Ukama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwevagari vemo hunomirira mashoko makuru euzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Inhau inogara nguva refu yenzira yokuyananisa nayo kudikanwa kwechiremera cheboka nerusununguko rwemunhu oga. Kuvambira pakurukurirano dzekare dzeRepublic yaPlato kusvikira kurwisano dzazvino uno pamusoro penzvero dzemichina, nzanga dzakarwisana nokurondedzera ukoshi hwesimba rehurumende hwapamutemo. Ukama hahusi muitiro wakapfava wakapfava; itsika yakaoma iyo utano hwehurumende inotsamira pakuwana ganhuriro ine simba guru. Kana simba rehurumende risingadzorwi uye richibudirira chose chose. Apo rusununguko rwehurumende runoshati runobatwa serudzorwa chose chose chose uye rusina muganhu, chikanganiso chinogona kukurira, pakupedzisira kubvisa rusununguko rumene rwava runotsvaka kudzivirira. Kunzwisisa uku kuoma itsika kuoma hakusi kurovedza kwedzidzo; ibasa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi kana kuti anodzora.

Mavambo Echiremera Chehurumende

Kutendeseka kwehurumende kunobva pamisero mikuru inoverengeka yerondedzero yakavapo mumazana emakore yepfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzidziso Yenzanga

Tsika yenzanga inogovera gadziriro inopesvedzera zvikurusa yokunzwisisa mavambo neganhuriro zvesimba rehurumende. Thomas Hobbes, achinyora mumumvuri weHondo yeChivili cheMitengi, yaitaurwa mu Leviathan[ (1651) kuti pasina simba rimwe chete rokuchengeta munhu ari wose ari murutyo, upenyu hungava "hondo yavose," inoratidzirwa seyakaregeredza, ine urombo, inoshatisisa, uye pfupi. Nokuda kwaHobbas, vanhu vanobvumirana nenzira ine mufungo kupa rusununguko rwavo rwomuzvarirwo kuchiremera chakakwana mukutsinhanhanisa nokuda kwechengeteka nenhevedzano. Simba rakakwirira, raingobvumirwa, rakakwana nemhaka yokuti njodzi ipi neipi ingadzoswa kumugariro wokusikwa.

John Locke akapa chiono chakasununguka zvikuru chebvumirano yenzanga. Mu Specond Treactive of Government, Locke akapikisa kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu zviripo pamberi pokuumbwa kwehurumende. Chinangwa chikuru chehurumende kudzivirira idzi kodzero dzapamberi pezvisati zvaitika. Crucily, Colle yakataura kuti kana hurumende iputsa kodzero idzi nokushandisa nenzira yamaune kana kuti isina kubvumira kwevadzorwi, vagari vemo vane kodzero yokuchinja. Chirongwa ichi chinopesvedzera zvikuru kuvambwa kweAmerica negadziriro yeU.S.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau akakarakadza mhatsa huru yechitatu yerondedzero yenzanga. Mu Contract [1762]), Rousseau akarangarira kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chiri pa "chido chenhaka". "Izvichaitwa neboka revagari vemo zvinonangidzirwa pazvakanaka zvavose. Kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi muchisiko chemitemo, vanhu havasi kuzviisa pasi pechiremera chekunze asi panzvimbo pokuteerera mitemo yavakazvipa vamene. Uku simbiso pauchangamire hwakakurumbira uye kutora rutivi kwakananga kwakanyandura masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu asi kunomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero dzechikamu chiduku zvinopesana nezvinodiwa nevoruzhinji.

Kurwisana Kunoitwa Nomutemo

Nyanzvi yezvemagariro avanhu Max Weber akagovera rondedzero yazvino uno, yemifungo yakapiwa yehurumende inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa simba rehurumende. Yakakurumbira kurondedzera nyika senzanga yavanhu iyo inotaura nenzira inobudirira kuti inoshanda nenzira yapamutemo yokushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba romuviri [[ mukati menzvimbo yakapiwa. Iyi rondedzero inosimbisa kuoma kukuru pamwoyo wehurumende yokudzora. Mutezo wehurumende wokumanikidza ndiwo unoibvumira kumanikidza mitemo, kuchengeta nhevedzano, uye kudzivirira nyika. Zvisinei, kuti simba chairo rinoparira tyisidziro hurusa kurusununguko kana isingadzorwi zvakafanira nomutezo womutemo, kuzvidavirira, kudzivirira kwoutongi hwehurumende. Mubvunzo we [FF:]

Kutendeseka Nokubvumirana

Kuti simba rehurumende rive rakatsiga uye rinobudirira pasina kuda simba renguva dzose, rinofanira kurangarirwa serapamutemo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Kutendeseka kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunotorwa mumanyuko anoverengeka. Chiremera chetsika chinotsamira patsika nemuenzaniso wenhau. Chiremera chechiremera chinobva pamavara akasiyana echienzi omutungamiriri. Nokuda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazvino uno, chimiro chakakodzera zvikurusa ndicho chiremera chapamutemo, icho chinosimurirwa mutsika yemitemo yakagadzwa, miitiro, uye bumbiro remitemo. Kutonga muiyi ndima ino inotsamira pamvumo yechisarudzo chamagariro, kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvamaganhuro zvama, masangano anoratidzira, uye miitiro yapamutemo inoregwa. Apo hurumende inorasikirwa nouhuhuhuhuru, simba rayo rinova hudzokorokorokorokorokorokororo, kazhinji kazhinji kutungamirira kunyongano yavagari vemo vomunyika kana kuti voumbi.

Kugadzirwa Kwerusununguko Rwechibage

Rusununguko rwehurumende, runowanzotaurwa nezvarwo serusununguko rwevagari vemo kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu, runobatira sedziviriro huru mukurwisana nevane simba rehurumende vanonyengerwa.

Rusununguko Rwakanaka

Muzivi Isaya Berlin anosiyanisa pakati perusununguko rwakaipa norwunovaka zvinogovera chishandiso chine simba chokunzwisisa mifungo yakasiana yorusununguko. Rusununguko rwechinjo [ kubva kubva[[FLT]] kudzongonyedzwa. Inopindura mubvunzo: "Panzvimbo yandinosiiwa kuti ndiite zvandinokwanisa kuita pasina kudzorwa nevamwe vanhu?" Ikoku kunobatanidza rusununguko rwakakurumbira: parusununguko rwokunzvera, mukusungwa kusina mufungo. Nhoroondo, mazarira, kutarira misengwa mikuru yenyika sezvo vanhu vaisiya vari voga kuti vazvironde.

Rusununguko rwekudzora zviito zvangu, mukupesana, rusununguko [[FT:2] ku[[FLT:]] kudzora upenyu hwomunhu amene ndokuita kuti munhu ave nebviro yakazara. Inopindura mubvunzo: "Ndiani anodzora mabasa angu? Kutsigira rusununguko rwakananga kunotaura kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi harudi kungoda kusavapo kwevhiringidzwa chete asiwo mano okuita chiito. Ikoku kunogona kururamisa mugariro unoshingaira unogovera dzidzo, ungwaru, uye chengeteko rwemari, zvinogonesa vanhu vamwe navamwe kushandisa ungwaru hune revo. Kuoma kweiyi mifungo miviri iri pamwoyo yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvinotevedzana, kubatanidza avo vari pamusoro poutano hwapachena, utano hwehurumende, uye gadziriro yemari.

Zvizvarwa Zvekodzero Dzevanhu

Mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu wakabatanidza rusununguko rukuru kuva "zvizvarwa. maruramiro okutanga echizvarwa chavanhu namaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika: rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, rudzidziso, maruramiro okuvhota, uye maruramiro kumuedzo wakarurama. Idzodzi ikodzero dzakashata zvikurukuru dzinoda mugariro kurega mabasa akati. [FLT:] [FLT]] maruramiro echizvarwa ikodzero dzemari, nzanga, uye kodzero dzetsika: dzidzo yakarurama kurwendo, chengeteko, uye mibairo yezvipo. Ikodzero dzakarurama dzinoda mugariro nemhindu pakati pezvibvumirano zvemari. Uko kunowanzo kubetsera migariro yenzanga. [FLT:]

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo Nedziri Munyika Dzose

Hurumende inovaka pamutemo nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwehurumende inowanzova chinyorwa chebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, mutongo wekodzero, uye mutongi akazvimirira akapiwa simba rokuita izvi pasimba rehurumende. Bhishopu yekodzero dzeU.S. inogovera tendero chaiyo, inoronga zvinorambidza kuita basa rehurumende. Pamwero wemarudzi ose, pamutemo [[FLD]] Chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu [[FLT] [UR:] [UR] [UD]) inomirira kubvumirana kwenyika yose pakodzero dzinokosha. Yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations muna 1948, UDHR yanyandura zviri pamutemo mibatanidzwa nezvibvumirano zvakawanda. Kunzwisisa izvi kugovera nheyo yepamutemo nokuda kwokuongorora simba uye rusununguko runorondedzerwa. [FFF] [FF]

Kudzikama Kukuru Mumuitiro Wenhau

Kupesana kwepfungwa kwesimba norusununguko kunova kwechokwadi uye kwokukurumidzira munhau nemitemo.dzikamo yacho haichinji; inochinja - chinja mukupindura hondo, njodzi, masangano enzanga, uye kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Nhoroondo Dzezviitiko Zvokupenya

Magna Carta wa1215 anowanzodudzwa segwaro rehwaro rehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Yakatanga nheyo yokuti mambo amene akanga ari pasi pomutemo uye yakavimbisa maruramiro akati kusunungura vanhu. ChiNgezi Bill wekodzero dzavanhu muna 1689 chakaganhurirazve simba roumambo, chinosimbisa chiremera cheparamende, uye maruramiro anodzivirira akadai sokukumbira mambo norusununguko pachirango chene utsinye nechisina kufanira. Chinjo yeAmerica (1775 -783) yakanga iri denho yakananga kune izvo vagari vomubatanidzwa vamo vakarangarira sehurumende inodzvinyirira uye kuva nesimba rinokurira. Declaration of Independence inosimbisa nheyo yeRekostation inorected nheyo yemitemo yeKolcean iyo hurumende inowana masimba avo akarurama pabvumirano inodzorwa uye kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okuparadza hurumende. Kuchinja kweFrance, neKuzivisa Kwakodzero kwadzoro yeMagariro avanhu uye kugadza Hurumende zvapamutemo zvakafanana, yakatsvaka kugadza maruramiro akakurumbira uye kusimba.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kuedza Kwakachena Nekwazvino"

Miganhu chaiyoiyo yerusununguko rwevagari vemo inowanzorondedzerwa kwete navazivi asi navatongi vanorwisana nerwisano chaidzoidzo dzenyika. "clear nengozi iripo" muedzo, unoziviswa neMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. mu Scheck. United States[FL:] [1919], inomirira kuedza kwokukurumidza kurondedzera miganhu yekutaura kwakasununguka. Holmes yakataura kuti Kugadzikanya Kusingadzivisi munhu mutsika inotsvikinyinyinyiwa, nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwakadaro kunoparira ngozi yazvino unovara nokukuvara. Njokasa. Njoka yeNyika inova yakaisvonaka: [FFFOF:] muN] [FOF] V[34] v.[FFFON] [F]

Rusununguko Rwenyika Yose Rwavanhu Vose

Iyi zvichida ndiyo dzvinyiriro yakakomba zvikurusa uye inopfuurira mukutonga kwazvino uno. Pashure pedenho dzamagandanga dzaSeptember 11, 2001, hurumende yeU.S. yakagadza USA PATRIOT Act, iyo yakakudza zvikuru masimba okunzvera, kubatanidza kukwanisa kuwana mapepa ebhizimisi neraibhurari, uye kuvandudza kugoverana. Kubatanidzwa pamusoro poungwaru, kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa, uye kushandiswa kwewaya isina pamutemo (sezvinoziviswa nemurwi wokutyaira Edward Snowden) kupfuurira kwakananga kwerwisano yamazana amakore pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko. Chiono chetsika che "kurova nguva yebhomba" chishandisiro chakakurumbira chinoshandiswa kuedza miganhuro yorusununguko mukurwisana netyisidziro inozivikanwa navose. Iyi mibvunzo inomutsa zvikuru ndeye kuti tisuwo sei nokuda kwekuzvipira? Chinotoko chatinongova chakachengeteka here?

Miganhu Yepanguva Ino Yenharo Yacho

Unyanzvi hutsva hwokugadzira zvinhu uye zvinetso zvenzanga zviri kumuka zviri kuita kuti miganhu yeukama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwehurumende ipinde munzvimbo isina kuzivikanwa.

Panoptini

Mano ezvose zviri zviviri masangano ehurumende namasangano avanhu kuunganidza, kunzvera, uye kuchengeta zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko omunhu oga akaparira chinjo inoderedza mano okunzvera. Nharo pamusoro pokunyora nokunyora mashoko enhema (kuedza kuvanza kunoitwa kuti kuongororwa kwomutemo kushandiswe), kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva chiso nemapurisa, uye kutarisirwa kwezvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga nokuda kwetyisidziro dzingangomutsa mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pekodzero yokuva woga yomuzana ramakore rechi21. Dare reEurope reSangano reMitemo yeTemhenitsi dzinodzivirira Regtemple (GPR) rinomirira kuedza zvakasimba kudzorazve kuzivikanwa kwomunhu oga, kupa kodzero dzakasimba dzokuwana, dzokuwana, dzakarurama, uye kubvisa mashoko omunhu oga. Izvi zvinoparira kunetseka kwehurumende nokubvumira zvose zviri zviviri kuva vogariranwa kuti vachengeterwe uye vatenge mari nokuda kwemari nokuda kwemari yokuwana mari.

Utano Hwevanhu Vose Norusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Nhenda yecovid-19 yakaunza kusawirirana pakati pechiremera chehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu oga mumurangariro wakapinza wakapinza uye uri pedyo nokuda kwamabhiriyoni avanhu. Kumira pasi, zvirairo zvekugara pamusha, zvikumbiro zvemabhastiki, kuvharwa kwebhizimisi, uye zvinodikanwa zvepasipoti yenhomba zvinobatanidza hurumende dzinoshandisa simba risina muenzaniso romunhu oga muzita routano hwavanhu. Ikoku kwakamutsa gakava renhau yakakomba rapamutemo neretsika pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba rehurumende, basa rakafanira resayenzi mukutonga kwehurumende yedemocracy, uye ganhuriro pakati pekotsekano yeboka nechiremera chomunhu oga. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvakaedza miganhuro isina muenzaniso yechiremera choutano hwehurumende uye kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penzi pamusoro penzira pamusoro penzi pamusoro penzira pamusoro pezvinoitwa neutano zvenzanga munzanga mukati moutano hwavose.

Kuwanwa Kwemadhimocratic Norms

Mumasangano akawanda ehurumende anosarudzwa navanhu akatangwa uye ari kutanga, simba rehurumende rinosimbiswa munzira dzinoparadza rusununguko rwevagari vemo pasina kuputsa bumbiro remitemo. Ichi chinoitika, chinowanzorondedzerwa sechidzoreso chehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kana kuti kudzorwa kwematongerwe enyika, chinobatanidza kuderera kwemasangano ehurumende nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nzira dzinobatanidza kudzorwa kwemasangano ehurumende nemitemo inosarudzwa navanhu. Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende, kushatisa kuderera kwebasa renyika yose rehurumende kuvhozhozhokeri, kudzorwa kwezvitengonyedzo kunoitwa nevedzero dzehurumende, uye kudzorwa kwegadziriro yetsika dzehurumende nedzero. [[FLT:] Kusunungurwa muzvinyorwa zveNyika neRberberhoom House kusingadzokerwi norusununguko rwenyika yose, kupfurikidza nokusaidzosera kupfurikidza nesimba rinodzorwa norusununguko rwehurumende.

Mabhuroku Anoita Zvemapuranga

Kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro poukama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokusimudzira ruzivo, kuvimbisana, uye vagari vemo vanotsungirira.

Zvikoro Zvehurumende Nekurambidzwa Kwakaitwa

Kusawirirana kwomuzvarirwo muuyu musoro kunoita kuti kuve kwakakodzera nokuda kwemisangano yevafundisi nenharo dzakarongwa. Mibvunzo mikuru inogona kunyandura kubvunza kukuru: Ko chengeteko chinodikanwa nokuda kworusununguko here, kana kuti muvengi worusununguko? Kunofanira kuva neganhuriro dzipi nedzipi parusununguko rwokutaura here? Ko nzanga yakarurama inoronga zvinhu kana kuti rusununguko? Kupfurikidza nokupinda muiyi mibvunzo, vadzidzi vanodzidza kujekesa nzvimbo dzakajeka, kuteerera mirangariro inopesana, uye vanoshandisa ufakazi kutsigira nharo dzavo.

Kudzidza Nemienzaniso Zvinokonzerwa Nechinetso

Mifanikiso yedare ichishandiswa chinoshanda zvikuru pakudzidzisa nezvesimba norusununguko. Kuenzanisira kweModel Congress uko vadzidzi vanonyora mutemo pamusoro pekuvigirwa kwemashoko kana kuti chengeteko yenyika inovamanikidza kuti vatamburire kushandura mipimo isina kujeka mumitemo yekongiri. Kuenzanisira kwedare kwemunhu kwakavakirwa panhau yedare guru kunoda vadzidzi kupikisana nenhau yemitemo, vachitanga kunzwisisa zvakadzama pfungwa dzepamutemo. Chirwereso, zvakadai sokupindura tyisidziro yemagandanga kana kuti njodzi youtano yavose, chinobvumira vadzidzi kuwana dzvinyiriro dzinotungamirira hurumende kukudziridza simba ravo munguva chaiyoiyo. Uku kudzidza kunoshingaira kunoparira kunzwisisa kusingaperi.

Nzira Yokudzidzisa Nayo Vara

Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakashandisa kwenguva refu mutoo wenhau kunzvera nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye mutoo uyu unogona kugadzirirwa nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwedzidzo yesekondari neyakakwirira. Panzvimbo pokurava bedzi pfupi yebhuku, vadzidzi vanorava nhau yedare chaiyoiyo (zvakadai [[FLT: 0]]Tiker v. Des Moines[ pakutaura kwavadzidzi, [[FLT]]], [[FLT]]] , [[FLT]]] , zivisa mipimo inopesana padanda, kurangarira kurangarira, uye kurangarira mirangariro. Mumanyuko makurusa echikoro, kana kuti [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]] [4]]. Johnson v.[FLT] [FLT]] [4]) kubva kumipato mukuru mukuru wehurumende.[4], Jins, anowana `4]

Basa Rinopfuurira Rodzikamo

Ukama pakati pesimba rehurumende nerusununguko rwevagari vemo hachisi chinetso chinofanira kupedzwa chose chose, asi mugariro une simba unofanira kudzorwa nokusingaperi. Idzvinyiriro yechigarire inoratidzira rudzi rwavanhu ruviri runodikanwa nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri chengeteko nekodzero. Democracy yakanaka haisati iri iyo yakaita iyi dzikamo yakakwana muimwe nzira yokupedzisira, yakarerekera. Panzvimbo pezvo, inzanga inochengeta masangano akasimba, judicary anozvimirira, muchina wakasununguka, uye tsika dzevagari vemo vanoshingaira dzinodikanwa nguva dzose kupindura zvinetso zvitsva. Nokuti vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vemo vese havasati vari kuwana mhinduro imwe, yokupedzisira kumubvunzo wesimba guru rinofanira kuva naro. Njongodziro inova inova inonaka mumibvunzo, kunzwisisa mifungo mikuru, kurangarira nokubatanidzwa nokubudirira kukuita basa mukuita nzanga yose iri yose iri mbiri.