Sumo: Chinokosha Choutongi Hwebumbiro remitemo

Mukuvakwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, dzidziso shomanene dzinokosha sedzinokwikwidzwa. Iri simba rinogonesa matare ehurumende, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, kunzvera mitemo, zvirairo zvehurumende, uye zviito zvehurumende nokuda kwokuwirirana neU.S. Apo mutemo unoonekwa uchirwisana nemitemo inotangira yenyika, matare angaideredza, nokudaro achibatira secherekedzo pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Nheyo yacho inodzika midzi kwazvo zvokuti kazhinji kazhinji haisati ichipanikidzwa, bva mavambo awo akanga asingadzivisiki kana kuti asingadzoreki. Kunzwisisa mativi enhau enhau, magariro enhau, maapikiniki, uye miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika inoishatsa, uye miuyo yepasi inotoko nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa sei mutemo uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga oga oga oga.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso hakuoneki murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, kwakaratidzirwa negadziriro yechinyorwa uye gare gare kwakasimbiswa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakatanhamara. Nhasi, inoshanda sechishandiso chikuru chedare rokusimbisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rehurumende rinopfuura chiremera charo chakagoverwa. Nyaya inonzvera upamhi hwehwirudzuro yedare, kuvambira panguva dzaro dzehwaro murefubhuriki yapakuvamba kusvikira kubasa raro mukuumba upenyu hwazvino uno hweAmerica.

Mavambo Okuhwirudzura Kutonga

Madison (103)

Kuumbwa kwehwirudzuro yedare kunodokuva kwaronderwa munyika yose kusvikira ku Marbury v. Madison, nhau yakabuda murwisano yakakomba pakati paPrezidenti aifamba John Adams naPrezidenti anouya Thomas Jefferson. Mumaawa okupedzisira okutarisira kwaAdhama, Federal List Congress yakagadzira matare matsva anoverengeka, uye Adams akagadzwa kuva vatsigiri vakavimbika kuti vaazadze. Zvisinei, masangano avamwe vakagadzwa (kubatanidza William Marbury) Jefferson (asina kupiwa basa. Munyori weProfesteryson Congress of State, James Madison, akaramba kuaporation, achikumbira Dare gurusaindero kubudisa mapepa ewdamus Messandomia kuzoita chiito.

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana akaraira kupiwa kwemibato, Jefferson sezvingabvira aizofuratira murairo, achinetesa chiremera cheDare. Kana akatsigira udzori hweDare rapakuvamba, aizobvuma kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vaigona kufuratira misengwa yapamutemo. Chigadzikiso chaMarshall chakanga chiri chokuwana kuti mutemo umo Marbury aikurisa pasi pomutemo weJudiary 13 wa 1789 / kukudza chiremera cheDare rapakuvamba kupfuura icho Bumbiro remitemo raibvumira, kuisa gadziriro iyoyo kuva isina maturo. Ichi chisarudzo chapa Dare racho nzira yokudzivisa nayo kurwisana apo panguva imwe cheteyo kuisa nheyo yakakwirira: irwo [[FLD] puroti yejudiary kutaura mutemo [FLT]

Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri chokusagona kuvhura. Chakasimbisa chiremera cheDare pasina kumutsa njodzi yapakarepo, uye chakaparira muenzaniso waizokumbirwa kwamazana amakore. Marbury v. Madison haana kungonzvera ; akakwidziridzawo judiary kubazu rinowirirana, achipa basa rakasiyana mukududzira Bumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwezvakanyanya, ona Oyez pfupiso ye [[FLT:]]. Mathrybury v.[FLD:][FLT]]

Musi Webumbiro reMitemo: Chikamu III uye Kuumbwa kweHurumende

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risina kupiwa chibvumikiso chakajeka chehwirudzuro, rugwaro runopa nheyo. Chikamu III chirevo chesimba rokutonga muDare Rapamusoro-soro uye matare akaderera akadai seCongress angatanga, uye chinotambanudzira simba iroro ku "Vose Vatemendi, muMutemo neEquity, muMutemo." Chinokarakadza kuti matare anofanira kutsanangura Mutemo weConstitution pakutonga. Kurangarira uku kunofanira kuitwa nevanhu. Kurangarira uku kwakajekanwa muKunoshinwa kunonzi "Mutemo weNyika," kunobatanidza vatongi vose. Kana vatongi vakapika kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, uye vanosangana nomutemo unopesana naro, vanofanira kupa mutezo wakakwirira. Kurangarira uku kunoitwa navanhu [FLD]

Kushanda Kunoita Kuongorora Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare haisi basa rokuongorora kuti vatongi vaongorore mutemo upi noupi wavasingadi. Inoshanda mugadziriro yorumano yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti matare anobata bedzi nharo dzakasimba. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza nheyo huru dzinoverengeka:

Kumira uye Kururama

Haasi mugari wemo ari wose anogona kudenha mutemo. Kuti audze mhaka. Kukuvadza kwenhau kunofanira kuratidzira kumira / ikuvadziko yomunhu oga, yekongiri inorondwa kumufambiro womukwirirwi uye sezvingabvira kugadziriswa nechisarudzo chedare. Mukuwedzera, gakava racho rinofanira kuva rakarurama: rinofanira kupa nharo chaidzoidzo, kwete nhau isinganzwisisiki. Madare achadzinga mhaka dzinova dzinonzirwa (dzichiripo) kana kuti dzinobviswa (pamberi nguva). Zvikamu izvi zvedzidziso zvinovimbisa kuti hwirudzurudzuro yedare rinoshandiswa bedzi apo kuri madikanwa, achidzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro kana kuti kupindira munharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvikamu Zvedenho yeBumbiro reMitemo

Apo nhau inobatanidza kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo inosvika kuDare Rapamusorosoro, muitiro wacho unowanzoitika sezvinotevera:

  • [[FT:0] Chirango nokuda kweCertiorari: Pamubato unotsvaka kuhwirudzura mafaira achikumbira Dare kuti rinzwe nhau yacho. Dare rinobvumira kuhwirudzura apo matare mana anobvuma (Gumo rechina).
  • Kupa. Mativi ose ari maviri anoisa zvibvumikiso zvakanyorwa zvichinzvera nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, kududza mienzaniso, uye kutsanangura chikonzero nei mutemo uchifanira kutsigirwa kana kuti kuparadzwa. Amcus curiae inobva kumapoka anofarira kazhinji kazhinji anowedzera aya mapepa.
  • Tsvakaro: Attorney dzinooneka pamberi pevatongi kupindura mibvunzo nokunatsa nzvimbo dzavo. Marusando aya anowanzozivisa funganyo dzeruramisiro nokuedza ganhuriro dzekurukurirano imwe neimwe.
  • Conference and Dirafting: Vatongi vanosangana vari voga kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokutanga kuvhota. Ruramisiro huru muvoruzhinji inogovera mumwe munhu wokunyora murangariro, unofamba kupfurikidza nekugadziridzwa nokuparadzirwa zvisati zvava zvokupedzisira.
  • Chisarudzo: Dare rinodenha chisarudzo charo, pamwe chete netsananguro. Kupinda kana kuti kupesana kwemirangariro kungabudiswawo, kuchipa tsananguro dzinotsiva. Chisarudzo chacho chingatsigira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo romutemo kana kuti kuidzosa, kuchigadza muenzaniso nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi.

Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti kuongorora kwokutonga kuve kwakavakirwa pakutsanangura uye kuongorora nhau zvakasimba, kwete pakusarudza kwomunhu oga.

Basa Remberi

Matare eAmerica anonamatira kudzidziso ye inowirirana nechakavanzika chapanguva ino, kureva kuti anoremekedza kazhinji kazhinji pamberi pezvisarudzo. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinozivisa mutemo usingawirirani nemitemo, unobatanidza matare ose akaderera nenzvimbo dzomunguva yemberi. Chisarudzo hachiwanzoitiki uye chinoda ruramiso yechienzi, yakadai semigariro yakachinjwa kana kuti chikanganiso chakakomba. Kupfuurira uku kunopa dzikamo nokudeya kuzivisa, kuchibvumira Congressssion nemukuru kushanda mukati muganhu wemitemo inozivikanwa. Zvisinei, Dare racho ragara richizvitonga rimene panhambo nenhambo nenhambo ne [[FLT:] Brown. Dare redzidzo redzidzo ye[FLT] [FLT] [F] [FLT] [F]] [FT] [5]

Kutapura Tsika Yepamutemo yeAmerica

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kune revo huru nokuda kworutivi rwuri rwose rwoudzori hweAmerica. Kunodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kunogombedzera kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, uye kuumba muitiro wavose munzira dzinotambanukira kure kupfuura dare.

Kudzivirirwa Pakusunungurwa Kwemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Bill of Rights uye gare gare kugadziridzwa kunovimbisa rusununguko rukuru ($/FLT:0] v. Johnson [1999] [apo Dare rakaramba kuti kupisa kuve kusina mitoo yokukumanikidza.] Kuongorora kutonga kunopa chiremera chokurova mitemo inopesana nezvibvumirano izvi. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:]]]] Testas v. [200] [[199]] [, Dare rakachengeta kuti kupisa kudzivirirwa nekutaura kwokufananidzira kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, kushatisa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza muitiro wacho. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT]]] L. v[FLT]] [FLT]] [200]] [200]) rakashandisa muitiro wakafanira uye nheyo dzechivandero kuti kushandukira mitemo, kusimbisa chiremera chetsika kupfurikidza nokuhwiriranisanisanisanisanisanisanisanisanisanisanisa.

Kubvisa Simba

Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunosimbisa gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kunyange Congress kana Purezidhendi anopfuura ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mu kutora nokuchinja neBasa reKuzviwanisa. Chadha [19983], Dare rakabvisa simba remitemo, Dare remitemo rakashandiswa kubvisa mabasa echiremera, nemhaka yokuti rakaputsa mitemo yebiteralism nezvinopikirwa zveChikamu I. Clinton v. City of New York, Dare rakarova pasi pomutsetse-mato, richitonga kuti rakaita simba raPromastery renyika yacho risina kubvumirwa nemitemo. Izvi zvinochengetedza kuparadzirwa kwechikamu chamasangano.

Kukanganisa Muitiro Wevanhu Vose

Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo, Dare rinogona kudzosera mirau panhau dzoutano kusvikira kudzidzo yetsotsi. Afford Care Act yakapukunyuka zvinetso zvakawanda zvebumbiro-mitemo, asi mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20] [20202], Dare rakaisa miganhuro paPropati yezvokutengeserana yePunicharamendidzo ndokududzirazve simba remitero, kushandura zvikurukuru simba remitero, kuchinja kugadzirwa kwomutemo. Ruzivo rweRevoramedzo rwehurumende runotapurawo mitemo: Oberge b. Hodmas[FLT] [FLT] [FLT][3] (2011]]]) (2020) kudika kuti vose vazive kuti muchato wete, mutemo wemhuri yose unochinja nyika yose. Izvi zvinoenzanisira mamirioni chitsa mubatanidzwa chapamutemo nokuda kwemamiriyoni chamamirioni.

Mhaka Dzapanyika Dzakarondedzera Kuhwirudzurwa Kworutongeso

Dzimwe nyaya dzinoitwa sedzinokosha pakuongorora nyaya, uye dzinogadzirisa nyaya dzacho uye dzinogara dziripo.

Zvikamu zvapakuvamba: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) uye Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Mu [[FLT: 0] .Maryland v., Dare rakakurukura kana Congress yaigona kunyoresa bhangi renyika yose uye kana hurumende ingagona kubhadhara zvishandiso zvehurumende. Chirevo Chikuru Marshall, kunyora nokuda kweDare rinobvumirana, chinosimbisa simba rehurumende pasi paManicove naSed Claus] uye rakabata kuti hurumende hadzigoni kubhadhara hurumende. Chisarudzo chakavamba nheyo yehurumende yehurumende uye chaireva kuverengwa kwakafara kwechiremera chehurumende. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare gare, mu [[FLT:] Gibbons v. Og[FLT], Dare rakadudzira ruzhinji, raidudzira pasi penyika yeClaustassical, richirova pasi penyika yeNew York York York nechino chaidzoromakuru pamusoro pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. [F4] Oct:]

Virginia (1967)

[[FLT: 0] v. Board of Education [[FLT: 1] zvichida itsika inochengetwa zvikurusa yehwirudzuro muzana ramakore rechi 20. Dare rakabvumirana raidavira kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwe 144th Amend Amendment, kubvisa “idzidziso inopesana yakaenzana” ya [[FLT:]. Ferguson[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [186]]. Chisarudzo ichi chakabatanidzazvedzazve kodzero dzavagari vemo ndokuratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare ingagona kuva simba reruramisiro retsikano. [FFLT:] [FFLD] [5]]

Simba raPurezidhendi: United States neNixon (1974) uye Clinton Jones (1997)

Mu United States v. Nixon, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kutaura kwaPurezidhendi Nixon kweropafadzo yapamusoro yakakwana ndokumuraira kubudisa makaseti akarekodhwa aitsvakwa nomuchuchisi chaiye weWatergate. Chiratidzo chacho chakasimbisazve kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange Purezidhendi, anogara. Yakatungamirira zvakananga kukupa pasi kwaNixon ndokusimbisa nheyo iyo rondedzero yedare inotambanurira kumabasa omukati omukuru mukuru mukuru. Makumi maviri gare gare gare, Clinton v. Jones akarangarira kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende agere panzvimbo yapamutemo haasati ari mutengi wokukwirira dare risati risati richibva mukutora hofisi yehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) naObergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu Kudzivirira Kubereka vana v. Casey, Dare rakasimbisazve “kubata kwapakati” kwe Roe v. Wade. [Kudzivirira maruramiro eMitemo inodzivirira mukadzi kubvisa mimba (panotsiva kuchetura kukurusa ne“mupimo wakakomba". Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuisa tambo chedecisis nejasis. Basa rokudzivirira pamutemo kunyange mukutarisana negakava negakavarariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mu ] "Ogfell] v [FLT], Dare rimwe rakabatanidza maruramiro makuru okurangarira, kutambanurira maruramiro echikwakarurama enhau dzapakuvamba uye kupfuudzira. Mune nhevedzano kurangarira kukura.

Makakatanwa Enguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Sezvo United States inosangana nematambudziko matsva, kuongorora uye kuva pamutemo kwedare kunoramba kuri nhau dzenharo huru.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Vatsoropodzi vehwirudzuro yedare pane dzimwe nguva vanopomera Dare re “chibvumirano,” kureva kuti rinorava Bumbiro reMitemo munzira dzinopfuura nzwisiso yapakuvamba kana kuti vavariro yomutemo. Vatsigiri vemitemo vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kurangarira mapazu okusarudza kutoti kutongesa kuputsa kwakajeka kwemitemo. Vadziviriri venzvero huru yemitemo vanopesana kuti nheyo dzeMitemo yeMitemo dzakafaramirau dzinopesvedzera kuti Dare rikuwedzera kana kuti risvike pakuhwirudzura migariro yazvino uno. Kuoma kwechiito nedzoresano inodzorwa inoda kubatira Dare gurusa repamusorosoro, kubva pakubvisa pfumba kukodzero dzehurumende kuti ritsigire mari. Muuyo weiyi kurukurirano yekurukurirano kana Dare richaita kurukurirano yedare kana kuti richawedzera kana kuti risvike kusvika pakuhwirutsiridza rondedzero yedare mumakumi amakore anouya.

Kutanga Nebumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Tsinhiro mbiri dzinokwikwidzana dzerondedzero yebumbiro remitemo magadzirirwo anoitwa dare. Chitendero chetendero chemitemo chinotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo inogadzwa panguva yokushandiswa kwayo, uye vatongi vanofanira kushandisa revo iyoyo yavanhu yapakuvamba. Kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo kunopikisa kuti mutauro wechinyorwa chacho wakafara zvakakwana kuchinjira kuchinjira kumipimo yemagariro emunhu. Vatongi vanogadzwa napurezidhendi vakasiana - siana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanova nemirangariro inopesana. Nguva yemberi yehwirudzuro yedare ingatsamira pakuti ndeipi kutsanangura mutoo wemio wetsika uye kana Dare richigona kuchengeta nheyo dzinowirirana munguva yakati.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuva Woga

Fambiro mberi dzinokurumidza muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo inonzvera miganhu yedzidziso iripo. Kunzvera kwemagedhi, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, uye masangano anodzora zvose zvinorambidza Wechinasiti yeFirst Amendment pakunzvera kusina mufungo, First Amendment yedziviriro yekutaura, uye Gwendement Reconvement Claus yeCroatect yevimbisom. Macate akafanana [FL:0] Carcenter v. United States[FLT] (2088) (inopa kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro anowanzoda pamutemo okupinda masero enzvimbo yemajeri.) inoratidza kuti kuongorora kwokutonga kunofanira kugadziridza zvinhu zvitsva. Sezvnoitwa zvigadzirwa nemitemo, matare achadanwa kuti pave nokushandisa nheyo dzekare dzemitemo yemitemo kumativi matsva, zvinogona kufutunura migarira kufurira kuhwiruso yedare.

Kujekesa Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kusimbisa

Kugadzwa nokusimbiswa kwevatongi vehurumende, zvikurukuru vatongi veDare Gurusa, kwazova kurwisana kwokusasarura kunowedzera. Vashori vekuongorora dzimwe nguva vanopikisa kuti Dare razova chirongwa chikuru chinoisa musengwa waro wemitemo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvebumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti kuzvimirira kweDare kubva mune zvematongerwe enyika zvakasarudzwa ndiko chaizvoizvo kunobvumira kudzivirira vanhu vashomanene vasingafarirwi. Kubviswa kwegadziriro yokutsigira kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva nomurayiro wedare: kana ruramisiro ichisarudzwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwokugadziriswa kwavo kwetsika, Dare rinogona kuchengeta chivimbo chavose here? Nguva yemberi yokutonga ingatsamira pamano echirongwa echibvumirano chokusasarura uye kuchengeta ruremekedzo rwemitezo yose iri miviri yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mugumisiro: Mugadziri Anoyevedza

Kuhwirudzura dare hakusati kuri mutoowo zvawo weprocedal; mutoo unokosha uyo United States inovimbisa nawo kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzora hurumende yayo. Kubva mukutaura kwokushinga kwechiremera mu Marbury v. Madison kukutonga kwokuchinja kwamazana amakore 20 na 21 kunoitwa, simba rematare rokuedza mamwe mapazi kuumba mapazu erudzi acho apamutemo netsika. Nepo gakavaro pamusoro pechiito, kududzira, uye kuva nohugamba zvichapfuurira, basa renzvero redare rinoramba risingachinjiki: kuvimbisa kuti mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Kunzwisisa iyi mipimo, uye mitoo yavagari vemo yehurumende inoyera simba rehurumende.