Kunzwisisa Kusvika Kwoumwari Kuchibvumirano Chekodzero

Muitiro weCredist wekududzira Bill of Rights unosimbisa kunzwisisa revo yeiyi gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo sezvayaiitirwa pakuvamba naFramers. Iyi mirangariro inotsvaka kududzira rugwaro rwakavakirwa pamashoko enhau nevavariro dzaavo vakarunyora. Mumutemo wazvino uno webumbiro remitemo, mavambo azova mutoo mukuru, zvikurukuru pashure pepesvedzero yeMutongi Antonin Scalia navamwe vatongi vamanyoro. Iyi inonzvera nheyo dzenhau, nheyo dzapakuvamba, zvishandiso zvinoshanda, uye kurukurirano dzinogara dzakapoteredza manyoro epakuvamba sezvainoshanda kumitevedzero gumi yokutanga kuU.S.

Kudavira Mashura Kunomborevei?

Chirevo chouzivi chinoti mashoko eBumbiro reMitemo neBill of Rights zvinofanira kupiwa revo yazvaiva nayo panguva yokugamuchirwa. Iyi revo. Iyi inowanzonzi “revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” (ichichinotsamira pakuti munhu ane mufungo angadai akanzwisisa sei mashoko apo kugadziriswa kwakatenderwa. Kusafanana nokurarama kwebumbiro remitemo, uko kunobvumira revo kushanduka nokufamba kwenguva, dzidziso yapakuvamba inotsvaka kutsigira zvisarudzo zvokutonga kuti agadziridze nzwisiso yenhau.

Manyorero acho haashandisi mashoko anokosha, asi ose anobatanidza kuzvipira kukuvimbika mune zvenhoroondo dzekare.

Nheyo Dzenhau

Masangano eCystitution anodavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo neBill of Rights zvinofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba panguva yaakanyorwa. Uku kuita kunotsamira zvikuru pazvinyorwa zvenhau, zvakadai se Firedalist Papers, nharo dzinobva kuFost Congress, uye manyoro eFramers (g. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason). Somuenzaniso, mashoko aMadison pamusoro pokunyora kwaBill of Rights anozivisa kuti manyuko aidzorwa kuganhuridzo yesimba renyika, kwete nharaunda gare gare gare yaidzongedzwa nedzidziso.

Chinyorwa chenhau hachina kujeka nguva dzose. Gadziriro dzakawanda dzakabvumiraniswa pakati penhume dzaiva nemirangariro yakasiana. Somuenzaniso, nongedzero yeSecond Amendment ku “Militia yakasanodzorwa” yakaparira gakava rakati pamusoro poukuru hwekodzero yokutakura zvombo. Nyanzvi dzemavambo dzinonzvera maduramazwi enguva imwe cheteyo, rondedzero dzemitemo dzavose, uye kokorodzano dzehurumende kuvakazve kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba.

Manyuko makuru akashandiswa nenyanzvi dzepakutanga anobatanidza:

  • Mapepa eMasangano [[FOLT:1] (zvikurukuru No. 84 na 46 paBill of Rights ne Prolitian) – inowanika paRaibhurari yeCongress.
  • Nhevedzano dzeFederal Convention ya 1787 (chinyorwa chaFrand’s chinyorwa).
  • Ayari dzeCongress (anotaura pamusoro peBill of Rights in the First Congress).
  • Mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba [ uye zviziviso zvekodzero zvakapesvedzera kugadziridzwa kwehurumende.

Seizvo Mutongi Neil Gorfo akanyora, “revo yapakuvamba yorugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo ndiyo nhungamiro bedzi yapamutemo nokuda kwavatongi. ”

Nheyo Dzakanaka Dzokutanga

Kunyora mashoko

Textism inonangidzira ngwariro parevo yakajeka yamashoko ari murugwaro rwebumbiro-mitemo, seinonzwisiswa nomuraviwo zvake panguva yokuparadza. Inodzivisa fungidziro pamusoro pevavariro dzinofungwa dzemaFramers. Justice Scalia yakakurumbira yakataura kuti unyoro hahusi “kuvaka kwechikamu,” uko kwaizorava mashoko mupfungwa yavo yakaganhurirwa zvikurusa, asi panzvimbo pezvo kurava kwakatendeka kweizvo rugwaro runotaura. Somuenzaniso, chipikirwa cheFirst Amendment of the Directives shomection chinodudzirwa maererano nerevo yarwo inosvika 1791: kwainodzivirirwa pakudzikamiswa uye kuisaidzwa, asi hakusati kuri zvimiro zvose zvazvino zvokutaura seInternet.

Kutanga

Chinangwa chepakutanga chinorangarira zvaida kuti zvidavire. Iyi shanduro yetsika dzapakuvamba yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 asi kubvira panguva iyoyo yakatsiviwa zvikuru nerevo yavanhu yapakuvamba. Chinjo yacho yakaitika nemhaka yokuti kutsamira pavavariro yokurangarira kazhinji kazhinji hakuna kushanda, uye vazhinji havana kunyora mifungo yavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vavariro yapakuvamba ichiri kuoneka mumirangariro inopesana, zvikurukuru pamusoro peChibvumirano chaClassiaste nePedment Yechipiri.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yapakuvamba

Revo yavanhu yapakuvamba (OFLM) inobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yokunzwisisa rugwaro. Irworwu zvino rudzi rukuru rwetsika dzapakuvamba. Runowana pamaduramazwi kubva panguva yokuvamba (g., Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary yeChirungu , 1755], inoshandiswa mumiraudzo, uye maturakiti akakurumbira. Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti “chirango nezvirango zvechienzi” muna 1791] rakanzwisiswa muChikamu Chisere kurambidza zvirango zvakafanana nokudhiro nokunyora nokunyora, asi kwete chaizvoizvo zvimiro zvose zvokuvandika.

Kushanda Kupepa Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Pakushandisa mutoo weCrenationalism kuBill of Rights, matare anotarira icho chinjo dzakareva apo dzakatenderwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18. Ikoku kunobetsera kuziva kana mutemo wakati kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinowirirana nedziviriro dzapakuvamba dzakarongwa navaFramers. Pasi apa miuyo mikuru uye kuti kunzvera kwechidzidzo chapakuvamba kwakaumba sei kududzira kwavo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rudzidziso, Kutaura, Kubudisa Mashoko, Gungano, Kukumbira

Vazivi vemavambo vanonzvera kuti chizvarwa chakavamba chakanzwisisa sei “kushandisa kwakasununguka” kworudzidziso no“ kuvambwa. ” Somuenzaniso, vatangi vazhinji vanotaura kuti kugadzwa kwaClaus bedzi kwakarambidza chechi yorudzi nenzanga nokuda kwesekete rimwe kupfuura rimwe, kwete zvimiro zvose zvehurumende. Mu Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [2022], murangariro woruzhinji waGorforew waivimba zvikuru nemiitiro yenhau kuti munyengetero wapachikoro wapachena wakadzivirirwa.

Nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka, vanodavira zvemavambo vanonongedzera kuSedition Act ya1798, iyo inoranga manyoro “enhema, anonyadzisa, uye akaipa” anorwisana nehurumende. Republic yapakuvamba yakashivirira ganhuriro dzakadaro, ichikarakadza kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba ye“ rusununguko rwokutaura” haina kubatanidza maruramiro okuzvidza hurumende. Zvisinei, vatangiri vazhinji vazvino uno vanodavira kuti Sédition Act yakanga isina ureverino nemhaka yokuti yakarwisana nedonzo reFirst Amendment (H.5) yokusimudzira hurukuro yedemocracy.

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta uye Yokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inogovera, kuti: “Mutezo unosanodzorwa waMilitia, uchiva uri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hausati uchizodziviswa.” Mu Dicoritution of Columbia v. Heller [2008], murangariro waSahluleria wavanhu vazhinji wakashandiswa revoruzhinji rerevo yapakuvamba kugumisa kuti maruramiro omunhu oga kuva nepfuti yepfuti, isina kubatanidzwa nebasa rehondo. Murangariro wokuvamba-erabheria unoratidza kuti “zvombo” zvaiva nerevo izvo zvaibatanidza kushandiswa kwomunhu oga. Chisarudzo chinowanika pa [FL:] Mutemo unopamburo wakakwirira weChikoro chapavhuro cheGwaro chenyika.[3]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvakurudza Nokunyengedza Kusina Mwero

Revo yapakuvamba yerevo yeTree Demendment pa “kunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha” yakavhurwa zvikuru. Muna 1791,“ tsvaka” kwaireva chaizvoizvo kupinda kwomuviri mumusha kana kuti kubvuta mapepa. xritarysts inoramba kuti ruzivo rwazvino uno rwokunzvera (g., thermap, GPS) haisati ichinzvera kutoti kana kuti kuvhiya kwapamuviri panzvimbo yakadzivirirwa nemitemo. Maoneresa aya akatenderwa mu United States v. Jones[FLT:] (202) umo Mutongi Scalia akatevera kuedza kwemhosva. Zvisinei, Justice Sotomacericle anopanisira anopanikiridzwa kana kuti angagona kudzivirira zvakakwana kuvandika zvakavanzika muzera remageo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa, Kuzvipopotera, Kutora

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinodudzira Nhevedzano inonzi Nhevedzano yoKuvamba Claus sedzinodzivirira bedzi “procedal” inofanirwa nemitoo inofanirwa ne “fair +" pane“ muitiro weProcessivation” unoreva zvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Nokuda kwokutora Claus, vatangiri vemavambo vanonzvera kunzwisisa kwokutangwa kwe “basa renyika.” Kello v. City of New London [200], Mutongi Thomas akapesana nesimba, achitaura kuti revo yapakuvamba ye“ kushandiswa kwepachena” yaida chaizvoizvo kuti hurumende ishandise zvinhu kana kuti ivhure vanhu vose, kwete kungoiendesa kumunhu anozvigadzira nokuda kwekubudirira mune zvemari.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Chitsama chamashoko chinoti “kudzorwa kwechienzi” chakakumbirwa kubva muChinyorwa cheEngland cha 1689 chekodzero. Vatsigiri vemavambo vanotarira kumiitiro yenhambo yapakuvamba(icho chinobatanidza kuturikwa, kurova, uye kurova)(() kusimbisa kuti zvirango zvakakomba ndezvepamutemo kana zvisati zvichirangarirwa kuva zvine utsinye panguva yacho. Uku kurangarira kwave kuchishandiswa kutsigira chirango chorufu. Zvisinei, Justice Scalia akabvuma kuti mipimo inowirirana yetsika dzakanaka ingazivisa kana chirango chiri “chapamutemo,” kunyange zvazvo akadzivisa kushandisa chigadziko chisati chiri chemavambo.

Vaidavira Kutanga Vakakurumbira Nenhau Huru

Mutongi Antonin Scalia (1936 - 2016)

Mutongi Scalia akanga ari inzwi rakatanhamara nokuda kwemavambo namanyoro muDare Rapamusoro-soro. Mirangariro yake mu Heller [[Second Amend Amendment]]), Smith v. United States[FLT] [[FLT]] [kududzira], uye Crawford v. Washington (Idzorose) inyika yekare. Iye akataura kuti chiKristu ndi “nzira yapamutemo bedzi yapamutemo" nemhaka yokuti inoremekedza chisarudzo chapamutemo kupfurikidza nokudzivisa mipimo yavo vamene yavanhu vanotsiva vanhu.

Mutongi Clarence Thomas

Mutongi Thomas anowanzova nenzvimbo inotova inodenha zvikuru kupfuura Scalia. Iye akarangarira kuti chibvumirano che 144th Amendment’s Orgations kana kuti Immunities Claus (kwete Chibvumirano cheChiitiko chaClaus) ndiro motokari yakarurama yokubatanidza Bill of Rights muhurumende (a murangariro waizochinja makumi amakore erevo. Bruen uye kusabvumirana kwake mu ] KLO[FLT]] [[FLT]]] kuenzanisira kuzvipira kwake kurevokureva zvapakuvamba, kunyange apo kunotungamirira kumiuyo isingadika.

Mutongi Neil Gorfo naMutongi Amy Coney Barrett

Zviratidzo zvose zviri zviviri zvitsva zvakanyorwa zvikuru pamusoro petsika yapakuvamba. Gormoth’s Republic, Kana Munogona Kuchengeta It inodzivirira kudzivirira pakuvamba papomero dzekusaita. Anosimbisa kuti mavambo haasati achiguma; anogona pane dzimwe nguva kuparira miuyo yakasununguka (zvichirevo, kudzivirira maruramiro eutsotsi pasi pesimendejimende yeSixth ). Barrett, pamberi pokugadzwa kwake, akanyora nyaya dzounyanzvi pamusoro pechinjo nechadis.

Kutsoropodza Nekupomera

Kutanga kwaiita vanhu kuongorora zvinhu zvakawanda, kubva kunyanzvi dzemitemo uye kuvatongi.

  • Sosaiti yakaoma: yakachinja zvikuru chifo cha 1791. Uzivi hwekare hwaizodzikisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo panhambo yairamba vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota ndokubvumira dzinza. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunofuratira “Bumbiro remitemo mhenyu” rinodikanwa kukurukura nhau dzazvino uno dzakadai sezvakavanzika zvemitezo namaruramiro okubereka.
  • Njeresa: Chinyorwa chenhau chinowanzova chisina kukwana kana kuti chinopesana. Vanodavira pakuvamba vakasiana - siana havabvumirani nerevo yapakuvamba chaizvoizvo iri (somuenzaniso, paChipiri Amendment, dzimwe nyanzvi dzemavambo (seSaul Cornell) dzinopikisa kuti yakadzivirira zvikurukuru kodzero yakabatana nemauto ehurumende, nepo vamwe (seRandy Barnett) vanoona rudyi rwakafara.
  • Kushandiswa kwokusarudza kwenhau: Vatsoropodzi vanopomera vatangi kuti vatsigiri vemiuyo yapakuvamba vanotsigira miuyo yavo yakasarudzwa, zvikurukuru munhau dzinopomerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Mutongi Stephen Breyer, mubhuku rake [ Liberty, anopikisa kuti umwari hwapakuvamba haugoni kupedza zviitiko zvakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji rutongeso.
  • Chinetso cheKinneth Amendment: Chinetso chekodzero chakashanda pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Dzidziso yokubatanidza (kubvisa izvozvi kuhurumende kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment). Inoparira mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pei “revo yapakuvamba” yokushandisa: 1791 kana kuti 1868? Vamwe vatangiri vemitemo, kufanana naThomas, vanotaura kuti maropafadzo kana kuti Immunion Claus (Masangano anopfuura apanguva ino) anogona kubatanidza, asi nzira iyoyo ingaparira miuyo inopesana nekodzero dzazvino uno.

Mumhinduro, vatsigiri vapakuvamba vanotaura kuti mutoo wavo unopa kuva nechokwadi zvikuru noururami hwedemocracy kupfuura “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu”, iro ivo vanotaura kuti rinobvumira vatongi kuisa zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga. Nyanzvi dzezvorudzidziso dzakadai se Randy Barnett[ dzakakudziridza mhinduro dzakaisvonaka, dzichisimbisa kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hahusati huchidzivisa kugadziriswa kana kuti kuita kwemitemo kuzvinetso zvitsva.

Kudzikamisa Revo Yapakuvamba Nezvinodikanwa Zvazvino Uno

Gakava guru mumutemo webumbiro remitemo nhasi inzira yokudzikamisa nayo kuremekedza revo yapakuvamba nechinodikanwa chisingarambiki cheBumbiro reMitemo kuti rishande munyika vaFrame havagoni kufungidzira. Masvomhu amene anoziva uku kunyanduka. Mu Bruen, Mutongi Thomas akanyora kuti ganhuriro dzepfuti dzepfuti dzinofanira kuva “dzakaro negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfutibhamu," asi akabvuma kuti kurangarira kwetsika kungagona kushandiswa kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo yekare kumigariro mitsva. Iyi “kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwemavambo kwapakuvamba kunogovera nzira: vatongi vanotarira kuvamba kuti vasarudze kuti mitemo yazvino unobvumira.

Nenzira yakafanana, nokuda kweGadziro yeChina, vazivi vazhinji vapakuvamba vanobvuma kuti nheyo huru inodzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo() inofanira kushandiswa kupfurikidza ne “kariro dzine mufungo dzechivande” sezvinoziviswa nechinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Asi vanoomerera kuti mutemo [ [g., chinodikanwa chokupinda mumusha) hachigoni kuchinjwa pasina ruramisiro yenhau.

mhedziso

Kusvika kwapakuvamba kuBill of Rights kunoramba kuri nzira ine simba, inopesvedzera, uye inokakavadzana zvikuru. Inochengetedza kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo rerevo yenhau yorugwaro, ichisimudzira dzikamo, kufanodeya kuzivikanwa, uye kuzvidavirira kwedemocracy. Kunyange zvakadaro inotarisanawo nedenho dzinokosha: nhau dzakajeka, ngozi yokuva neaschronosticism, uye kuoma kwokushandisa pfungwa dzechi18 dzezana kuzvinetso zvapamberi ne21. Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kuchinja kutsika dzapakuvamba (zvikurukurukurukuru nokuwedzerwa kweRumbiso dzeChirembere Gorw Gorawth, Kavaugh, uye Barrett) kunzwisiswa kweiyi nzira yokududzira rondedzero yetsika kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo wemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Constitution Center yeIntective Constitution yeIntective Constitution, iyo inogovera zvose zviri zviviri mifungo yapakuvamba neisina mavambo pawirirano imwe neimwe; uye Nhungamiro yeNhengo kuBumbiro remitemo , nongedzero yakarongwa.