Murangariro weganhuriro pasimba rehurumende unokosha kukushanda kwegadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi ganhuriro inogona sei kubetsera vagari vemo kubatanidzwa zvine revo zvikuru muudzori hwavo ndokudzivirira maruramiro avo. Pasina ganhuriro dzakadaro, kunyange hurumende dzinosanosanosa dzinogona kupinda muudzori, sezvinoratidzirazve nhau. Kubva kuMagna Carta muna 1215 kusvikira kumitemo yehurumende yazvino uno yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kurwisanisira kudzikamisa rusununguko rwavanhu kwaumba masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika enyika ose. Iyi nyaya inonzvera miitiro inokosha iyo inochengeta simba rehurumende richinzvera: kuparadzana, kunzvera uye maruramiro emitemo, uye kodzero. Kunzwisisa izvi nheyo dzemitemo yazvinotendwa nemitemo yazvino unosarudzwa navanhu. Vagari vemo vanogona kuziva zviri nani apo rusununguko rwavo runenge rwuri panjodzi uye vanoreverevedzerwa nokuda kwokutonga.

Kukosha Kwehurumende Ine Miganhu

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende inotangwa kuti ibatire vanhu. Zvisinei, pasina ganhuriro, simba rehurumende rinogona kuva rinodzvinyirira. Hurumende yakaganhurirwa inokosha kuchengetedza rusununguko rwomunhu uye nzanga ine ruramisiro. Pfungwa yokuti hurumende inofanira kudzorwa nomutemo inovambira kuGirisi neRoma yekare, asi yakawana kutaura kwazvino uno mukati meKuvhenekerwa navazivi vakadai saJohn Locke naBaron de Montesquieu. Locle akatsigira kuti hurumende dzinowana maruramiro adzo adzoro avo mukubvumira kwedzorwa uye vagari vemo vanochengeta maruramiro omuzvarirwo ayo pasina mutongi anogona kuputsa. Uhuhhuhhuhhu huhu huhuro hunopesvedzera zvikuru vaNgeri veAmerica, avo vakanyora zvakakurumbira, "Governmentssss anoitwa pakati pavarume, achiwana masimba avo anongobva mukubvuma kutongwa kwehurumende yeIdziro yeHundemu yeFrence".

Hurumende yakaganhurirwa haisati iri pamusoro pokurerutsa basa rehurumende chose chose; panzvimbo pezvo, kunoreva kuti masimba ehurumende anorondedzerwa uye anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dhipatimendi. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chinobatira zvinangwa zvavose panzvimbo pefariro dzavose. Kana simba risingadzorwi, uori, ushati, uye kodzero dzavanhu dzinoshandiswa zvisina kufanira. Nzanga dzinoisa miganhuro pasimba rinova nomugariro wepfuma inova nomugariro wepfuma wakaderera zvikuru, chengeteko, uye rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Mabumbiro eMitesitao yemitemo anodzivisira , ushati hwemitemo youkuru hwehurumende inoratidza kuti nyika dzine miganhuro yakasimba rakasimba rakasimba rakasimba zvikuru rinowana kukundwa nokubudirira kwapamhinda.

Nheyo Huru Dzehurumende Dzine Miganhu

  • Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba[[FLT: 1] - Kubvisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiana kunodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza udzori hwakawanda.
  • Machekwa uye madzikamo - Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokudzivisa zvimwe, zvichimanikidzira batira pamwe nokuzvidavirira.
  • Rwenzi rwomutemo[ - Munhu ari wose nesangano, kubatanidza hurumende imene, zvinofanira kutevera gadziriro imwe cheteyo yapamutemo.
  • Kodzero dzemunhu [ - Dziviriro dzakadzivirirwa dzinovimbisa kuti nharaunda dzakati dzoupenyu dzinoramba dzisingasviki hurumende.

Nheyo idzi dzinovimbisa kuti hapana sangano rimwe chete ringashandisa simba risingadzorwi, nokudaro richidzivirira vagari vemo pakudzvinyirirwa.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kunokamuranisa mitoro yehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana: mitemo, zviremera, uye dare. Iyi nharaunda inodzivisa bazu rimwe kuti risawane simba rakawanda. Mufungo wakakurumbira zvikurusa naMontesquieu mu Mudzimu weMitemo [, apo akataura kuti "hapana rusununguko apo chibvumirano nemasimba makuru zvinobatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo." Mugadziriro dzamasangano ehurumende azvino uno dzinoshandisa kuparadzanisa masimba munzira dzakasiyana- siyana. Mumitevedzero yapurezidhendi weUnited States, mapazu matatu akazvimirira chose chose chose chose, nezvisarudzo zvakaparadza. Mumasangano eparamende akafanana neUnited, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva musangano remitemo, asi anozvitonga zvakazvimirira zvinongogovera.

Kubudirira kwokuparadzana kwemasimba kunotsamira pakuda kwebazu rimwe nerimwe kuchengetedza maruramiro aro rimene uye kudzivisa kupindira kwemamwe. Apo rimwe bazi rinova rine simba zvikuru (somuenzaniso, apo zviremera zvinopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura donzo remitemo). Ndicho chikonzero nei miitiro yebumbiro remitemo nokungwarira zvichikosha semitemo yakanyorwa.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Muminamato yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, iyi bate iri bhimeral, yakaumbwa nedzimba mbiri dzinofanira kubvumirana pamutemo, ichigovera rutivi rwokuwedzera rwenzvero. United States Congress ine House of Decrections ne Dare; UK Parameter ine House of Commons neHouse of Lords. Bidaralism inovimbisa kuti mutemo unorangarirwa nokungwarira kubva mumifungo yakasiana. Zvisinei, macaregional anowanika mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew Zealand neDenmark, umo gadziriro dzechamber dzinoshanda nenzira inobudirira nemhaka yavagari vemo vaduku kana kuti magamuchidzanwa akasimba.

Mitemo inewo simba rechikwama chemari neremitero. Iri simba rinodenha mukuru mukuru, sezvo pasina hurumende inogona kushandisa mari pasina tendero yemitemo. Kuwedzerazve, matare okugadza mitemo anogona kunzvera zviito zvavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokutongwa nedare, achibatira senzvero pamasangano ehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Dare guru rinodzika mitemo uye rinoita kuti pave nomutemo. Vatungamiriri vari pabazu rino kazhinji kazhinji vane pesvedzero huru, asi vanozvidavirira namapazu emitemo neatongi. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, purezidhendi ari zvose zviri zviviri mutungamiriri wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende, akasarudzwa panzvimbo yehurumende. Mumasangano eparamende, mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira mutungamiriri uye anofanira kuchengeta chivimbo chedare, kureva kuti vanogona kubviswa nokuvhota kusavimba. Musiyano uyu wegadziriro yehurumende ndewehurumende.

Simba rinodzorwa rakaganhurirwazve negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvokusimbiswa kweDare rokugadza muUnited States, kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye mitemo yokuoneka yakadai seFreedom of Information Act. Pasina iyi ganhuriro, vakuru vakuru vanogona kusachinja mumwe murairo, kutumira mauto, kana kuti kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana. Murangariro weropafadzo yechiremera. (h) Kodzero yokunyima mashoko kune mamwe mapazu − asi haisati iri yakakwana; matare kazhinji kazhinji anoiyera mukudikanwa kwoutariri.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Macademy anogona kuputsa mitemo inopfuura chiremera chehurumende, inodzivirirazve maruramiro avanhu. Simba rehwirudzuro yedare() mano okuzivisa mutemo usiri utongi) akagadzwa muUnited States ne Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kubvira ipapo, yazova nheyo yebumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika yose munyika yose.

Vatongi vanofanira kudzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vasarudze nhau. Mugadziriro zhinji, vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu kana kuti mativi marefu, nokubviswa bedzi kunobvira kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusazvibata. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira matare kutonga hurumende apo kunenge kuri madikanwa. Zvisinei, vapfuri vedare vanogonawo kuvhiringidza dzikamo; ndicho chikonzero nei matare anoshandisa ganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji ndokudzivisa kuita mitemo, achisiya iyoyo kumapazu akasarudzwa. Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemhindumupindu yehwiruso yedare, ona [[FLT: 0] Brinica kupinda pahwirudzuro yokutonga .

Makeja Nedzikamo

Nzvero nedzikamo igadziriro dzinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuganhurira masimba amamwe. Iyi tsika inovimbisa kuti simba harina kuiswa pamwe chete uye rinosimudzira batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Kusafanana nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kwakakomba, kunzvera nokudzikamiswa kunoparira chiremera chinopfuudzwa, uko bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuvhara kana kuti kuchinja zviito zvedzimwe. Applications inobvumiranisa ndokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvechimbichimbichimbi. Mabumbiro emitemo akairangarira kuva madikanwa: Semanyorerwe aJames Madison muFederalist No. 51, "Kudavirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisane chinzvimbo."

Kushanda kwecheki nedzikamo kunotsamira pachido chezvamatongerwe enyika chokuzvishandisa. Apo bazi rimwe rinodzora (somuenzaniso, apo boka rapurezidhendi rinodzora Congress) simba regadziriro ingaderera. Asi mukati mehurumende yakakamukana, nzvero nedzinoganhurira zvinogona kutungamirira kuruvara, urwo vamwe vanopokanidzana ichinhu, kwete chipukanana, nemhaka yokuti chinodzivisa chinjo dzetsika dzinokurumidza, dzinofungwa.

Mienzaniso Yemienzaniso Nedzikamo

  • purezidhendi anogona kupa mutemo unopiwa neDare. Ikoku kunopa mukuru mukuru chirevo mukugadzira mutemo, asi uti hunogona kushatiswa nembiri dzezvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, achirangarira kuti mari inotsigirwa bedzi yakafara inova mutemo pasinei zvapo nechishoro chomukuru.
  • Corer inogona kukunda purezidhendi nembiri yemafaro. Iyi nzvero inodzorera chiremera chebazu rewirirano apo purezidhendi anodzivisa mutemo wakakurumbira. Kuedza kusingadzoreki asi kunokosha apo kunobudirira.
  • Vatongi vanogona kuhwirudzura mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nezviito zvinotorwa nomukuru mukuru webumbiro remitemo. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare, rinobvumira matare kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Idzo dzokupedzisira dzinomiswa mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera.

Dzimwe nzvero dzinokosha dzinobatanidza: kusimbiswa kweDare kwavatongi vehurumende nemitezo yedare; simba reCongress rokubvisa purezidhendi, vatongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru; simba romukuru rokukanganwira; uye chiremera chomutemi wehurumende kutanga gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kubatana kumwe nokumwe kunoparira gadziriro ine simba umo simba rinoparadzirwa nokudzorwa.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutevedzero womutemo inheyo inoraira kuti vanhu vose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vazvidavirire kumutemo. Uyu murangariro unokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro neruramisiro munzanga. Pfungwa inodzokera shure kuna Aristotle, uyo akanyora kuti "mutemo unofanira kudzora" panzvimbo pomunhu upi noupi. Munguva dzazvino uno, nyanzvi yemitemo A.V. Dhicey yakarongwa kuti kutonga kwomutemo soune zvinhu zvitatu: ukuru hwomutemo wenguva dzose pamusoro pesimba rinopesana nerusarura, kuenzana pamberi pomutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzamaruramiro emitemo kupfurikidza nematare avanhuwo zvawo. [[FLT:] World Justice Project A.] Project yeSal of Index [[FLT]]]

Mutemo womutemo hausati uchingova bedzi pamusoro pokuva nemitemo pamabhuku; unoda kuti mitemo ive yakajeka, yavose, yakatsiga, uye ishandiswe zvakaenzana. Inodawo kuti simba rehurumende riitwe mukati memiganhu yapamutemo /inheyo inozivikanwa seyapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mapurisa haagoni kunzvera musha pasina maruramiro, uye masangano ehurumende haagoni kutora nzvimbo pasina muitiro wakafanira. Apo vatungamiriri vanozvidza mirairo yedare kana kuti vanochinja mitemo kuti vazvibetsere vamene, mutemo unoputsa, unotungamirira kukudzora kwoudzori.

Betsero Dzokutonga kwoMutemo

  • Vatongi vanorevera pamutemo [ - Vagari vemo vanogona kudeya kutaura kuti chiremera chichashandiswa sei, kuderedza rutyo nokusava nechokwadi. Kusungwa kwapachivande, matare epashure penhau zvinorambidzwa.
  • Misuwa yedziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo [ - Hapana munhu kana kuti boka riri pamusoro pomutemo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vanhu vakapfuma navane simba vanotarisana nemiuyo mimwe cheteyo yapamutemo savagariwo zvavo vemo, vachisimudzira chivimbo munzanga.
  • Mitemo yokuratidza nokuzvidavirira [ - Mitemo inofanira kuzivikanwa pachena uye vakuru vakuru vanofanira kururamisa zviito zvavo. Izvi zvinobvumira vagari vemo kudenha zvisarudzo zvehurumende mudare uye zvinoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo.

Apo vanhu vanodavira kuti tsika yepamutemo inoruramisira uye haisaruri, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachateerera mitemo, vachabhadhara mitero, uye vachapinda mumibato yehurumende.

Kodzero Yomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe rusununguko nedziviriro zvinovimbiswa kuvagari vemo. Idzi maruramiro anoganhurira simba rehurumende uye anovimbisa kuti vanhu vanogona kurarama norusununguko ndokuronda fariro dzavo pasina vhiringidzo isina kufanira. Murangariro wekodzero dzomusikirwo(kodzero dzinogarwa navanhu vose) wakakudziridzwa nenyanzvi dzeNjere uye wakapinzwa mumagwaro akafanana neU.S. Bill of Rights (1791) uye French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (789). Nhasi, zvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvakadai seUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (1988) zvinogovera mupimo wenyika yose, kunyange zvazvo kuchiri kudenha.

Kodzero dzomunhu oga hadzina kuganhurirwa; dzinogona kuva dzinoganhurirwa apo dzinorwisana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha, zvakadai sechengeteko yenyika kana kuti chengeteko yavose. Asi ganhuriro ipi neipi inofanira kuva inowirirana, inoruramiswa nomutemo, uye inodzorwa nehwirudzuro yedare. Denho inopfuurira ndeyokudzikamisa chengeteko nerusununguko, zvikurukuru munguva dzenjodzi. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCOVID19, hurumende dzakaraira kumira nokuraira kwakaedza ganhuriro dzekodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe. Matare munyika dzakawanda akatsigira aya matanho ari madikanwa neakaenzana, asi akadzikawo ganhuriro dzakafara zvikuru.

Kodzero Dzavose

  • [ Rusununguko rwokutaura[ - Kodzero yokutaura pasina kunzvera kwehurumende, ichiva neganhuriro dzine mufungo dzakadai sokuzvidza nokunyandura. Iyi maruramiro anokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano yedemokrasi nokufumura kusazvibata kwehurumende.
  • Kururamira kuvanzika - Kudzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina kukodzera kwehurumende, kutsvakisisa, uye kuunganidzwa kwamazita. Muzera remichina, kuva woga kwazova nhau inotambudza, nekurukurirano pamusoro pokutaura mashoko enhema, kuziva chiso, uye kuongorora magariro enhau.
  • Yakarurama kumuitiro wakafanira - Chipikirwa kubatwa kwakarurama mutsika yedare, kubatanidza ziviso yepomero, maruramiro okunzwa, uye kurangarirwa kwokusava nemhaka kutozosvikira kwabvumikiswa kuva nemhaka. Muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kutorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu nenzira yokuzvidira.
  • [ kuunganidza [ - Bvumira vanhu kuungana norugare nokuda kwokuramba, nhambo, uye misangano. Uku kururama kunogonesa chiito chakabatana uye kusabvumirana, nzvero inokosha pasimba rehurumende.

Kodzero dzokuwedzera dzinowanzobatanidza rusununguko rworudzidziso, maruramiro okutakura zvombo (mudzimwe nyika), maruramiro okuvhota, uye maruramiro okukumbira hurumende. Rudzi rumwe norumwe runouya nemitoro neganhuriro, asi chinangwa charwo chikuru ndechokuparira nzvimbo youmboo yomunhu oga iyo hurumende isingagoni kupinda. Nokuda kwezvakawanda pamusoro penzira iyo idzi maruramiro anoshandiswa nayo mugadziriro dzakasiana dzemitemo, ona [[FLT: 0]] ACLU's Knoziva Nhungamiro Yako [

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzemiganhu yesimba rehurumende kunokosha muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokuziva ukoshi hweparadzano yemasimba makuru, kunzvera nedzikamo, kutonga kwomutemo, uye maruramiro avanhu, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani basa ravo mukudzora nedziviriro yerusununguko rwavo. Iyi mitoo haisati iri inongozviitika; inoda dziviriro yokushingaira kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kutora rutivi rwehurumende, uye, apo kunenge kuri madikanwa, denho dzapamutemo. Democracracy inoderera apo vanhu vanova vanova vanonyanyova vanonyanyozvitarisira uye vanobvumira simba kuungana. Nhau inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinodzorwa zvikurusa ndedziyo umo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa nheyo idzodzi ndokuita kuti hurumende dzavo dzizviregere. Kupfurikidza nokupinda horo dzomutaundi, kunyora kuti vamiririre, kana kuti vangoziva zvavo, vagari vemo vose vane rutivi rwokushandisa. Simba iripo itsika inovapo bedzi apo tinenge tichirikurira.