvomuvhoti. Zvisinei, mawinner RCV bedzi (vhota inopfuudzwa imwe) anowana windero yechokwadi. Mumiganhu yose iri miviri, nhau dzeruwa: FPTPPPPP inogona kubudisazve mufananidzo wakasiana - siana kana maruwa akagadzirirwa kuva makwikwi, nepo RCV anogona kusimudzira mirangariro mimwe cheteyo kana ikashandiswa muzvigaro zvewinner mumwe nemiganhu.

Kubatsira Kunoita Hurukuro Yematongerwe Enyika

FPP inotusa kutaura kunopa muganhu wenzvimbo inosimudzirwa kudivi rinopa simba pabato, nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwokuvhota bedzi hwokutanga. Ikoku kunogona kusunda hyperpartisant nenhinhiro yakaipa. RCV incenticives survices survices; vanoda kukwezva vhoti dzechipiri nedzechitatu dzinobva kuvatsigiri vevakwikwidzani. Ufakazi hwechiEmpiri hunobva ku [[FLT: 0] nzvero dzeSarudzo dzeAustralia dzinoratidzira kuti RCV inotungamirira kukushambadza kushambadza kushomanenesa kwakaipa nekurukurirano inovakamura, kunyange zvazvo muuyo usingawiriraniswi zvose.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Kwechiito Chose uye Kuvimba Nevamwe

Mupasi peFPTP, kwakakurumbira kuti muwinwi ave nevoruzhinji vakakurumbira apo anenge akabata ruzhinji rwezvigaro. Uku “kuchinja” kunogona kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu mumuitiro wokuvhota uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende. RCV nguva dzose inoparira mukuhwina nevoruzhinji muruwariro rwokupedzisira, kupa mukundi murairo wetsika wakasimba zvikuru. Zvisinei, kana mwero wokuneta kwebhorati yakakwirira, voruzhinji vokupedzisira vangamirira chikamu bedzi chechisarudzo chose chose, kuchideredza murairo iwoyo.

Kushandiswa Chaiko Kwenyika Nedenho

Zvidzidzo zveFPTP

Sarudzo dza 2019 ne 2021 dzehurumende dzinoenzanisira zvakajeka kubvisa FPTP. Vagari veLiberal Party vakawina 33% vezvigaro asi 47% zvezvigaro muna 2019, nepo vaConservative vakagamuchira 34% vevhoti asi 37% bedzi vezvigaro. Green Parti yakawana 6.5% yevhoti uye 0. Pasinei zvapo netsigiro yakapararira yavose yemuvhiyi, Hurumende yeLiberra yakasiya vimbiso yokutsiva FPTP pashure pedare reparameary rakafa muUnion, FPPPP yatungamirira kuparadzwa kweLiber Demoractracts muna 2015, apo vakawana zvigaro zvinomwe zvinopetwa 7,7, asi vaRevil.[9]

Nzvero Dzapanhau dzeRCV

Australia yashandisa RCV (inonzi “kuvhota”) nokuda kweNzvimbo yayo yeVamiririri kubvira muna 1918. Gadziriro inowanzoita hurumende dzakawanda, asi inomanikidzawo mapoka makuru maviri kukurukura nebato duku uye magariro azvidivi nokuda kwezvisarudzo, kuwedzera kurukurirano yemitemo. muUnited States, Maine akava nyika yokutanga kushandisa RCV nokuda kwesarudzo yehurumende muna 2018. Studies of Maine’s 2018 ne 2020 yemasangano anoratidza kuti RCV yakabvisa muuyo wemuparadzi, yakabvumira vapari vechitatu kuti vafambi vapfumi vapfuure pasina kutya kuva vanopamba zvinhu, uye vakabudisa vanopfuura 50% vevhoti yokupedzisira. New York City yakashandisa RV nokuda kwe 201, uye kurangarira kwemavhiki akakodzera, zvakagamuchirwa zvikuru.

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka

Nhema dzinopfuurira ndedzokuti RCV yakanyanyooma kuvavhoti. Zvisinei, mashoko okunyora akabva San Francisco naMinneapolis anoratidza kuti inopfuura 99% yamaroti anozadzwa zvakarurama pashure pokunge aitwa pakutanga, uye nhamburiko dzedzidzo dzinokurumidza kuderedza zvikanganiso. Chimwe chikanganiso ndechokuti RCV inobetsera vadavi nguva dzose. Kureva izvi, RCV inogona kuparira migumisiro inoparira zvimwe kuva netsitsi dzine mwero kana kuti dzinofambira mberi, zvichitsamira pakuti zvinoda kuzviita zvinowirirana sei.

Nguva Yemberi Yechinjo Yakanaka

Sezvo kusagutsikana neFPTP kunowedzera, dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kurangarira RCV kana kuti gadziriro dzinotsiva dzakafanana nedzinoiswa mumativi akavhengana. Purogiramu dzePilot mumaguta eU.S. dzakabvumikisa kuva kweRCV pamwero womunzvimbomo, uye Hurumende dzinoverengeka(kubatanidza Alaska naNevada) dzakagamuchirwa RCV nokuda kwesarudzo dzakati. Zvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvinoramba zviri muinvertijantia: zvirongwa zvemabhizimisi zvinosarudzwa pasi peFPPPP zvinozengu kudisa kuchinja gadziriro inovaita kuti vadzore simba. Zvisinei, masangano euswa nebistarian bistant anoramba achigamuchira nokuda kwechinjo, kutaura kuti gadziriro yokuvhotera yakawanda neyakavimbika inodikanwa nokuda kwoutano hwehurumende.

Pakupedzisira, zvose zviri zviviri zvakapfuura noMutengi weProced Voling zvinotakura zvinhu zvinotanhamara zvokushambadzira. FPTP inopa kupfava uye kumirira kwakasimba kwomunzvimbomo pamutengo wevhoti dzinopambadzwa nemukurumbira. RCV inogovera kutaura kwakaisvonaka nemigumisiro mizhinji asi inoda kuoma zvikuru nepfuma. Chisarudzo pakati pazvo chinotsamira pane zvinotanhanhanhanhanhanwa zvenzanga: kana vachikoshesa kutsunga negamuchidzanwa kana kuti kuiswa kwapamutemo kwechido chakakurumbira. Sezvo gakavadzano pamusoro pechinjo dzinosarudzwa dzinochinja nyika yose, kunzwisisa kwakajeka kweizvi kutengeserana kunokosha nokuda kwavoki, vadzidzisi, varayiridzi, uye vaiti.