Mavambo Nenheyo Dzemitemo Dzokudzivirira Utachiona Zvakapetwa Kaviri

Ngozi mbiri ikokumira pamuitiro wetsotsi muUnited States uye mamwe madzoro emitemo mizhinji. Nhevedzo inorambidza hurumende kukwidziridza munhu kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokuva nemhaka kana kuti kutenderwa. Iyi dziviriro yakavakirwa muFindth Amendment kuU. Constitution, iyo inoti: "Hapana munhu achabatwa nemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti apinde mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo." Dzidziso inobatira madonzo akawanda: inochengeta kuparadzwa kwokupedzisira kwekutonga, inodzivirira vanhu pakunetswa kwamatongerwezve, inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa pfuma yayo huru kudzika muvengi, uye inovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kungoedza kudzosa mhaka yacho kusvikira yawana kutenderwa.

Murangariro wengozi dzakapetwa kaviri une mavambo ekare, unorondwa kumutemo weRoma uye gare gare kumutemo wechiNgezi. Vatsinhiri vemitemo veEngland vakadai saSir William Blackstone vakajekesa nheyo muzana ramakore rechi 18, vachisimbisa kuti munhu haafaniri kutongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Mafomu eU.S. Constitution akabatanidza iyi dziviriro muBill of Rights sechekero pamuchuchisi. Nhasi, dziviriro yacho inoshanda kwete bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende asi kuhurumendewo kumitemo kupfurikidza negadziriro ye 145 Demendement gistement, seinometwa neDare rapamusorosoro mu . Mary v[FLD 1:1]

Apo Jeopardy Inoisa Mapfundo Anowedzera

Kunzwisisa ngozi yakapetwa kaviri kunoda kuziva apo dziviriro inosungirirwa chaizvoizvo. (zvichireva kuti, apo mukwiridziridziri anoiswa mungozi nenzira yapamutemo) Mudare redare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi dzinobatanidza apo vatongi vanopikirwa ndokuiswa panzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yepamutemo. Mukutonga kwebhenji (kutonga pasina dare rinobetsera), ngozi dzinobatanidzwa apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Kana kutonga kukaguma pamberi pemapfundo aya, dziviriro haisati yatanga. Kukumbira kwemhosva, ngozi inobatana panguva inogamuchirwa nedare. Iyi mitemo inotsoropodza nemhaka yokuti nguva inosarudza kana mutongo waparidzi wacho wapa pashure pako uchirambidzwa.

Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akapomerwa mhaka asi kutonga kusingatongotangi nemhaka yokudzingwa pasina rusaruro, hurumende ingapa mhaka. Zvisinei, kana njodzi yatobatanidzwa uye kutonga kuchiguma nokuregeredzwa, hapana kukwirira kana kuti dare zvinobvumirwa (kunyange kana kupomerwa kwakavakirwa pakanga pakanga pakavakirwa pakanganiso yapamutemo yapamutemo yakaitwa nomutongi. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti varegi ndevokupedzisira, sezvinotaurwa mu [ United States v. Scott[FLD:1]]) uye zvimwe zvisarudzo.

Chinokosha Chinotsauranisa Neganhuriro Mumhaka Dzoutsotsi

Nepo ngozi mbiri dzichigovera dziviriro yakasimba, kusiyana kunoverengeka kunozivikanwa kunobvumira hurumende kudzora mukwirirwi kana kuti kuronda nhau dzakasiana.Idzi mhesano dzinoratidzira dzikamo pakati pamaruramiro omunhu oga nefariro yenzanga mukuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro inoitwa.

Nhamo uye Kuratidza Kuti Zvinokosha

Kutonga kusingaruramisiri kunoitika apo kutonga kunopera nguva isati yasvika pasina chisarudzo nemhaka yedare rinobetsera vatongi vakafa, chikanganiso chemubatanidzwa, kana kuti mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati ichidzivisazve kutongwa kwedanho(kubudisa kukanganisa kwakaziviswa nokuda kwe "kushaikwa kwazvo. Mupimo wakabva mumhaka ye 19-centa United States v. Perzi [[FLM] [1824], apo Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti dare guru redare rinoturikwa (risingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chakabata) unoruramisa mhaka nemuedzo mutsva. Mimwe migariro ingabatanidza chirwere chomutongi kana kuti mutongi, kana kuti kusazvibata kugona kurapwa. Zvisinei, kana kukanganisa kwacho kukanganisa kukanganisa kuparira kuwana mitoo inobetsera, ingava iko yechipiri.

Kukwirira Nokuzviwanirazve Pashure Pokupwiswa

Kana mukwirirwi akawanirwa mhaka uye ipapo achibudirira kukumbira kutendiswa ikoko, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri kazhinji kazhinji haidzivisi hurumende kudzosa mhaka. Chinoparirwa ndechokuti mukwiridziridziri akabvisa maruramiro okugumisa kupfurikidza nokudenha kutendiswa. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa se "kuramba kukuva nengozi" dzidziso, inobvumira nyika kutsvaka kutenderwazve pashure pokuchinja. Zvisinei, kana dare reappellate rikawana kuti ufakazi hwakanga husingakwani kutsigira kutendisa, kutongwazve kunoganhurirwa nemhaka yokuti kuwana ufakazi husina kukwana kunowirirana neringakwa. Ikoku kwakatangwa mu [[FLT:].[FLT] v[FLT: 1]] [FLD]] [FLD]] [12]

Dzidziso Youchangamire Huviri

Imwe yemhesano dzinomutsa nharo zvikurusa kungozi dzakapetwa kaviri ndi "vatongi vakaparadzana" kana kuti "uchangamire hwechikwata". Muiyi nheyo, munhu anogona kutongwa nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo uri pasi pose pazvose zviri zviviri hurumende nehurumende nemhaka yokuti ivo zviremera zvakaparadzana. Chiremerera chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yacho chimene nefariro. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akaita umbavha hunoputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wenyika nomutemo wehurumende (mhite, achiba bhangi rinobhangiswa nehurumende), zviremera zvose zviri zviviri zvinogona kuunza kuvharitswa kwakaparadzana pasina kuputsa njodzi mbiri. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano akawanda angatonga kana mamiriro ezvinhu akadarika mativi enyika akadarika mutemo mumwe chete.

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri yakatsigirwa yatsigirwazve neDare Gurusa, zvikurukuru mu Ggudge v. United States (2029), umo Dare rakasimbisazve mutemo mukurwisana nedenho yebumbiro remitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzidziso yacho inosekesa donzo guru rengozi yakapetwa kaviri kupfurikidza nokubvumira zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti inoremekedza fariro dzakasiana - siana dzehurumende nedzinochengetedza hurumende.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti dzidziso yacho haishandi kana chigaro chimwe chiri “chishandiso" chechimwe. Kana kupomera hurumende kuri zvikurukuru kubvumira dare rehurumende, matare angadzivisa chechipiri kupfuurira pasi pe "ngozi yakapetwa kaviri" chitsama chamashoko chimene.

Kutya Kwakaviri Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo: Nzvimbo Yakasiana

Kudzivirira kwengozi kwakapetwa kaviri kunoshanda bedzi kumhaka dzoutsotsi(kwete kunhau dzevagari vemo). Findmment inonongedzera zvakajeka "ngozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo," mashoko akabatanidzwa nenhau nezvirango zvoutsotsi zvakadai sorufu kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Nhau dzevagari vemo, dzinobatanidza nharo pamusoro pezvinhu, zvibvumirano, kana kuti zvakaipa pakati pemapato avanhu voga, hadzisi dziviriro imwe cheteyo. Naizvozvo, munhu anogona kukwidzwa kanoverengeka nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho, kunyange zvazvo nheyo dzakafanana neras judata (astclusion) uye conteral espency (astriclusion) kazhinji kazhinji haaidzipiwi dziviriro yezvirevo zvakafanana kana kuti nhau mumatare avagari vemo.

Zvisinei, musiyano pakati pomugari wemo nemupari wemhosva unogona kuva nesimba apo hurumende inotsvaka zviri zvirango zvinobudirira kupfurikidza nezviito zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kurashwa kwematunhu kunobvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu zvakabatana nemubato woutsotsi pasina kudzosa muridzi. Munhau, Dare guru rakachengetwa mu [[FL:] United States v. Mumwe we89 mirwi yemoto [[FLT:] [19984])] kuti kurashwa kwavagari vemo hakusati kuri chirango nokuda kwemadonzo akashata akapetwa kaviri. Asi muzvinoitika zvazvino unopfuvura, Dare renyika yose rakaziva kuti zvirango zvinogona kuva zvirango zvokuti zvinoparira utsotsi, zvinoparira njodzi. [FT.NU.NU.NU.NU.:[5]

Kuitirwa Njodzi Munzvimbo Dzokushandira Mhosva

Marudzi maviri okusapiwa uko ari: kurasikirwa nemhosva, uko kuri rutivi rwetongero yeutsotsi, uye kurashikirwa nemhosva, uko kuri chiito chinorwisana nezvinhu zvimene. Nemhaka yokuti kurambwa kwavagari vemo kunorangarirwa kuva kupfuurira kwevagari vomunyika, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haidzivisi kupomerwa mhaka nemhaka yokurasikirwa nehurumende, kana kuti kupesana. Zvisinei, kana hurumende ikatanga kurashikirwa nemhosva uye kutongwa nemhosva, matare anganzvera kana chirango chavagari vemo chiri "chirango" mumitengo. v. United States Ursery[FLT:] [196], Dare guru rapamhiko rinodavira kuti kurasikirwa navanhu kunowanzosarurwa hakuunzi kurangwa nokuda kwokuvakwa nengozi, asi kusingabvumirwi pachena nokuda kwenhau dzinoshayisa mari.

Kuramba Uchirova maoko Zvakafanana Nengozi Yokurova

Somuenzaniso, kubiridzira kunoitwa nevehurumende kungaita kuti pave nokusachengetedzwa kwemari kungaita kuti pave nokuchengetwa kwehurumende uye kupiwa mhosva kwedare reSanihedhedhendi. Mukwirirwi haagoni kutaura kuti ane ngozi yakapetwa kaviri yokuvhara mhosva yevagari vomunyika nemhaka bedzi yokuti mhosva iri kumira kana kuti yapedzwa. Chirango chikuru ndechokuti mishonga yevagari vemo inongogadziriswa chaizvoizvo (g.g., kubvisa mari inogadzirirwa kutsiva vanyajambwa) panzvimbo pokutsiva. Zvisinei, apo chirango chavagari vemo chinenge chava chinova cheSault - delete kana kuti kupesana, denho mbiri ingabudirira, kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvakadaro zvisingawanzotekesheki.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pangozi Huviri

Nheyo yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, inozivikanwa se mabhikine mumiitiro yemitemo mizhinji yavagari vemo, inozivikanwa munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo ukuru nemhesva yakasiana. MuCanada, Chikamu 11 (h) cheCanadian Charter of Rights neFreedoms chinopa dziviriro yakafanana. Canada inoshandawo "kutonga kurwisana nezvitendero zvizhinji" asi haisati ichitevera dzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire kusvikira kutambanuko imwe cheteyo neU.S. Munhu anosunungurwa woutsotsi muCanada haagoni kudzorwa muruwa rwakaparadzana nemhaka yokuti matare ose eCanada anobata rutivi rwomutongi mumwe.

MuUnited Kingdom, nheyo yacho yakanga iri yakakwana zvikuru nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba, asi Calvin Justice Act 2003 yakasuma kunze kwemhosva dzakati dzakakomba (mh., kuponda, kubata chibharo) kana ufakazi "hutsva uye hunogombedzera" hukabuda. Iyi chinjo yakasundwa nenhau huru umo vanhu vakasunungurwa gare gare vakabvuma mhaka, vachiparira kuchema kwavose. Nenzira yakafanana, Australia inowanzotevera mutemo wavose asi inobvumira kutongwa nokuda kwe "kushatisa vahesvuri" (g., kusava nemhosva kunowanwa kupfurikidza nokupupurira).

MuEuropean Union, Charter of Fundament Rights neEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Protocol 7, Article 4) inovimbisa maruramiro okusatongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Dare reEurope roRuramisiro rakadudzira iyi "mabhii ari munheyo yakafara, achidzivisa zvinoitika zvinotevedzana mukati menyika imwe cheteyo iri mutezo uye munyika dziri mitezo nokuda kwamaidi mamwe chetewo. Zvisinei, kunze kwezvirango zvehurumende izvo zviripo nokuda kwezvirango zvisiri zvoutsotsi muchisiko.

Iri basa rakaoma remitemo rinosimbisa kuti ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri maruramiro akakwana asi nheyo iyo nzanga dzinodzikamisa mukudikanwa kweruramisiro nomugumo.

Nharo Dzemitemo Nemakwikwi

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri nhau yekurukurirano huru pakati penyanzvi dzemitemo, varapi, uye vaiti vemitemo. Gakava rakatanhamara zvikurusa idzidziso mbiri youchangamire.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inoratidzira dziviriro kupfurikidza nokubvumira kukwirira kwakawanda nokuda kwoutsotsi humwe chetehwo, kuranga nenzira inobudirira mumwe kaviri. Vanonongedzera kunhau dzakafanana nokuregwa kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende mudare rapamutemo rinoteverwa nekodzero dzehurumende (mhiko, Rodney King nhau) semie apo uchangamire huviri hunogona kubatira ruramisiro, asi kumativiwo umo hunoratidzika kuva hunodzvinyirira. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inotonga hurumende inotonga pamutemo ichiteverwa nokuregwa kwekodzero dzehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo, asi iyi mitemo yakaganhurirwa nemhaka yokuti mutemo wehurumende haudikanwa kutongwa.

Imwe nharaunda yekurukurirano inobatanidza rutivi rwoufakazi hutsva. Mumutemo wazvino wehurumende, ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa hahubvumiri kutongwazve pashure pokupomerwa. Vamwe vatsigiri vakakarakadza kusabvumira ufakazi hweDNA mumhaka dzokubatwa chibharo kana kuti kureurura kwakajeka, kwakafanana neRevomhu dzeUK. Vashori vanotaura kuti kusavimba kwakadaro kungabvisa chivimbo mumitongo ndokukoka muchuchi.

Panewo kukurukurirana pamusoro pokuti zvirango zvevagari vemo zvakadai sechirango kana kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende (zvichimborevo, nokuda kwevanyajambwa vane masimba masimba evatano) zvinofanira kuparira dziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura kazhinji kazhinji kuti kuzvipira kuhurumende hakusi chirango, asi nhau yacho inoramba ichikurukurwa.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvevadzidzi Nenyanzvi Dzepamutemo

Kunzwisisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo woutsotsi kana kuti muitiro. Nokuda kwamagweta anodzivirira, dzidziso yacho chinhu chinokosha: kana mutengi akasunungurwa, chisarudzo ichocho ndechokupedzisira uye hachigoni kudenhwa nehurumende. Kuvachuchisi, kunoreva kugadzirira nokungwarira kuti mhaka dzose dzinounzwa mukutonga kumwe kana zvichibvira. Kusiyaniswa nehwuchi hwuviri, kukanganisa, uye kukwirira kunofanira kunzwisiswa kudzivisa zvikanganiso zvemuitiro.

Nokuda kwavatsigiri vehurumende, chitsama chengozi chakapetwa kaviri hachiwanzoitiki, asi zivo yezvinoitika zvakafanana nomusiyano wokutsiva zvinokosha mukurayira vatengi vanotarisana nevose vari vaviri kuratidzirwa kwevagari vemo noutsotsi.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokuguma

Ngozi mbiri dzinomira sedziviriro yakakomba pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende nokunetswa. Nepo kushandiswa kwayo kusati kuri kwakakwana (kusiyanisa nokusaruramisira, kukwirira, uye zviremera) nheyo huru inovimbisa kuti kupiwa mhaka kana kuti kutenderwa kunounza mhedziso. Musiyano pakati poutsotsi nemhosva dzavagari vemo ndewokunokosha; njodzi yakapetwa kaviri haiganhuriri kuganhuri kurangarirwa kwehurumende, asi dzimwe dzidziso dzakadai serectatata neeteral estol estol eroppel inoisa zvimiro zvavo zvokupedzisira.

Kuchinja kuri kuitwa mudzimwe nyika kunoratidza kuti nzanga dzinogona kubvisa pfungwa shoma pasina kubvisa zvachose nheyo yacho. Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi, vachinzwa kuti kukanganisa kwakapetwa kaviri kunopa purogiramu kuva mitemo yakakura: kusava nemhosva, kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka, uye miganhu yesimba rehurumende.

[[[[FK:0] pfuma yezvekurava: