Vashandi Vepamba muIndia: Nhungamiro Inokodzera Kukodzero Dzepamutemo Nedziviriro

Vashandi vepamba vanoumba mavambo asingaoneki emamiriyoni edzimba dzechiIndia, vachiita mabasa anokosha akadai sokuchenesa, kubika, kutarisira vana, uye kutarisira vakuru. International Labour Organization inofungidzira kuti India yoga inowana vashandi vomumba vanenge mamiriyoni 4,2, kunyange zvazvo nhamba chaiyo iri huru zvikuru nemhaka yevashandi vakawanda vasina kurongwa uye vasina kunyorwa. Pasinei zvapo nemipiro yavo inokosha, vashandi vomumba vakaiswa mumitemo inoshanda, vanovasiya vasina kudzivirirwa, vachiwana mari shoma, mamiriro ezvinhu amabasa asina kunaka, uye kunyadziswa munzanga. Zvisinei, mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, India yakatongera kuzivikanwa zvikuru kuti vashandi vepamba vanzi vadziviri vadziviri vapiwe zviri pamutemo. Nyaya iyi inogovera kuzivikanwa, mukuongororwa kwemitengo yemitemo, kodzero, uye kutarisirwa kwekodzero dzevashandi vose vari kushanda.

Ndivanaani Vari Vashandi Vedzimba muIndia?

Mumutemo weIndia nenhungamiro dzamarudzi ose, mushandi ari upi noupi wepamba akabatikana mubasa remhuri nokuda kwokudzorerwa mukati kana kunze kwomusha womushandirwi. Basa ringava rutivi rwenguva kana kuti nguva yakazara, kugara kana kuti kugara, uye rinogona kubatanidza mabasa akadai savabiki, vashandi, varimi, vatarisiri vebindu, vatyairi vemapurazi, uye vatarisiri. Nzvimbo yacho ivakadzi zvikuru: vanopfuura 80% vavashandi vepamba vakadzi, vazhinji vavo vanobva kunharaunda dzomumaruwa kana kuti kunyika dzomunharaunda. Ivo kazhinji kazhinji vari vamagariro amo akadai semaPhebriad Caste, Sved Collegetations, uye Magiramus. Kushainwa kwezvibvumirano zvakanyorwa uye mushandirwi webasa muteshivhasi kwakavakisanisa kuvaita kuti vazvishandiri vashandukire vashakire vashandukire vasingaoneki uye vachengeterwe, vachiita masangano ose anotonga apamutemo.

Kushanda Kwouwandu Hwevanhu uye Kusatsarukana

Chikamu chebasa romumba chinoratidzirwa nokusarongwa kwakakwirira, simba rakaderera, uye gadziriro dzemabasa dzakakamukana. Chikamu chikuru chavashandi chinoshandiswa nemhuri dzakawanda, mumwe nomumwe achibhadhara mari isina chengeteko yebasa ipi neipi kana kuti betsero. Vashandi vomumba vanotama (8) avo vanofamba vachipfuura nomumitsetse yenyika kana kuti kunyange mhiri kwemiganhu yemiganhu yehurumende (vanotarisana nemimwe mhinganidzo, kubatanidza miganhu yemitauro, kushayikwa kwemibatanidzwa yenzanga, uye ngozi huru yokutengeswa kana kuti kumanikidzwa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisaririra zvapamutemo zvinokosha kunzwisisa chikonzero nei kusati kuriwo zvako nhau yedziviriro yemitemo yapamutemo asi kodzero huru yavanhu.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwedziviriro Dzepamutemo

Kwamakumi amakore, vashandi vepamba muIndia vakabviswa pamutemo mukuru wevashandi wakadai seFactories Act, 1948, Scenal Wages Act, 1948, uye Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Chifungwa chakanga chiri chokuti mhuri dzakanga dzisati dziri “nzvimbo dzokushandira” uye kuti basa repamba rakanga riri gadziriro yapachivande isina kuzviisa pasi pemitemo. Masangano echiuto ebasa akavamba kushinga nokuda kwokuzivikanwa muma1990, uye Dare repamusoro reIndia, mukutonga kwetsika, rakasimbisa kuti vashandi vomumba vaipiwa kodzero imwe cheteyo somumwe mushandi upi noupi. [FLT: 0] Chibvumirano cheNational Policlgic paVashandi [2001] uye kudzivirira kwapamberi pakati pevagari vemo pasi po [FFT]

Mitemo Mikuru Nemitemo Yavanhu Inodzora Vanoshanda Mumusha

Kurongwa kwepamutemo kweIndia kwevashandi vepamba ibasa rakaoma remitemo yepamusoro, mitemo yakananga yehurumende, uye dudziro dzokutonga. Pasi apa ndidzo chishandiswa chemitemo chinokosha zvikuru.

Mutambo Wevashandi Vasina Kurongwa Wokuchengetedza Rugare, 2008

Ichi chiito chikuru chinofukidza vashandi vomumba serutivi rwechikamu chisingarongedzwi. Chinoraira hurumende dzepakati nehurumende kugadzira gadziriro dzechengeteko yenzanga nokuda kweinishuwarenzi youtano, betsero dzorumwe rudzi, mudyandigere, uye urema. Pradhan Mantram Mantari Man Maan Majan-DHAN [PM-SM] Yako uye Ayman Brashman Pradtari Mantry Yagya Oyaya) [AFPJY] yatambanurirwa vashandi vomumusha, kunyange zvazvo kushaidzwa nokushaiwa zvinyorwa.

Kupindirana kweState Migvants (Kugadziridzwa kweMabasa neMamiriro Ebasa), 1979 Act

Kunyange zvazvo pakuvamba yakagadzirirwa vashandi vanotama vari munyika imwe chete mumafekitari nokuvaka, matare akadudzira ichi chiito kufukidza vashandi vepamusha vanotama vachigura miganhu yenyika. Mutemo unoda vashandirwi kugovera chibvumirano chakanyorwa, kuvimbisa muripo wemari shomanene, uye kupa nzvimbo dzokugara dzakakodzera nenzvimbo dzokurapa. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kwapamutemo hakuna simba zvikuru, uye vashandi vashomanene vomumba vanoziva nezvegadziriro dzakwo.

Vashandi Vepamusha Vane Mubato Webudiriro Nehurumende Zvinotonga

Maruwa anoverengeka, kubatanidza Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, uye Delhi, akagadza mitemo yakananga kana kuti masangano egarikano evashandi vomumba. Somuenzaniso, Kerala Mutengi Wemitengi yeProfeal Welfare Board [ anonyoresa vashandi, anotora masendi kubva kuvashandirwi, uye anopa mari yecheni, inishuwa youtano, uye dzidzo nokuda kwavana. Iyi mipimo yenyika inobatira semienzaniso yedziviriro huru asi iri kure neyapasi pose.

Kunetswa Nevakadzi Pabasa (Kurangwa, Kurangwa uye Kudzorerwa) Act, 2013

Act [ zvakajeka inobatanidza vashandi vepamusha mukati merondedzero yayo ye “basa” uye inoda vashandirwi (kubatanidza mhuri) kuumba matare enyunyuto omukati (kana kuti kushandisa matare omunzvimbomo) kuti ataure pamusoro penetswa yevatano. Iyi dziviriro yakakomba inopiwa kuparadzaniswa kwebasa romumba nekusadzikama kwesimba pakati pavanasaimba navashandi.

Kabasa Kaduku - duku, 1948

Kubvira muna 2009, hurumende dzepakati neruwa dzakabatanidza basa repamba rakarongwa kuti ribhadharwe mari shoma. Panosvika 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzine mari shoma inosarudzwa zuva nezuva kana kuti mwedzi nemwedzi yevashandi vepamba, kunyange zvazvo nhamba dzichisiyana zvikuru (kubvira pa3300 pazuva) mune dzimwe nyika kusvika kuanopfuura 766 muDelhi. Vashandirwi vanosungirwa kubhadhara mari inenge yaziviswa, asi kuzviisa pasi kunopesana.

Kushanda Mubasa, 2019 uye Mitemo Yokutarisira

Mabumbiro matsva evashandi, ayo anovavarira kubatanidza nokupfavisa mitemo iripo, anorondedzera “mushandi” zvakafara zvakakwana kubatanidza vashandi vomumba. Zvisinei, kuronga mitemo kuchiri kupedzwa, uye dziviriro dzakawanda (kwakadai somubhadharo muduku wenyika yose, muripo wakakodzera nguva, uye zvibvumirano zvakanyorwa zvichaitwa pasi.

Kodzero Huru Nedziviriro Muudzame

Pasi apa tinoongorora kodzero dzepamutemo dzakaita kuti vashandi vepamba vakwanise kuwana, pamwe chete nezvavanofanira kuita.

Kodzero Yokuwana Mubayiro Wakanaka

Vashandi vomumba vane maruramiro okubhadhara mari shomanene zvikuru inoiswa nehurumende yenyika inogarwa. Vashandi vanofanira kubhadharwa nemari kana kuti kutamisirwa kwebhangi; muripo mumutsa (mutoo, zvokudya kana kuti nzvimbo yokugara) havagoni kutsiva mari inotambirwa kutoti vabvuma nokuzvidira uye vanyora. Vashandirwi vanobhadhara mari shomanene zvikuru vanogona kutarisana nokurovererwa pasi peMoom Wages Act.

Kushanda Maawa, Nguva Dzokuzorora, uye Nguva Yakawanda

Kunyange zvazvo pasina mutemo mukuru unopa maawa anoshanda anodiwa kuvashandi vepamusha, hurumende dzakawanda dzinodzika mitemo inoganhurira nguva yokushanda kusvika ku8-9 pazuva nokuzorora kweawa imwe. Vashandi vanorarama vanofanira kupiwa kamuri ravo voga uye nguva inodzorwa. Nguva inopfuura maawa akatarwa inofanira kubhadharwa nekaviri. Kushayikwa kwewachi yenguva kana kuti chinyorwa chokupinda mumisha kunoita kuti kuchengetwa kuve kwakaoma, asi vashandi vanogona kuchengeta madhiramu avo kana kuti maapurogiramu avo kuti vashandise purogiramu dzavo dzemagetsi.

Kudzivirirwa Pakubatwa Zvisina Kufanira uye Pakunetswa

Vashandi vomumba vane maruramiro okuenda kubasa rakachengeteka nerinoremekedza. Kubatwa zvisina kufanira mumuviri, kutaura, mirangariro, kana kuti muvatano kunoitwa navashandirwi kana kuti mitezo yemhuri hakubvumirwi uye kunogona kushumwa pasi pePenal Code (masendimendi 354, 376, 506, zvichingodaro) uye PoSH Act. Zviteshi zvamapurisa zvinosungirwa pamutemo kunyoresa zvichemo zvavashandi vomumba pasina rusaruro. Muitiro, vashandi vazhinji vanotya kutsiva kana kuti kudzingwa (kana kutama) uye vasingawanzovi nenyunyuto dzomutemo.

Kubatsirwa Nokuchengeteka Kwenzanga

MuMutezo weSocial Security Act, vashandi vanogona kuwana gadziriro dzehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana:

  • [[Inishuwarenzi] yechipa: Ayushman Bharat anogovera chinenge chifukidzo chemhuri chemarankh nokuda kwetarisiro yechipiri neyechitsaro.
  • PM [ PM-SYM inogovera mudyandigere womwedzi nomwedzi we 293000 pashure pezera ramakore 60 nokuda kwomupiro muduku.
  • Betsero dzokubereka: Mamwe mabhodhi ehurumende anogovera mazororo anobhadharwa (g. vhiki 12) uye betsero dzemari, kunyange zvazvo kufukidzwa kwenyika kwakaganhurirwa.
  • [[FT:0] Chivako chakati sandara nechirema: Pasi pePradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana nedzimwe gadziriro.

Sezvineiwo, kunyoresa nokuda kwezvirongwa izvi kunoda Aadhaar, akaunzi yebhangi, uye pane dzimwe nguva mushandirwi anopa magwaro epamutemo, ayo vashandi vomumba vazhinji vanoshaiwa.

Kururama Kwako Nechikamu Chakanyorwa

Nepo chisati charairwa munyika yose, chibvumirano chebasa chakanyorwa chinokurudzirwa zvikuru uye chinodikanwa pamutemo kuvashandi vepamba vanotama pasi peInter- State Migrant Workmen Act. Chibvumirano chinofanira kududza mabasa, mibairo, maawa okushanda, kubva, mashoko okugara (kana uchiri mupenyu), uye chiziviso chokugumisa. Kuva nebvumirano yakanyorwa inoderedza gakava uye inopa vashandi simba mukunyunyuta.

Kuderedza Kukwana Kwekodzero Yokuita Zvechimbichimbi

Vashandi vomumba vanogona kusvika:

  • Dhipatimendi revashandi romunzvimbomo kana kuti mumiririri wevashandi.
  • State Polity Welfare Boards (kwavari).
  • Zviteshi zvamapurisa (zvemhosva dzoutsotsi).
  • Matare omunzvimbomo pasi poMurayiro wePoSH.
  • Masangano eyamuro yepamutemo akapiwa neNational Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

Matambudziko Mukushandiswa Nokumanikidzwa

Pasinei negadziriro dzapamutemo dzarondedzerwa pamusoro apa, chinhu chaichoicho chezuva riri rose nokuda kwavashandi vazhinji vomumba muIndia chinoramba chine ngozi.

Kushaya Kungwaririra Nokunyora

Kunyange vaya vanoziva vanogona kunge vasina mapepa okuzivisa vanhu kuti vashaye mari yokubhangi kana kuti kero dzepamutemo dzokunyoresa zvirongwa.

Kubviswa Munzvero Dzemaitiro

Vaongorori vehurumende pasi peFactories Act nemimwe mitemo yeindasitiri havana simba padzimba dzemunhu oga.Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurudzira nyika kuti dzipe simba madhipatimendi evashandi kuti aongorore nzvimbo dzebasa dzomumba, asi vashomanene vakaita kudaro. Pasina kudzikamisa mutemo, kuzviisa pasi kunosiyirwa chose chose kukuda kwevashandirwi.

Simba Rakadzikama uye Kutya Kudzorerwa

Vashandi vepamba, zvikurukuru vashandi vanogara kana kuti vanotama, vanotsamira mune zvemari pavashandirwi uye kazhinji kazhinji vanogara panzvimbo. Kunyunyuta pamusoro pomubhadharo, maawa marefu, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira kunogona kutungamirira kukudzingwa kwenzvimbo yokugara nokukurumidza, kana kuti kunyange kutengeswa. Kudzorwa kwesimba hakukurudziri kushuma.

Mikaha Mumutemo

Hapana mutemo mukuru unoraira basa revashandi vepamba vose pasi peBumbiro reNdengedzero kana kuti Code on Social Security.

Basa Renzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemasangano Asiri Apamutemo

NGOUNI negadziriro dzezvokutengeserana zvave zvichishandiswa mukutsigira kodzero dzevashandi vomumba, kunyoresa vashandi, uye kugovera tsigiro yeparabhu. Masangano akadai se Commossion Workers Rights Union (DWRU), [[FLT]]][FLT]][FLT]][AMERIC][AMERIC], [[FLT]] shate shakerokushandira, batsira vashandi kuwana makadhi akavakirwa pamanyuko. [FT][FLT] [F]

Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko, ona Vashandi vepaILO vepaILO vapanze pepapakufamba napa uye ZVIMWE ZVIBATSIRO ZVOKUSHAYA VASHANDISA PAVASHAYIRI VOKUVAVAVAZI .

Zviitiko Zvemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nezvisarudzo Zvepanyika

Dare redare reIndia rakaita basa ramabasa akarongwa mukuwedzera dziviriro dzavashandi vepamusha. Mu Vashandi veDomestic v. Union of India (2009), Dare Gurusa rakaraira kuti nyika dzose dzibatanidze basa repamba mumabasa akarongwa nokuda kwemibayiro mishomanene uye kushandisa dziviriro yenzanga. [Mu ] Jeejash v. Union of India[[FLT:] (2016], Dare rakadzokororazve kuti vashandi vomumba vane kodzero yokudzivirira pasi pePurcel. nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Repamusoro reDelhiko rehurumende yokutanga Hurumende yeOvaratoria vaMasssworksworks nezvinoshanda zvakajeka.

Muna 2022, Ministry of Labour and Alork yakatanga Idirectalal of Ultorgan Workers (NDUW) inobatanidza vashandi vomumba seboka rakasiana, inovavarira kubetsera kuchinjwa kwakananga nokuwana nhevedzano yegarikano. Zvisinei, sere 2025, pasi pe 15% yavashandi vomumba vakafungidzirwa kuti vanyoreswa.

Izvo Vashandirwi Navashandi Vanogona Kuita

Nokuda Kwavashandirwi

  • Ronga mushandi womumba nedhipatimendi revashandi romunzvimbomo kana kuti dare rezvemari kana richibvira.
  • Ita chibvumirano chakanyorwa mumutauro unonzwisisa mushandi, anobhadhara mari, mabasa, maawa, kuenda, uye cherechedza nhambo.
  • Ipa mari shoma yaunotambira; dzivisa kuderedza mari kunze kweiyo inobvumirwa nemutemo (chib., nokuda kwezvirongwa zvehurumende).
  • Iva nenzvimbo yakachengeteka uye inoremekedza; usatombonetsana kana kushungurudzwa.
  • Ita kuti mushandi anyorese kuchengetedzwa kwemasangano ezvemagariro evanhu (Aadhaar, akaunzi yebhangi, serura).
  • Ivai nezororo rakakwana, mvura yokunwa, zvimbudzi, uye vashandi vanogara muimba yavo, kamuri romumba rine kiyi.

Nokuda Kwavashandi Vomumusha

  • Ziva kodzero dzako dzepamutemo: pindai mapurogiramu okuziva, verengai mapepa kana kuti mashoko okubatsira, uye taurai nevavanoshanda navo.
  • Wana chibvumirano chakanyorwa kunyange kana chikasataurwa pakutanga; nyora basa rako (tora mapikicha, chengeta dhayari).
  • Bhirodha nokuda kwegadziriro dzechengeteko yenzanga; nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira kuzvinyoresa neziviso iri nyore.
  • Kuputswa kwemishumo: dana tsigiro yevashandi (inowanika munyika dzakawanda), svika muchitokisi chavakadzi vomunzvimbomo, kana kuti nyorera NGO nokuda kweyamuro yapamutemo.
  • Gadzirisa kana kuti kumbanira boka ravashandi: Boka rinosimudzira kushandiswa kwamabasa uye rinoderedza kuzviparadzanisa.

Kuvaka Gadziriro Yoruremekedzo

Kupfuura kuzviisa pasi kwapamutemo, kuita tsika dzoruremekedzo kunobatanidza kuziva basa repamba serakafanira basa chairoiro. Vashandirwi vanogona kutanga kupfurikidza nokududza vashandi nezita, kuremekedza nguva yavo nokuva voga, uye kuvabata savakaenzana. Chiito chehurumende chinofanira kubatanidza kuchengetwa kuri nani, kunyoreswa kwavose, uye vanzveri vavashandi vakatsaurirwa nokuda kwemabasa epamba. Nhamburiko dzemitemo dzinofanira kuvavarira National Pregateal Workers Act inosimudzira kodzero nemishonga.

mhedziso

India yakaita fambiro mberi inorumbidzwa mukuziva vashandi vomumba sekodzero dzinovapo mumutemo. Vashandi vemo vasingadzorwi vanoshanda pasina zvibvumirano, kubatanidzwa kwebasa romumba pasi pemarongedzero akaderera, kutambanudzwa kwePoSH Act, uye masangano ehurumende akaisa nheyo yokudzivirira. Asi mukaha pakati pezvibvumidzo zvepamutemo nechinhu chaicho zvinovapo zuva nezuva unoramba wakafara. Mamiriyoni evashandi vepamba anoshanda pasina zvibvumirano, pasina betsero, uye pasina chivimbo chokuti inzwi ravo richanzwiwa. Kuzadza mukahaha iwoyo kunoda nhamburiko yemapatimende yavose: vashandirwi vanosarudza kuwirirana netsamba asi nomudzimu womutemo; vashandi vanoronga uye kuzvizivisa vamene; nzanga inopfuurira kutsigira; uye kudzivirira.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamaruramiro avashandi vomumba, ungabvunza Kodzero dzavanhu dziripo pamusoro pavashandi vomusha muIndia uye mifungo yeSabour & Broughts peji yakatsaurirwa pavashandi vepamusha. Rwendo rwokuenda kuchiremera chenyika yose runopfuurira, uye chiito chiri chose (* chibvumirano chakanyorwa, mubhadharo wakarurama, kana kuti kurukurirano inoremekedzeka inounza kumusha.)