Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Chii?

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika ikodzero dzehwaro nedziviriro zvinogonesa vanhu kutora rutivi mukudzora nyika yavo. Idzo ndidzo mitoo yapamutemo iyo vagari vemo vanoshandisa nayo pesvedzero pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvavo, vanosarudza vamiririri vavo, uye vanova nesimba rokuzvidavirira. Idzi maruramiro haasati ariwo zvinangwawo hazvo zvendangariro; zvishandiso zvinoshandura nhau kuva mugari wemo. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinobatanidzwa zvamagariro enyika, zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Chiziviso chekodzero dzekodzero dzavanhu [ (UDHR]) dzinotaura zvakawanda zvekodzero idzi, kubatanidza kodzero dzokutora rutivi rwehurumende imwe yenyika (FRAC). Pasi pemitemo yehurumende inotonga, vagari vehurumende havagoni kushaikwakwakwazvo, sokushaiwa mirangariro yavo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, sokusarira, mirangariro yavo, kana kuti vapandukirei.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika norusununguko rwavagari vemo. Rusununguko rwavanhu, rwakadai sorusununguko rwokufunga kana kuti kuva woga, runodzivirira vanhu padzongonyedzo dzehurumende. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mukupesana, ndidzo maruramiro anopa simba vagari vemo kuti vaumbe hurumende vamene. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuvhota ikodzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo kodzero yokutonga kwakarurama iri rusununguko rwavagari vose. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinotsamira pa/pasi pasina kutaura kwakasununguka (rusununguko rwevagari vemo, maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika) hazvibviri.

Kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinosanganisira, asi hadzina kuganhurirwa kune:

  • Kururamira kuvhota musarudzo dzechokwadi, dzenhambo nenhambo, uye dzapachena.
  • [ Kururamira nokuda kwesarudzo kuhofisi yavose.
  • [ Rusununguko rwekutaura [ panhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Rusununguko rwegungano kuronga misangano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyunyuta, uye misangano.
  • [[[FT:0] Rusununguko rwesangano kukumbanira mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, mibatanidzwa yokutengesa, uye mapoka ezviwaro.
  • [ Kukumbira [ hurumende nokuda kwokugadziridza zvichemo.
  • [ inobvumira mashoko avose pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende nokushandisa.

Kodzero idzi hadzingoerekani dzapiwa; dzakawanwa mumazana emakore okurwisa, uye dzinoda kungwarira nguva dzose kuti dzichengeterwe.International Count on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) mamwe mashoko okuti hurumende dzinofanira kudzivirira sei kodzero idzi, kusanganisira gadziriro dzematare anotarisira masanhamba anozvimirira uye kurambidzwa kwokusarura mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kukosha Kwekodzero Dzematongerwe Enyika

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika hadzisi dzoumbozha kana kuti dzokupedzisira dzinofungwa muchaunga chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Simba

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoshandura vanhu vasingashandi kuva vagari vemo vanoshingaira. Vanopa vanhuwo zvavo simba rapamutemo rokupesvedzera mitemo, mabhajeti, uye mitemo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Apo vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota, kutaura, uye kuronga, havasati vachiri kutsamira pamutsa wavatongi. Uku simba rinokosha zvikurukuru nokuda kwokupesana kwenhau, mapoka akadai savakadzi, vashomanene vedzinza, uye vanhu vomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge kupfuudzwa kweVoting Rights Act ya 1965 muUnited States, kunyoreswa kwevatema veAfrica muSouth kukwira kupfuunopfuura 60%, kuratidzira kuti kodzero dzepamutemo dzinogona sei kubudisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuzvidavirira

Vakuru vakuru vanoziva kuti vanogona kuvhoterwa kunze kwebasa vane bviro huru yokupindura kuzvinodikanwa zvavose nokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoparira chimuko chinopiwa: vagari vemo vanonzvera basa, vanotsoropodza, uye vanotsiva vaiti. Iyi nzira inodzivisa ushati nokusakwanisa. Nzvero ne House nguva dzose] inoratidza kuti nyika dzine dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzine mwero yakaderera youshati. Munzanga umo kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzine utera, vatungamiriri vanotarisana nomuuyo muduku nokuda kwokushatisa, kutungamirira kukurangwa nokuora.

Mufananidzo

Democracy yakanaka inofanira kuratidzira mhatsa yechiverengero chayo chavagari vemo. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinovimbisa kuti mirangariro yakasiana, kubatanidza iyo yamapoka maduku namapoka ane muteshi, ine chigaro patafura. Ikoku kunopfuura kuvapowo zvako; kunoreva kuti mitemo nemirau inoziviswa nemhatsa yakasiana-- siyana yezvinoitika. Somuenzaniso, miitiro yokumirira, iyo inopa mapoka maduku mukana wokuwana zvigaro, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobva mugadziriro yakasimba yamaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo mapoka ose anogona kutora rutivi, miuyo inova inova inowirirana zvikuru neyati shamisei kumifariro yakatanhamara.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokufambira mberi kweruramisiro yenzanga. Vanobvumira nzanga dzinoshaiwa kuraira kubatwa kwakaenzana, mibayiro inokwana, kusvika kudzidzo, uye mugumo werusaruro. Chivil Rights Movement muUnited States muenzaniso webhuku: kupfurikidza nokushandisa maruramiro avo okuunganidza, kukumbira, uye kutaura, vashingari vakamanikidzira hurumende kuputsa mitemo yemitemo yetsika yakaenzana seCivil Rights Act ya19464. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano avakadzi kupota nyika anoshandisa maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhotera, ayo akatungamirirawo kumitemo inobatanidza kusaenzana kwevatano.

Kuchengeteka

Mukupesana nechitendero chokuti kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotungamirira kunyongano, ufakazi hunoratidza kuti nzanga dzinoremekedza maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika dzakatsiga zvikuru uye dzine rugare. Apo vanhu vane mikoto ine rugare yokuratidzira zvichemo nokuchinja utungamiriri, havasati vachitongotendeukira kumasimba masimba. Nzvero yakaitwa neWorld Bank yakashuma kuti nyika dzine maruramiro akasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwavagari vemo dzinowana hondo dzavagari vemo shomanene zvikuru uye nhamburiko dzokubvutira hurumende. Gadziriro yacho yakapfava iri nyore: apo tsika inobvumira kuchinja nomubhokisi rebhorati, mabara haidikanwi. Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinogovera dziviriro nokuda kwokusafaradzwa.

Nhoroondo Yekodzero Dzematongerwe Enyika

Nhambo yokuenda kukodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapasi pose yave iri refu, isina kufanira, uye kazhinji kazhinji ine ropa. Nhamba huru dzenhau dzakakudza kwete bedzi ndaza yekodzero asiwo dzakarondedzerwazve uyo anokosha somugari wemo.Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunotibetsera kunzwisisa kusashanda zvakanaka kwaaya maruramiro nhasi.

Nheyo Dzapamberi Petsika

MAgna Carta (1215) kazhinji kazhinji inodudzwa senhano yapakuvamba, asi kushanda kwayo kumaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaganhurirwa. Yakazivisa kuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo uye kuti vanhu vakasununguka vakanga vane maruramiro akati, asi haina kutanga kutora rutivi rwedemokratiki. Yakakura yakanga iri [[FLT:] Bill yeGOGOD [1689], iyo yakaganhurira simba ramambo uye yakasimbisa maruramiro eParamende kusangana nokukurukurirana norusununguko, uye [[FLT:] yainzi [FLT] [FLT].[FLT]

Revolution Nguva ya18th Century)

Chinjo yeAmerica (1775 - 783) yakabudisa Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (1787) neBill of Rights (1791), iyo yakabatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Zvisinei, zvakatora anodokusvika mazana maviri amakore kuti idzi maruramiro atambanurwe kuvakadzi, vaAfrica, uye MaIndia okuAmerica. Chinjo yeFrance (1789) yakazivisa rusununguko, uenzaniso, uye kubatana, uye chibvumirano chekodzero dzomunhu nedzero dzechigariti zvive muteshi nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro France yakavawo mutevedzeri wekodzero dzokutonga, inotiyeuchidza kuti kutsigira kodzero dzakasimba kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kufuridza Nokuwedzera (Mazana Amakore Echi20)

Movement yakarwira maruramiro okuvhota avakadzi, ichiita nhano muNew Zealand (1893), Finland (1906), uye mhiri kweEurope neNorth America kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20. [ Convil Rights Movement [1950s-1960s])[FLT] yakabvisa rusaruro rwedzinza runobvumirwa muUnited States, kuchiguma muChirevo cheKodzero chaMarudzi rwa 1965. Nyika yose, nguva yepashure peHondo yeHondo yeHondo yeNyika II yakaonekwa nokuchinja kwamarudzi achangozvitonga. [FFLD] [FFD]

Kurwisana Kwepanguva Yedu Ino

Mumugumo wezana ramakore rechi20 uye pakuvamba kwerechi21, maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika akatarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva. Kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko kwakazarura nokupfupikisa nzvimbo yedemokrasi muEastern Europe namativi eAfrica, asi kudzorwa kwehurumende kwave kwakasimba munyika dzakadai seRussia, Hungary, uye Turkey. Kukura kworuzivo rwemichina yemakombiyuta kwakaparira mikana mitsva yokutora rutivi (mhiko nemhedziso yemagariro echisaririra enhau) asiwo tyisidziro itsva: kubvisa, indecry - sign, uye kudzoratedza kwamashoko okusabvumirana. Kudzivirira kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika nhasi kunoda kuchinjira kuidzino.

Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Kupota Nyika

Mugariro wekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika unosiana zvikuru. Masangano amarudzi ose akafanana House yeFreedom neEconomist Intelligence Unit zvinobudisa zvikarakadzo zvegore negore. “Rusununguko rweHouse muNyika” runoshuma nyika dzakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wekusarudzwa, kuva muzvikamu zvamarudzi akawanda, kushanda kwehurumende, uye mimwe mipimo. Kubvira muna 2024, nyika zhinji dzinowira mu“ mavorefuro" kana kuti“ mapoka akasununguka”, zvichiratidzira zvikanganiso zvakakomba.

Dziviriro Dzakasungwa

Nyika dzeNordic (mh., Norway, Sweden, Finland) dzinobatanidza sarudzo dzakasununguka nedzakarurama, mutemo wakasimba, uori hwakaderera, uye muvhoti mukuru. Kuwedzera, nyika dzakadai seCosta Rica, New Zealand, uye Canada dzinogovera maruramiro akasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika nedziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokutora rutivi ruduku. Idzi nyika dzine chaizvoizvo matare anozvimirira, zvinobudisa nhau zvakasununguka, uye nzanga dzehurumende dzinotarira hurumende.

Matambudziko uye Kupera Kwepfungwa

Mumativi akawanda enyika, maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kudenhwa. Hurumende dzoutongi hwavanhu dzakadai seChina, Russia, North Korea, uye Iran] dzinodzivisa nenzira yakarongwa kusabvumirana kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kusungwa, uye masimba. Kusarudza, kana dziripo, hadzina kusununguka kana kuti kusasarura. Corpect [[] Kukosha maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika; apo zvisarudzo zvaFofface zvinoparadzwa nepfumbadzo kana kuti kunyengera, maruramiro okuvhota anova asina revo. Munyika dzakafanana neIndia, kudzorwa kwoutongi kwakaitika kupfurikidza nokunetesa kwemasangano anozvimirira nokushandiswa kwapamutemo kunyadza.

Miganhu yemagariro ezvemari inodzivisa vazhinji kushandisa maruramiro avo ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo yeVoter inovhota, nzvimbo dzinovharwa, uye mhinganidzo dzokunyoresa dzinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi nzanga dzavarombo nevezviduku, kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vakagadzwa. MuU.S., fundo dzinoratidza kuti mitsetse mirefuro mirefu nezvinodikanwa zveID zvinogona kudzosarudzorwa pa 2-3% muzvimwe zvisarudzo.

Dysformation ityisidziro inokura. Mashoko enhema anoparadzirwa kupfurikidza nesociation anogona kukanganisa nzwisiso yavose yenhau navanoda kutevedzerwa. MaSaremori anowanzowedzera kukamukana kwechinhu uye kutsausa, achikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vagari vemo vaite zvisarudzo zvokuziva. Kurwisa ikoku hakudi bedzi matanho omutemo asiwo dzidzo yokugona kurava nokunyora.

Nzira Yokutsigira Nayo Kodzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutsigira kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika haisi basa nokuda kwevatsigiri vashomanana; mutoro wevagari vemo vose.Hedzino mazano angaitwa nevanhu, mapoka, uye masangano.

Zvidzidzise Uye Udzidzise Vamwe

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako ndicho chinhu chokutanga. Verenga bumbiro remitemo renyika yako, dzidza nezvezvishandiso zvekodzero dzevanhu zvemarudzi ose, uye tevedzera zvinozivikanwa nevakawanda zvakadai seAmnesty International kana kuti Human Rights Watch.

Ita Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kudzosera mari chiito chinokosha zvikurusa, asi inongova mavambo. Iva pahoro dzetaundi, misangano yezvikoro, uye marusando edare reguta. Zvipindurire nokuda kwenhimbe kana kuti kubatira pamabhodhi ezvokufambisa. Kumhanya nokuda kwehofisi [ ] .Nzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzine mhinganidzo dzakaderera dzokupinda uye dzinogona kuva ibwe rapakukwirira kunzvimbo yakakwirira. Kukurudzira mapoka anopinzwa pasi kuti aite zvimwe.

Tsigira Mitemo Yakarurama

Mutsigiri wemitemo inokudza kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika: kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzvidira, kukudza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, masangano okuzvimirira okuisa mari murutivi rwezvirongwa, kuoneka kwemari, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nokutyisidzira kwomuvhoti. Nzve, shora mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kumuvhoti kana kuti kuita kupesana kworugare. Nyorera vaiti vemitemo, kusaina zvikumbiro, uye kukumbanira mapoka anorwira iyi chinjo.

Kubatana Nemasangano

Masangano asingapinduri, masangano eyamuro dzapamutemo, uye masangano anorinda ari pamitsetse yemberi. Mapoka anotsigira akafanana ne ALU[FLT] (American Civil Liberties Union) iyo inoita maritages kudzivirira maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti Nhlangano weProvition Coalition Coalitiontiontion iyo inogovera betsero yapamutemo kuvhota. Pamwero wamarudzi ose, samaSaretation Center nereverame.

Kudzorwa Kwoutachiona uye Mishumo

Shandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti unyore zvinetso. Maapps eMobile akadai se “Vote Report” kana kuti“ Ushahidi” anobvumira vagari vemo kushuma nhau dzetsoro kana kuti tyisidziro. Masangano anofambidzana navanhu anogona kukudza zvinetso, asi anopupurirawo mashoko asati agoverana. Gudzira kuputswa kwemibatanidzwa yesarudzo, mitumbi yavanhu, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Transparency idzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kusimudzira Kunyora Nezvinobudisa Mashoko

Rwisa mashoko nokudzidzisa kutsoropodza manyuko. Kurudzira nzvimbo dzinoongorora chokwadi dzakadai seSnopes kana kuti SectCheck.org. Purogirai nokuda kwezvidzidzo muzvikoro zvinosanganisira kuongorora mashoko paIndaneti. Vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa chokwadi kubva pamashoko anoparadzirwa vanokosha pakushandiswa kwakakodzera kwekodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika isimba rinoparira utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu. Zvinogonesa vanhu kuumba hurumende yavo, kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavire, uye kuvaka nzanga yakarurama. Nhau yekodzero idzi inhau yokuwedzera kunofambira mberi, asi haisati iri nzira yakarurama. Nhau zhinji dzemhindu dzakaitwa mumazana amakore zvino dzinotyisidzirwa nokudzorwa kwehurumende inodzorwa, uori, uye kushandiswa kweunyanzvi. Kudzivirira uye kufambira mberi kwamaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kushingaira, kuziva, uye kupfuurira kudzora mubato wenzanga iri yose. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iri maruramiro aya, chikonzero nei iwo ane chokuita, uye nzira yokuadzivirira nayo, mugari womunyika mumwe nomumwe anogona kubetsera kuvimbisa kuti democracy yehurumende inogarwa nesimba nokuda kwazvizvarwa zvinouya. Basa haritongotongopedzwa, asi matururo ari mumaoko edu.