Ziviso: Chisimba Chinorwisa

Chikwata chinenge chisati chiri chigadziko hacho chisati chiri chinhu chisiri chepamutemo; chombo chemitemo chakarondedzera mutevedzeri weUnited States Serten kwaanodokusvika mazana maviri amakore. Chinogonesa mutevedzeri mumwe kana kuti mubatanidzwa muduku kumisa kana kuti kunonozetsa mutongo kupfurikidza nokutambanudza kupfurikidza nokurebesa. Iri simba rokudzivisa razova pakati pegadziriro yedare, kumanikidza zvinodikanwa zvemirayiro zvakakwirira pamitemo mizhinji. Kunzwisisa Dare rePrinester kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoedza kunzwisisa chikonzero nei Dare remitemo richifamba zvishoma nezvishoma, chikonzero nei mitemo yemabhiparti ichida kukurukurirana, uye chikonzero nei kudzo yava rutivi runopfuurira rwehurumende yeAmerica. Chishandiso chakarumbidzwa chinorumbidzwa sechiduku chekodzero uye sechinoshongoriso. Nyaya inopa, kunzvera kukuru munhau yaro, yenhau yehondo, yehondo inoteveri mberi.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yenhau

Musoro Unokosha Zvikurusa: Hapana Mutemo Wokuzvitsvakira

United States Constitution inopa simba rimwe nerimwe reCongress rokugadza mitemo yayo imene. MuDare rapakuvamba, pakanga pasina mutoo wokutanga nawo kukurukura. Vagadziri vaigona kutaura chero bedzi sezvavaida panhau ipi neipi. Nhamba yokutanga yakanyorwa yekurukurirano yakarebeswa yakaitirwa kudzongonyedza yakaitika muna 1837, apo John C. Calhoun weSouth Carolina akataura kwevhiki dzakapesana nomutemo waizodaidzikisa zvinhu zvine chokuita nouranda mutsamba. Calhoun yakanga isati iri yokupwisa asi kumisa. Iyi yakanga iri nzira itsva uye yakakweva pashoko rechiSpanish [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [12] [12], inoratidzira kuvhozhozhokera kwapa kuvhozhokera kwenguva.

Kutanga kweFilibuster Mukupera Kwezana Remakore rechi19

Muitiro wacho wakava nesimba pashure peHondo yevagari vemo. Sezvo Dare rakava risingadzoreki zvikuru, mapoka maduku akashandiswa kuuraya zvikwereti zvaaishora. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvaibatanidza nhamburiko neMadokero Democrat kumisa mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu muma1870. Pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, chikwata cheReligionbuster chakanga chava chishandiso chakajekeswa chokumisa. Muna 1917, Dare rakabvumira Kuvhota kwakakwirira kwembiri kuisa mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo uye kugumisa. Uku kwakanga kuri kupindura kwakananga kuna Purezidhendi Woodwalrow Wilson nechinjo yake yedakero yake yengarava yezvokutengeserana yakashongeswa. Asi bhiro yechipfungwe yechipfungwe yakaresanurwa kudarika 9664 kubva kumavhoti 96.

Kodzero Huru Dzavagari Vemo Dzinorwisana Nevanhu

Kushandiswa kukurusa kwechikwata chenhaka kwakauya munguva yekodzero dzevanhu. Muna 1957, Senator Strom Thurmond yeSouth Carolina yakataura kwemaawa 24 ne 18 (jeresa resolofibuster munhau) achirwisana neChibvumirano chekodzero dzechiningwa cha1957. Kutaura kwake kwakanga kuri kwokuverenga mitemo inovhota, nyaya dzedare, uye kunyange mutemo weReformation of Independence. Asi zviitiko izvi zvakanyanya zvakaitika muna 1964, apo mubatanidzwa weMadomendi weSommater Senators wakarwisa chibvumirano chezuva 75 paChibvumirano chekodzero dzeChivilic Act. Chirevongo chapfuura bedzi pashure pevhoti yechivhoti yehurumende yakatsiva 71-29, kodzero dzehurumende dzakararama panguva yokutanga. Zviitiso izvi zvakabatanidza chikwata chehurumende chorudzi rwaMadokeromezi yehurumende kuti chichengetedze rudzi rwedzinza.

Michina Yefirimu Yazvino Uno

Mhuka: Inongopukunyuka

Mumirairo yeDare yazvino, kuvhara kunoda kuti kukwirira kutatu kwemitumbi mitatu (60 mu100 vakoma) kupedze kurukurirano pazvinhu zvizhinji. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kana vatambi 41 vakabatanidza, vanogona kuvhara chikamu chipi nechipi chemitemo kutoti vatungamiriri vavhota 60. Muitiro unoshanda sezvinotevera: chiratidzo chedare chine vavariro kuvana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nenzira isina kurongwa kupfurikidza nokuramba kubvumira kupfuurira. Mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru mukuru wezvo anoisa dare , icho chinofanira kuibva nokuda kwezuva rimwe remitemo pamberi pokuvhota. Kana kuvhota kupfumba kusati kwasvika, mutambi mumwe nomumwe angataura nokuda kweawa imwe parusarupi, ipapo kuvhota kwokupedzisira. Pasi pokuvhota, muromo wacho unofa zvakanaka.

Marudzi eFilibusters

  • Kutaura kwechinyakare: Mutengi anobata uriri, achitaura nguva dzose kunonotsa kuvhota. Ikoku kunoda simba, kugadzirira, uye kuramba kutera nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi. Dare harigoni kuitisa rimwe bhizimisi apo mutarisiri anenge achengeta uriri, achiita iyi nzira yakakwirira yokushandisa.
  • FILIBUSTEN: Chifo cha 1970, Dare rashanda mu “nzira mbiri” inobvumira kuti zvikwereti zvakawanda zvirangarirwe zvakafanana. Mutengi anogona kungoramba kuti arambe, uye pasina 60 vhoti dzokukumbira kuvhara, muromo wacho unoreruswa. Hapana kutaura chaikoiko kunodikanwa. Mwanairubuster akanyarara ava mupimo nemhaka yokuti zviri nyore zvikuru uye hazvishamisi. Vatsoropotedzi vakashandura mwana mujara rokutaura kuva muboka renhau rokugadzira.
  • Zitsana-Filibuster: Kunyange pashure pokunge kurova kwakumbirwa, kugadziriswa kwose kunofanira kuva kwapashoma, uye nguva yekurukurirano yakaganhurirwa. Zvisinei, vashori vanogona kushandisa kumhanya kweprocedtural kuti vanonoze (somuenzaniso, kuraira kurira kwemavhoti echikamu kana kuti kumanikidza kuvhota panhau dzisina kuwirirana. Iyi nzira “kuzadza muti wekupera kwegundikaro” inogona kupedza mazuva.

Zvakasiyana - siyana: Uko Filibuster Isingashandisi

Mabhizimisi ose eDare haasi e60 epakarepo.

  • Reconst: Bhautari Act ya 1974 yakatanga muitiro chaiwo wemitemo inotapura zvakananga mari, mari inotengwa, kana kuti muganhu wechikwereti. Zvikwereti zvokuyananisa hazvigoni kunzi zvinoda voruzhinji bedzi (55 vhota pamwe naPresidenti) kuti zvipfuure. Izvi zvazova chishandiso chikuru chechinjo dzemiitiro pakuchinja mitero, chengeteko yeutano, uye garikano, asi zvinoganhurirwa neByrd, inoganhurira gadziriro dzinodzorwa.
  • Zvinoshanda neChibvumikiso chaMagweta: Muna 2013, Democrates akashandisa “chisarudzo chenyukireya” kugumisa chisakiso chenyuklear , kuti chipedzise chipfupi navatongi vebazu vapamusoro zvikurusa, vachida bedzi voruzhinji nokuda kwokuruma. Muna 2017, Republican yakatambanudzira iyoyi kuDare Rapamusoro-soro. Zvino mabhii ose anohesvurwa pachinodikanwa 60-voti, kunyange zvazvo mutemo uchiramba uri pasi payo.
  • Hurumende yeTrade: Zvimwe zvikwereti zvebhizimisi zvinorangarirwa pasi pemirau inoganhurira kurukurirano nokudzivisa kugadziriswa, kuchidzivisa vanambuya.
  • Power Resolutions : Act yeWar Powers inobvumira rangariro yakarongwa nevhoti yakapfava kugumisa kurukurirano pachisarudzo chinoraira kubviswa kwamauto.

Tapuro Pamitemo Nokutonga

Kuvhara Sorudzi, Kwete Chinyamututa

Chinodikanwa cha 60 chakaita Dare nzvimbo hurusa yemitemo. Chifo cha1970, chiverengero chekufamba kwemagiramu kwakaiswa chakawedzera zvikuru: kuvambira pa40 muma 1960 kusvikira kuinopfuura 200 muma 2010. Ichi chikwaniriso chamaprocedualtural chinoratidzira muganhu mukuru. Chikwereti chinoita kuti chiverengero chiduku chamakambani 41 chigone kuvhara zvikwereti zvakachengetwa, kunyange apo murangariro wavose unofarirwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Drem (chinodzivirira vatamikidziridzo vakaunzwa savana) chakakundikana fambiro mberi pasinei zvapo netsigiro huru. Nenzira yakafanana, zvikwereti zvepfuti, pamutemo wezvomugariro wenzvimbo, uye maruramiro okuvhotera zvakadzorwa zvakateverwa netyisidziro.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzouduku Kana Kuti Simba Here?

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vanambuya vanomanikidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye vanodzivisa udzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji vanofamba. Munhambo yapasi, inoda mavhoti 60 anovimbisa kuti mitemo ine tsigiro yakafara uye ingava yakasimba zvikuru. Munhau, yakadzivirira mirangariro miduku (kubatanidza ayo enyika duku mukurwisana nemibatanidzwa mikuru yenyika). Vatsoropodzi vanodzivisa kuti chipundo chazvino uno chinowanzoshandiswa kuvhara mutemo wakakurumbira zvikuru, kupa nenzira inobudirira vashomanene vapfuure pamusoro pemagadziro enyika. Filibuster, zvikurukuru, inogonesa kuvhara pasina kuzvidavirira: vasaregina vanokwanisa kuvharidzira pasina kumbomira pauriripo pauriri uye kutsanangura chishoro chavo kuna vose.

Nzvero Dzakaitika Dzamabhiri Echiratidzo Chomugungwa Dzatapurwa Nefilibuster

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964: Kodzero dzevagari vemo refusa munhau, mazuva 75. Chiso chapfuura netsigiro yakabva kumutungamiriri weRepublica Everett Dirksen, inoratidzira basa ravanamuzukuru semhinganidzo inogona kukurirwa nebvumirano huru.
  • Afford Care Act (2010): AKATAURA nokuyananisa nemhaka yokuti vanyori vayo vaiziva kuti haigoni kurarama pamwana. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakatora jambwa guru nokuda kweguva raparutivi (60-39).
  • Control pashure paSandy Hook (2013): mutemo webutiro rebutiro reburiro wakakundikana kusvika mavhoti 60 pasinei zvapo ne 90% tsigiro yavose. Ikoku kwakasimbisa kuti filbuster inopa sei mapoka anofariro simba rokudzivisa zviito zvakakurumbira.
  • Kuwana Kodzero Dzekodzero Act (2021): Dare Democrates rakundikana rakundikanazve kuputsa chibvumirano chekodzero dzokuvhota, kuchitungamirira kukumbira kubudisa chisiiwi kana kuti kuparadza chose chose chizvarwa.

Zvaunoita Nezvinokunetsa: Kungwarira Kwakadzikama

Makakatanwa Aida Mukomana Anozviti Muviri

  • Kuparisha Bipartishashi: Mifungo 60 yezvikumbaridzo yeboka guru rokukurukura navashomanene. Mitemo mikurusa yezana ramakore rechi20 yakapfuudzwa nemapoka makuru ezvikepe zvezvikeparistani ne(Sacocial Security, Medicare, Voting Rights Act ya 1965/nemhaka yokuti vaida tsigiro hurusa.
  • Dhivigiramu reMinonity Rights: Munyika ine mativi akaparadzana, chiremba anodzivisa voruzhinji zvikuru kuita chinjo huru idzo dzinogona kuparadza zvikamu zvikuru zvavagari vemo. Inoshanda secherekedzo pa “voruzhinji.”
  • Prevents Legislated Implate: Kupfurikidza nokuda bvumirano yakasimba, nhumbu inoderedza nhano yechinjo, ichideredza ngozi iyo sarudzo iri yose inoparira chinjo huru dzomuitiro.
  • [[FOL:0] FOsters Delibration: Apo vatarisiri vanofanira kukurira nhabvu, vanomanikidzirwa kukurukura, kugadzirisa, uye kuchenesa mutemo. Muitiro wacho unogona kutungamirira kukunakisa, kusanogadzirwa zvikuru kwemitemo.

Makakatanwa Anorwisana Nevaviri

  • Promotes Gridrock:[[FT:1] Chirevo chinyararire chinobvumira vashomanene kumisa chiito pasina nhamburiko ipi neipi inooneka kana kuti kurukurirano yavose. Ikoku kunotungamirira kusaita chimwe chinhu pazvinetso zvokukurumidzira zvenyika zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuchinja kwokutama, uye kusaenzana kwemari.
  • Dristts Incentives: Panzvimbo pokusimudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, mubati wehove anowanzokurudzira mapati kudzivisa kudzora nokupomerana. Varevereri vanogona kumira sevadziviriri venheyo nepo vachidzivisa murau upi noupi kupfuura.
  • Pasi peMines Democratic Principles: Muhurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, utongi huzhinji icherekedzo huru. Honouster inobvumira 41 senator (kumirira dzinenge maruwa 21, kazhinji kazhinji mamiriro avagari vemo maduku) kuzivisa kuda kwedzimwe 79 dzevatenator nevoruzhinji veAmerica.
  • Ipangiro yeChiviko: munhau, filbuster yakashandiswa zvikuru kudzivisa mutemo wakaenzana wedzinza. Vakawanda vanotaura kuti dziviriro yayo yetsika yemirangariro miduku yakagadzirwa kukusaruramisira kwetsika.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno Nenhamburiko Dzokuchinja

Nzira Yenyukireya Nenhaka Yayo

The “nuclear option” is a procedural maneuver that allows the Senate to change its rules with a simple majority vote, overriding the two-thirds requirement for rule changes. It was used in 2013 to eliminate the filibuster for most presidential appointments (except Supreme Court) and extended in 2017 to cover Supreme Court nominations. Each party used it when frustrated by obstruction. ThisVashori vanonyevera kuti kubvisa mutongi wedare rinotonga vana kungaparadza unhu hweDare uye kuchaita kuti mitemo yacho ikurumidze kuchinja, uye ivhiringidzwe.

Zvikarakadzo Zvokuchinja

  • Dzosa Filibuster yokutaura:[[FLT: 1] Vadi kuti vabati vabate zvomenemene ndokutaura nguva dzose kunonotsa mutezo. Ikoku kungaita mhinganidzo inodhura neinooneka, ingagona kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo. Voruzhinji vanogona pakupedzisira kumirira mutongi kana kuti kumanikidza vhoti.
  • [[FT:0] Kuderedza muganhu: Nhamba inodikanwa kukumbira kuruma kubva pa 60 kusvikira ku 55 kana kuti 51 nokuda kwomutemo wakawanda. Ikoku kungadai kuchingoda bpartisan system asi kuchiita kuti chidzongonyedzo chive chakaoma zvikuru.
  • Arasa nzvimbo chaidzo dzemiitiro((- 3) ```Kubvisa kodzero dzesarudzo, kuchengetedza jaho, kuongorora pfuti, kubvisa pamuviri(kubva kudivi refilbuster'. Uku kusvika kwapamutengo kwakashandiswa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvokuyananisa asi kwaigona kukudziridzwa.
  • Nharo dzeNguva dzakavhengana: Idzosera muganhu zvamazvirokwazvo kurukurirano papepa pashure pechiverengero chakatarwa chamazuva, kuchibvumira voruzhinjiwo zvavo kupfuurira. imba yapamusoro yeCanada inoshandisa mutoo wakafanana.

Zvinhu Chaizvoizvo Zvematongerwe Enyika Muna 2025 Uye Kupfuura

Revomho inotsamira papi apo paboka rinodzora Dare uye kana mumwe nomumwe achiona betsero yemubatanidzwa mukurichengeta. Kusvikira muna 2025, Dare rakakamukana zvishoma, nebato rimwe nerimwe riine zvigaro 50 (rinotsamira pasarudzo). Hapana mubato une zvigaro 60, naizvozvo fivbuster inodzivirira vashomanene panguva ino pamifungo yavose. Zvisinei, kana hurumende yakabatana (Imba yeGwaro ne 60-seminator) ichabuda, dzvinyiriro yokubvisa kana kuti kuvandudza mudivi wePriciblicster ichakura. Democrats inotsoropodza zvikuru yevakiabuster nemhaka yokuti inodzivisa zvinokosha zvinofambira mberi, nepo panhauro yenhau inoidzo. Mapoka acho ose ari maviri achava aratidza kuti azvidzoreredzere, apo achava kudzorwa kwaanodzorwa muteroyo uye kubviswa mishonga yenyukireya yehondo yenyukireya.

Mugumisiro: Kusagadzikana Kusingagadziriswi

Chinoumba chinopfuura zvikuru procedtural; rutivi runorondedzera basa reDare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Inogona kudzivirira mirangariro mishomanene ndokukurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, asi inogonawo kuodza mamiriro ehurumende uye kuisa kumira pamurangariro wavanhu. Gakava renguva yayo yemberi harisi pamusoro pemitemo chete; riri pamusoro pedzikamo huru pakati pomutemo mukuru nedziviriro shoma, pakati pekurangarira nechiito, pakati pedzikamo nekusabvumirana. Sezvo kuderera kwenzvimbo kunowedzera, kudzorwa kwechipfuro kunokura bedzi, kuchikuita kuti mutemo mumwe unoumba mutemo mukurusa wenguva ino. Kana ukapukunyuka, unogadziriswa, kana kuti unobviswa, nhau yawo yakakurumbira, uye maadiro anoramba ari madikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anonzwisisa kudzora kweAmerica. Chinongodzorwa chichava chisarirwa chipfupi. Chinodzodzodzodzo chezvamatongerwe enyika chichaparadzwa chipfupi. Chinotongeteve chipfuurevo chenyika chipfumidzo chikuru pakati pezviduku, chinoramba chiripo.