Hwaro Hwehurumende Ine Miganhu

Nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa yakaumbwa muchimiro chemitemo yeAmerica. Midzi yayo inodzokera shure kuMagna Carta ye1215, iyo yakatanga kutaura kuti simba ramambo rakanga risati riri rakakwana uye kuti kunyange mambo aifanira kuwirirana nomutemo. Vazivi vakajeka vakadai saJohn Locke akatsigira kodzero dzomusikirwo – upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu – kuti hakuna hurumende ingagona kubvisa nenzira yapamutemo, uye kuti hakuna Baron de Montesquie angadzivisa kuparadzanisa masimba sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Vadzori vehurumende yeU. S. Bumbiro remitemo rinopesvedzera zvikuru nepfungwa idzi, rakagadzirwa nechibvumirano chenyika uko chiremera chinoparatwa noune. Ivo vanodavira kuti kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumapazuro namapamwe ehurumende, vangagona kudzivirira kubviswa maruramiro ose avanhu.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Constitution inogadza mapazu matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rakagoverwa. Chikamu I chinopa simba remitemo muCongress, Article II chinopa simba rapamusoro kuMutungamiriri wehurumende, uye Chikamu III chinoisa simba rokutonga muDare Rapamusorosoro namatare akaderera. Iri boka rinovimbisa kuti hapana sangano rimwe rinogona kushandisa chiremera chose chehurumende panguva imwe chete.

  • Bheni reBazi: Congress - inoumbwa neImba yavamiririri neDare – idare rokuita mitemo. Rine simba rechikwama, rinobvumira hurumende kupedza mari, rinozivisa hondo, uye rinodzora dare renyika nekutengeserana kwokumwe. Kupfurikidza namatare ayo anotarisira, Congress anocherekedzawo kuitwa kwemitemo nebazu ravakuru.
  • Bazu reBazu rePurezidhendi: Mutungamiriri wehurumende, samukuru mukuru, anomanikidzira nokushandisa mitemo yehurumende, anoraira mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, anoitisa muitiro wokumwe, uye anogadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa navakuru vakuru. Bazu racho rinobatanidzawo masangano akawanda ehurumende anopa miraudzo uye anoita zuva remamini.
  • Bazu reJodicial: Matare ehurumende, anoguma ari muDare Rapamusorosoro, anodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo. Anopedza gakava, anosarudza kuti mitemo yemitemo nedare rinotonga ndeyepamutemo, uye anopa vanhu mukana wokudenha hurumende.

Mashoko apakuvamba enyaya imwe neimwe anogona kuraviwa paBumbiro Remitemo Rinoziviswa, rinochengetwa neRaibhurari yeCongress.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kwaizova kusina kukwana kudai bazi rimwe nerimwe raigona kushanda riri roga.

  • Nzvero dzeChountaintion paPurezidhendi: Congress inogona kukurira kuvhota nemativi maviri namatatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri, inoramba kusimbisa vapurezidhendi, kuramba mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru, uye kubvisa Purezidhendi nokuda kwe “chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakashata.”
  • Nzvero dzeProfesidenti paCongress: Purezidhendi anoshandisa simba reveto pamusoro pomutemo, anogona kudana kuti Congress ipinde rusando chairwo, uye angabudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru inonangidzira kuti mitemo iripo inomanikidzirwa sei – kunyange zvazvo mirairo yakadaro ichiri inodzorwa kuhwirudzurwa kwedare nezvisarudzo zvemari.
  • Nzvero dzedare pamapazu ose ari maviri: matare, kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro, anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi, asi anofanira kusimbiswa neDare, uye angosimbiswa bedzi, anobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, achiadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Mitsetse padare redare:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kuchinja chiremera chematare akaderera, kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dziputse dudziro dzedare, uye (kunyange isingawanzoshandiswa) vatongi vomubatanidzwa nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama.

Kuti uone mimwe mienzaniso yemakeki nemadhigirii anoshanda, website yeDare reUnited States inobatsira.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba harina kubatanidza nhevedzano ine udzame yekodzero dzomunhu oga, idi iro rakatyisa vatsoropodzi vanorwisana neFedarist. Kudzivirira kugadziridzwa, James Madison akakarakadza nhevedzano yezvigadziridzo izvo zvakava Bill of Rights, zvakasimbiswa muna 1791. idzi bvumirano gumi dzinodzivisa zvakananga simba rehurumende uye dzakatambanudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kushandisa mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza nomutemo weGaza reMitemo yeMitemo ye145.

  • Mutemo wePrefect weProfence wePromp: Mitemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kuganhurirwa kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso, kudzongonyedza rusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, kuungana kune rugare, kana kuti maruramiro okukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Iyi ndiyo muganhu wokurangarira kwoubati ushe hwedemocratiokrati.
  • SAUD [FULT] [[FLT: 1] inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, maruramiro ayo Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira somunhu mumwe nomumwe ane ganhuriro dzenhau (sumo, kurambidza kuva nemhosva).
  • Furth Amendment:[[FLT: 1] Kungwarira kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Kudzikamisa mutemo kunowanzoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nechingabvira, uye ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweiyi tsungidzo kazhinji kazhinji hunobviswa mukutonga kwokubvisa.
  • Fith Amendment: Inovimbisa kupiwa mhaka kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, inorambidza ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, inodzivirira kuzviparadzanisa, uye inovimbisa kuti hapana munhu anonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Inobatanidzawo kutora Claus, inoda kuripirwa bedzi apo nzvimbo yapachivande inotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose.
  • mepured Amendment: Forbidges beil, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Uku kuchinja kunoparira nharo pamusoro pemigariro yetorongo, chirango chorufu, uye kutongerwa kudukusa.

Mashoko akazara uye kugadziridzwa kwenhoroondo imwe neimwe kunowanika muNational Archives.

Mubatanidzwa: Kukamukana Kwesimba Pakati Porudzi neStates

Kukamuranisa uchangamire pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzehurumende, imwe neimwe ine chiremera chakazvimirira panhau dzakati.

  • masimba erudzi:[[FLT: 1] Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera chehurumende pamusoro penhau dzehurumende pamusoro penhau dzorudzi dzezvematongerwe enyika – kuumba mari yorudzi, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nedzimwe nyika, kuitisa kurukurirano dzekurukurirano, uye kugadza mitemo yokugadzira zvinhu yakafanana.
  • State (yagara iripo) masimba:[ Pemesion yegumith Amendment inosiyira kuhurumende dzose dzisingapiwi kuUnited States kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Ikoku kunobatanidza mapurisa, dzidzo, kutengeserana kwenyika, kushandiswa kwenyika, mitemo yeroorano, uye kutungamirira sarudzo.
  • Masimba echipameso: Mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende ingapa mutero, kuvaka migwagwa, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kudzikamisa mitemo munharaunda umo chiremera chinorwisana. Apo Hurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Supremacy Claus yeBumbiro remitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoita mutemo wehurumende kuva mukuru.

Mumazana amakore, kukura kwechiremera chorudzi kupfurikidza nechikamu chezvokutengeserana nesimba rokushandisa mari kwachinja dzikamo, bva nyika dzinoramba dziri marabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza mitemo ingagamuchirwa gare gare murudzi. Kurwisana kweCContemporary kungava kwapamutemo sehurumende marijuana inopokanidza mitemo yehurumende yemirimo yehurumende, kana kuti kudzivisa kwehurumende kuchengetwa kwehurumende kwevatami vemo kuratidzira kurwisana kunopfuurira kuri muuchangamire huviri.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Mukurondedzera Miganhu Yesimba

Dare Gurusa iturikiri yokupedzisira yeBumbiro reMitemo, uye mirau yaro inorondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Dzidziso yehwirudzuro yakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), apo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa simba reDare rokuzivisa chiito cheCongress mukusashanda kwechibvumirano. Iyi mhaka yakapa vatongi nzvero inokosha pamusoro pechibvumirano namapazu ehurumende.

Zvisarudzo zvepanyika zvakawedzera kana kuti kuita miganhu yesimba rehurumende. MCULLOch v. Maryland (1819) yakasimbisa chiremera chakafara chehurumende pasi peBhunga ramafairo naSecostance Claus, nepo [ New York v. United States[FLT][6] na[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] v.[FFFFF:5] [197] [197]) yakadzorerazve mano eCongress congress ourages reomer remount restancel. [parlective "Fose], [FLT]

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuganhurira Hurumende

Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzinomutsa gakava guru pamusoro pokuti hurumende yapfuura miganhu yayo yakafanira here.

Zvokudzidza Nezvinhu Zvokuva Woga

Mano ehurumende okuunganidza mashoko pavagari vemo akura zvikuru chifo chedenho dzechi11 September. USA PARITOTT Act uye gare gare kugadziridzwa kwakakudziridza chiremera chokutarisira kunzvera kwemagetsi, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye kushandisa tsamba dzekosero. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunzvera kukuru kunoputsa dziviriro dzechina dzePendementmentation inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo, nepo vadziviriri vachipikisa kuti maturusi akadaro anokosha nokuda kwokudzivisa ugandanga. Carbatent v. United States[FLT] [FLTY:1] [2017], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvenhau dzenhau, vachiratidzira kuti dziviriro kwougadziro yemiteshina. Bva miganhuro ichiripo, zvikurukuru nokuzivikanwa kwamabasa okunze echiso.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumirairo yavakuru vakuru nemimwe mishandiro isina kuva nemimwe kuti isvike nharidzano dzetsika apo Congress inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, mirairo yavakuru vakuru yakashandiswa kushandisa chinjo dzokubuda munyika, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye zvirongwa zvokukweretesa vadzidzi. Nepo Purezidhendi ane chisarudzo chikuru chokutungamirira bazu guru, matare pane dzimwe nguva akaputsa mirairo yokuti kudarika chiremera chedare kana kuti kusawirirana nevavariro. Chikanganiso chenhau chakatanhamara Presitum Marty & Tube Co. v. Sawer [1952] Akaganhurira Purezidenti wekuedza kutora zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea, kugadza Purezidentia asingagoni kuita mutemo unodzorwa pamwe chete. Chibvumirano chokupinda nokupinda nokudzosera mira miramirano yavadzidzi chibvumirano chinopfuurira kuidzo ichi.

Hurumende Inotungamirira

Masangano eFederal akadai seNdengedzo yeNdengedzo yeNyika, Securent and Exchange Commission, uye Department of Health and Human Services anopa zviuru zvemirairo gore rimwe nerimwe ine simba romutemo. Iyi “hurumende” inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti Konqueror yakapa simba rakawanda kuvakuru vakuru. Dare rapamusoro re“Chevron reRespect" (kubva [[FL: 0]]CHEVHron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nature Diviesfective Council[[[FL:], 1984]) rakatungamirira matare kudzosera kurondedzero dzemitemo isingatsatiri. Zvisinei, makore achangobva kupfuura, akaona kubva kuChevron, nokuomerera kukuru kwenhau kana kuti kubvumira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuraira kubvumira. [FF]

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

Basa rehurumende muzvoutano rinomirira kurwa kusingaperi pamusoro pemiganhu yemashoko ezvokutengeserana nesimba rokubhadhara. Chikumbiro chomunhu oga muAffordhable Care Act – kuraira vanhu kuti vatenge inishuware youtano – chakatsigirwa somutero mu NFIB v. Seberius[[FLT] [[FLT]], asi Dare rakaramba zvakajeka chibvumikiso chokuti Constantive aigona kusunda mubato wokutengeserana. Gare gare gare zvinetso kuMedicaid wedzererwa uye kudyira mari yakapfuudzazve miganhuro yemari inopfuudzira ganhuriro yesimba rehurumende. Sezvinoreva mitemo mitsva yezvoutano nezvikarakadzo zvoutano zvinobuda, dzvinyiriro pakati pekuchinja nokubatana kwenyika zvinoramba zviripo.

Kutama uye Kurwisana Nehurumende

Gadziriro yokupinda munyika yave iri nhambo inodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ine simba rekudzora kugadzirwa kwomusikirwo nokuchengetwa kwemiganhu, magariro akaedza kudzora vatami vasina kunyorwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yavo vamene – somuenzaniso, SB 1070 yaidikanwa namapurisa ehurumende kuti aongorore mugariro wokupinda kwavanhu mukati mokumira kwapamutemo. Arizora v. United States [202], Dare gurusa rakarovanya gadziriro dzinoverengeka sedzakabviswa nomutemo wehurumende asi rakasiya “ndiratidza mapepa ako akakwana. Kupesana pamusoro pamaguta anochengeterwa nzvimbo tsvene.

Mitemo Yepfambi Nemasimba Enjodzi

MUVENGI CHOVHIDNA wakaona hurumende pamwero yose ichiita kuti pave nezvibvumikiso, zvikumbiro zvemabhakitire, kuvharwa, uye zvinodikanwa zvenhomba. Izvi zvakaparira denho dzebumbiro remitemo pasi peFirst Amendment (musangano worudzidziso), muitiro wakafanira (rusununguko rwemari), uye nheyo dzehurumende (kuwedzera kwechiremera chomunzvimbomo). Dare Guru, muzvinoitika zvakafanana [[FLT: 0] Katurike yeBrooklyn. Cuomo, yakaganhurira hurumende yakati kuti vapindiri paminamato yorudzidziso, ichiita kuti vakanga vasiri vasingatori rutivi rwakarerekera rutivi uye vanoshandawo. Murakata wakasimbisawo kusawirirana pakati pemirairo yechamukuru neudzo yezvokudzora, nedzimwe nyika dzinodzoro dzehurumende pamusoro pezviito zvavose.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kutaura, uye Simba reHurumende

Kukwidziridzwa kwezvikamu zvemagariro evanhu kwakavhiringidza masangano enhau ezvemagariro evanhu. Mitemo yehurumende muTexas neFlorida ichitsvaka kudzora kugutsikana nezviri pakati nenzvimbo huru yakashorwa sokuputswa kwekodzero dzemakambani ehurumende okutaura, nepo kukurukurirana kwehurumende nekambani dzinobudisa nhau dzinokuvadza kwakakumbira kutaura kwehurumende. Dare Repamusorosoro riri kurwisana nokuti hurumende ingagona kumanikidza vanhu kuti vataure zvakasiyana - siyana, uye kana hurumende ichinyengetedza kuti iputse kukanganisa kukanganisa kubvumira kukanganisa Kudzikamisa Kutanga Kudzora.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzesimba muhurumende yeU.S. kunokosha nokuda kwechibvumirano nedzidzo. Kuparadzana kwesimba kwapasi pevhu, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, Bill of Rights, uye unistism – zvinoramba zviri nheyo, asi chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kududzira ndokushandisa nheyo idzi kuzvinetso zvitsva. Nhau dzeChikamu chegore kubva pakuongororwa kwemishonga yejekiseni dzinoratidza kuti nhau yehurumende yesimba rinofanira kutongovakwa. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi, vachifunda idzi ganhuriro havasati vachingopa bedzi kudzidza pamutemo asi kuongawo kukuru kwemipimo yedemocracy iyo inodzora American. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera midzi yenhau, maro, uye magakava, vagari vemoshi vanogona kutora rutivi rwuri nani muchirongwa chinopfuurira chokuchengeta hurumende yayo.