Kutanga Kupara mhosva Yepamutemo

Hurumende yemitemo inoumba musimboti wechiremera chedare ripi neripi rokunzwa nokusarudza nhau. Pasina mitemo yakajeka, nyongano yaigona kutevera: mapoka angazvuzvurudzirwa mumatare okumwe, marutongeso anorwisana angawanza, uye gadziriro yose yemitemo icharasikirwa nokudeya kuzivikanwa uye kusaruramisira. Juristition inosarudza kwete [ honogrome[[FLT:] dare ringaita, asiwo simba raro. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vemitemo nenzwisiso, kunzvera, , [[FLT:] apo [FL:] [FLT], uye [FLT] apo , [FLT:] [F] [FLT] [6] anonzwa migariro yemitengo, apo matare anonzwa mamiriro ezvinhu anobvira, kana akanzwa matare achigona kuisa njodzi. Nokuda kwemitevero yenhau dzakaitika.

Chii Chiri Kupomerwa Kwepamutemo?

Kutonga kwemitemo isimba rapamutemo redare kuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo nerutongeso. Shoko rinobva muchiLatin juristio jenaguru rokutaura mutemo. Mumuitiro wazvino uno, chiremera chinoshanda pamwero inoverengeka: yapamutemo, dare remitemo, uye mutemo wavose. matare eU.S., somuenzaniso, muganhu wedare rehurumende unoganhurira matare ehurumende kumhaka dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende, zvibvumirano, kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo pachatamendeidzo imene (hudzo yenhau) uye kumhaka dzakasiana- siyana muganhuro dzezvizvarwa. Hurumende, nokupesana, kupfurikidza nechiremera chadzo munyika nomutemo, uye kudzose zvadzose zvadzose zvadzose dzinochengeterwa kumatare ehurumende.

Chirango hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Chinogona kuputswa kuva mapoka matatu makuru: udzori hwomunhu oga, udzori hwenhau, uye nzvimbo. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinokurukura rutivi rwakasiana rwesimba redare, uye zvose zviri zvitatu zvinofanira kuvapo kuti dare rinzwe nhau. Kana pane imwe ipo inoshayikwa, dare harina chiremera uye rinofanira kudzinga nhau yacho (kazhinji) pasina rusaruro, richibvumira magakava kudzosera mhaka yacho mudariro rakarurama.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Nemitemo

Dare reUnited States rakagadza mitemo inorondedzera udzori hwematare ehurumende, zvikurukuru 28 U.S.C. 31: 1331-1332. Masangano ehurumende anopa mitongo nenzira yakafanana anobvisa kusvika kwokutongwa kwavo nematare eappeltate. Kuwedzera, mitemo yeprocedural jectal jectal system , yakadai seFederal Regal of Civil Procedure,(8) govern ingagona kudenhwa kana kuti kurambidzwa. Kunzwisisa aya manyuko aya haisi nhau yebvumirano yebvumirano kana kuti yepamutemo. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kudzorwa kwavo padanho riri rose rokupfuurira, kunyange kana pasina kubudisa nhau yacho.

Marudzi Okutsiva

Kupomerwa Kwevanhu Pamsoro Pemapati

Dare repamusoro penyika rinopa miganhu yedare pamunhu oga pamunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti masangano anodudzwa mudare. Rudzi urwu rwekutonga runovimbisa kuti mukwiridzirirwi haamanikidzirwi kudzivirira mhaka munzvimbo isina kururama zvikuru. Dare Gurusa reU. rakakudziridza gadziriro yakajeka yesimba romunhu oga, yakavakirwa papfungwa ye “vamiriri vakaderera” nehurumende yematunhu. Mhaka yenji International Shoe Co. v. Washington [1945]) yairangarira kuti hurumende ingasimbisa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pe-pfuupfumi kana mukwidzi ane batano dzakaridzikana dzakaridzika zvakakwana nehurumende iyo inoda mukwidziridzi kuti adziridziridzirirwe imomo haisi “miitiro dzamagaro dzetsika neruramisiro.

Kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga kunogona kukamukanazve muzvimiro zvitatu:

  • MuMutsigiri wePurem Juriscion: Simba pamusoro pomunhu womukwiridziridziri, raisimbiswa zvaiwanzovapo nenyama, chibvumirano (g., kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chenongedzero), kana kuti mibato yebhizimisi inopfuurira neyakarongwa. Irworwu ndirwo rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa uye runopa dare chiremera kuisa musengwa womunhu oga pamukwirwi.
  • MuRem Juriscion: Simba pamusoro pezvinhu zviri mukati memiganhu yenharaunda yedare. dare rinogona kusarudza gakava roudzo kana kuti nzvimbo kunyange kana muridzi asingasviki. Zvisinei, rutongeso runowanzotapura bedzi zvinhu, kwete muridzi pachake.
  • Quasi Mumupikirwa: Simba pamusoro pomukwiridziridziri wakavakirwa panzvimbo yavo mukati menzvimbo, rinoshandiswa kugutsa rutongeso rusingawirirani nenzvimbo iyoyo. Ichi chimiro chakaganhurirwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zvamarumbidzo azvino uno.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinotanga Kusarudza Kwomunhu Oga

  • Kudzorwa kana kuti Domicile: vanhu vanozviisa pasi pehurumende yomunhu oga munyika yavo yokugara; masangano anodzorwa nechiremera mumugariro wawo wokubatanidza kana kuti nzvimbo huru yebhizimisi.
  • Contect: Paritiss dzinogona kubvuma kudzora kupfurikidza nokuoneka mudare (chitarisiko chamagariro), kupfurikidza nebvumirano (madigineti), kana kuti kupfurikidza nokukundikana kuramba nomutoo wakakodzera nguva.
  • Tsvakatanuro dzakaderera zvikuru: Hurumende chaiyo inomuka apo mukwirirwi nenzira ine donzo anozviyamura amene neropafadzo yokuitisa mibato mukati menzvimbo, uye kupomera kunomuka mumibato iyoyo. Kutonga kukuru kunovapo apo vasonganiri vemukwiri vanoramba vachipfuurira zvikuru uye vakarongwa zvokuti ivo “pamusha" muforumu (per DHAIMLER AG v. Bauman[FLT]], 2014]).
  • Mitemo mirefu: Nyika dzose dzakaita mitemo yakare-kare yakaparira matare adzo kusvika kukuita kuti dzisave vakwiridzi vehurumende vanoita mamwe mabasa munyika (zvikurukuru, kuchiparira kuvadziko, kutengesa, kana kuti kuva nenzvimbo). Mutemo unofanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzemuitiro wakafanira womubatanidzwa.

2 Kupomerwa Kunoitwa Nyaya (Simba Parudzi Rwenyaya)

Hurukuro yenhau inonongedzera kuchiremera chedare kunzwa mhaka dzorudzi rwakati kana kuti dzine chokuita nenharaunda yapamutemo yakati. Kusafanana noudzori hwomunhu oga, chiremera chenhau hachigoni kubviswa kana kuti kupiwa nebvumirano (ingangopiwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti hachisi. Rutongeso runopiwa nedare risina chiremera.

Mugadziriro yedare rehurumende reUnited States, hurumende yenhau yakakamukana pakati pematare ehurumende nehurumende:

  • `FEderal Jurisdiction: matare eFederal ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chenhau. Anganzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza:
    • [[FLT:]][FLT]] Jurisdiction (28 U.S.C. 761]] Mitemo inomuka pasi peU.S.GUPUROM, kana kuti zvibvumirano.
    • Kutsakatika Jurisdition (28 U.S.C. 762):[ Nhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana (kana kuti pakati pomugari weU.S. nomugari wokumwe) umo chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.
    • Admiralty na Maritime Juristition: Nhau dzinobatanidza mvura dzinonakisa kana kuti kutengeserana kwokutengeserana kwepagungwa.
    • BAnkruptic, Paten, Copyright, and Federal Crimes: Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinofungwa ndidzo dzinobatanidzwa chose chose.
  • State Juriscion: matare eHurumende ane chiremera chenhau chehurumende, anogona kunzwa mhaka ipi neipi isina kuchengeterwa zvakananga matare ehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza mutemo wemhuri, nharo, zvikwereti, makakatanwa ezvinhu, uye kurovererwa kwapautsotsi kwakawanda.
  • Kurerukirwa.[FURUKIYA] Apo matare ehurumende nehurumende ose ari maviri ane chiremera pamsoro pomutongo (g., nhau dzakasiana - siana dzinobatanidza mutemo wenyika), chiremera chacho chakabatana. Muputiki angasarudza forum, angada kubviswa nomukwirirwi. Hurukuro hunobatanidza [1] Yakadai sehudzosero inodzorwa kana kuti kubhuroka-bhuroka(ma) matare ehurumende bedzi anogona kutsiva nhau yacho.

Matambudziko Atinosangana Nawo Panyaya Yokupomerwa Mutongo

Kusarudza kana mhaka “inomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende” inogona kuva yakaoma. Matare anoshandisa “murayiro wokunyunyuta wakaisvonaka,” unotarira bedzi kunyunyuto yomutevedzeri kuti uone kana ichisimbisa zivikanwo yehurumende. Kana dziviriro yehurumende ichiri kusimudzwa, iyo isingaisi simba rehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, nokuda kwetsinhirano yenzanga, mapoka anofanira kuva akasiana chose chose nejere renyika neaponditi anogona kugoverana vagari vemo neapi anopomerwa. Iyi mitemo yemichina inowanzotungamirira kukukakavara mhaka.

Kushorwa Kwenzvimbo Nenzvimbo (Muitiro)

Hudzo yenzvimbo, inonziwo hudzori hwenharaunda, hunonangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo apo zvinoitika zvinopa mhaka zvakaitika. Nepo zvine chokuita zvikuru noudzori hwomunhu oga, kwakasiyana: dare ringava nechiremera chomunhu oga pamukwirirwi asi richigere kuva nechiremera chenzvimbo kana chinoitika chacho chikaitika kunze kwemiganhu yacho. Somuenzaniso, dare rinotonga muNew York harigoni kunzwa nhau pamusoro petsaona yemotokari muCalifornia, kutoti mitemo chaiyo yehondo ichishanda.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvinotapura udzori hwenharaunda zvinosanganisira:

  • Nzvimbo dzeIncidence:[[FT:1] Kazhinji kazhinji, dare muruwa kana kuti ruwa apo kuvadziko kana kuti kudonha kwakaitika (pfungwa ine chokuita asi yakasiana). mirau yeVenue (yakapesana kubva kuhurumende://_determine dare rakanakisisa rakanakisisa mukati medzosero.
  • Mibato yebhizimisi: Sangano rinoita bhizimisi munyika ringafanira kuva muhurumende iyoyo nokuda kwokutaura kwokubva mubhizimisi iroro, kunyange kana dzimbahwe raro riri kune imwe nzvimbo.
  • Mitemo yaMarefu: Iyi mitemo inopa simba zvakananga matare kuti ape chiremera pamusoro pevasiri vatengi vanoita mabasa akati mukati mehurumende, akadai sokuita tort, kupinda mubvumirano, kana kuti kushandisa zvinhu chaizvo. Izvo zvinotambanudza nyika.
  • Doctrine of Forum Non Convenie: Kunyange apo chiremera chinenge chiripo, dare ringaramba mhaka kana imwe nharaunda iri yakakodzera zvikuru, zvikurukuru murwisano dzamarudzi ose.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Zvisarudzo Zvekuzvidza

Dare haringoerekani ragamuchira nyaya dzose dzinotongwa mumadare aro.

  • Kunyorwa kweCesa: Sezvacherekedzwa, kudzorwa kwenhau kunotsamira pakuti nhau yacho inobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, mhatsa, kana kuti mutemo wenyika. Kutengesa kwakakomba kazhinji kazhinji kunomutsa mibvunzo yedzoro pamusoro pokutengeserana kwenyika.
  • Nzvimbo dzeParitis: Nzvimbo yokugara, domicile, uye nzvimbo huru yebhizimisi ramativi ose zvinofanira kurangarirwa. Kudzora kwakasiana-- siyana, kuva mugari webato rimwe nerimwe kunosarudzwa somusi unochengetwa mhaka.
  • SSta Emphakero dzemirayiridzo: Dare remitemo rehurumende rinowanzodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Class Action Fairness Act ya2005 yakawedzera kudzorwa kwemibato mikuru yeboka.
  • Bhetititiss Requestem Miganhu yeEcodect: Mitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana inodzivirira vanhu pakupinzwa mudare riri kure pasina batano yakakwana nenzvimbo. Dare rinoshandisa muedzo wakadzikama kuti rione ruramisiro, richirangarira mutoro pamukwirwi, fariro yehurumende mukuratidzira gakava, uye fariro yomupokisi mukuwana zororo.
  • Yakapinzwa Mugakava: Mitemo mizhinji inoda chikumbaridzo chiduku chemari (mutoo, $75 000 nokuda kwokudzora kwamarudzi). Kana chitsama chacho chisina chokwadi, dare ringaita kuti vanhu vanzwe zvakajeka.
  • . Vadziviriri vanofanira kumutsa zvirambidzo zvehurumende pakuvamba, sezvinongofanana mukupindura kana kuti kurukurirano isati yapindurwa. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kungakuvadza dziviriro. Zvisinei, chiremera chenhau chinogona kumutswa panguva ipi neipi, kunyange pakukwirira.

Kukosha Kwokupomerwa Mugadziriro Yepamutemo

Kurangarira hakusi hako unyanzvi hwemifungo; kunokosha kukutonga kwomutemo. Ukoshi hwawo hunoratidzirwa munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Kuzvidzora kuMagweta: mirau yeMitemo inodzivisa kumanikidza vakwirirwi kufamba madaro makuru kuti vazvidzivirire vamene. Vanova nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinonzwiwa munzvimbo ine batano ine mufungo kugakava.
  • Kushanda nokutonga: Hurumende yakafanira inodzivisa kudzokororwa kwemashoko nokupesana. Apo mhaka inoiswa mudare risina kururama, inodzingwa kana kuti kuchinjwa, kuponesa pfuma. Kudzora kwenguva ino kunogona kutungamirira kukutenga (*) asi ikoku kunodzorwa nokutamisirwa kwenzvimbo nedzidziso dzinodzorwa.
  • , [[FLT] Predent na-Kusachinja: Hurumende dzeJuriscional idzo dzimene dzinova mienzaniso. Mativi akafanana International Shoe, [[FLT]] DAILT [, uye Bristol- SSVSquib Co. v. Dare guru[[FLT:]] (2017]) rakaumba mativi ezvisarudzo zvomunhu oga, zvinopesvedzera zviuru zvezvisarudzo zvinotevera.
  • Kuparadzanya kwaMasimba: Juristition inoganhurira simba rematare pamusoro pematare ane chokuita nedzimba dzomutemo navakuru vakuru. Dare rinopfuura simba raro rinoita mabasa aro kunze kwebasa raro rebumbiro remitemo. Uku kunzvera kunochengetedza dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende.
  • Chirevo: MuU.S., chiremera chinoisa muganhu pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende. Inoremekedza uchangamire hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokuvabvumira kuisa mitemo yavo vamene apo inovimbisa ukuru hwehurumende apo fariro dzorudzi dziri mungozi.

Zvinetso Mukusarudza Kupomerwa

Pasinei zvapo nenheyo dzakasanogadzwa, mibvunzo yehurumende inowanzomuka murusando rwakaoma. Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinosanganisira:

Mitambo Yakasiyana - siyana Nezviito Zveboka

Zviito zvekirasi zvinowanzobatanidza zviuru zvezvisingataurwi zvinobva kunyika dzakasiyana. Pasi peboka raMabasa Fairness Act, chiremera chehurumende kazhinji kazhinji chinobatanidza kana mhatsa duku iripo uye chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura mamirioni $5.

Mutsetse Wapasi Pose Nenhau Dzamarudzi Ose

Nyika yose yokutengeserana neInternet zvakagadzira mabudike matsva. Somuenzaniso, website inowanika munyika dzose 50 ingazviisa pasi poudzori hwayo hwomunhu oga munyika ipi neipi, zvichitsamira pamwero wokubatanidza nokurongera. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Walden v. Fiore (2014 inojekeswa kuti vakwirirwi vanofanira kuva nehurumende vamene, kwete bedzi nomutengi anogaramo. Mumashoko akapoteredza, zvibvumirano zvakafanana neHague Servey Service Asse Assembly zvinodzora basa remishoni yokunze kunze kwenyika, uye dzidziso yepesvedzero dzemabhaisikopo kana U.S.

Kuchinja Kwemakombiyuta Nemadhigirii

Makambani ecommeterce anotarisana nemitemo yehurumende. “vakongi vaduku” vanoongorora mashandiro eIndaneti: mawebsite asingashandi anongotumira mashoko asingawanzobvumira kutengwa, asi nzvimbo dzinobvumira kutenga, kudhaunirodha, kana kuti kuzvinyoresa kazhinji kazhinji. Dare repamusorosoro harina kutongogona kubvumira zvizere kuti pawanike kero muzera remadhifoni, kusiya matare akaderera kuti ashandise mipimo yenhau itsva.

Kutengeserana Nokufambisa Zvisiri Zvikwereti

Kunyange apo chiremera chinenge chiripo, dare ringaramba nhau mudzidziso yeforum isingachinji kana nzvimbo yokunze iri yakakodzera zvikuru. Iyi dzidziso inozivikanwa navose munhau dzamarudzi akawanda, dzakadai setsaona dzendege kana kuti zvikwereti zvinobatanidza mapoka okumwe. Nenzira yakapesana, mukati meU.S., dare ringaendesa nhau yacho kune imwe ruwa pasi peU.S.C. 76 1404(a) nokuda kwokubetsera kwemapati nezvapupu, kugovera kuti dare rokutamiswa risairwewo rine nzvimbo nenzvimbo.

Mitemo Inodzora Nyika Refu reArm

Masangano ehurumende anopfuurira kunyora mitemo yamaoko mirefu kuti akudziridze kana kuti bvumirano. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika zvino dzinoshandisa simba pamusoro pavasiri vateshi vanoita namaune zvimedu, kufanana nokuzvidza, kunoparira kuvadziko mukati mehurumende. Kukura kwebumbiro remitemo kwakadaro kunodenhwa nguva dzose.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa udzori hwemitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba nomuitiro wemitemo. (zvisinei hazvo somudzidzi, mudzidzisi, marigant, kana kuti murapi. Juristion inovimbisa kuti matare anoshanda mukati menzvimbo yawo inotenderwa, kuti vakwirirwi havasimiswi zvisina kufanira, uye kuti mhaka dzinopedzwa nomutoo wakarurama uye unoshanda zvakanaka. Kubatanidzwa kwenhau dzomunhu oga, nhau, uye nzvimbo dzinodzorwa kunoitwa munyika kunoparira kudzikamiswa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga nechiremera chehurumende. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nebhizimisi zvinopfuurira kuderera, mitemo yemitemo yemitemo ichachinja pasina kuoma, asi mamiriro ezvokudzora, kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa zvinhu izvi zvinokosha. Kunzwisisa uku, hakungova kunokosha bedzi kunobva mumatare kuti zvisarudzei kuti pave nemitemo inotonga zviri pachena.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Legal Information Institute yemvumo ye , U.S. matare anotsanangura zviri pamutemo udzori hwedare rehurumende, uye Mutemo weJournal pell on Personal Juriscion [[FLT]