Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa Kutsigira Kutonga Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Azvino Uno

Chiremerera chinomirira chimwe chezvimiro zvinotsungirira zvikurusa uye zvinoparira zvikuru zvesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika munhau yavanhu. Pamavambo acho, igadziriro inodzora umo simba rinonangidzira ngwariro muchiremera chimwe kana kuti boka duku rinotonga, richiganhurira nenzira inobudirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuwanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzvero dzesangano. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa, kukudziridza nzwisiso yakajeka yechiremera choudzori hachisiwo hacho chishandiso chedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo nokuda kwokududzira zvinoitika zvenyika yose, kurangarira tyisidziro kumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kunzwisisa kukosha kwokudzora kworutivi rwapasi.

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika yose yakapupurira zvose zviri zviviri kudzokera nokutangazve kwemiitiro yechiremera chinodzvinyirira. Nepo mamwe marudzi akachinja kuva anosarudzwa navanhu, mamwe akatambura kudzokera kuhurumende yedemokrasi kana kuti kusimbiswa kwoutongi hweautocracy. Uku kuoma kunzwisisa kunoita kuti fundo yehurumende yedzoresa ive inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mavara ayo anoumba, misiyano yenhau, uye miuyo yenzanga, tinowana gadziriro yetsika iri madikanwa yokufamba munyika inowedzera kukwikwidzanokwidzana umo vatongi vanokwikwidza nokuda kwokuva nokutendeseka.

Kurondedzera Chiremera Chokuva Mhindu: Mitemo Nemitemo

Kunzwisisa ubati ushe hwamasimba masimba, mumwe anofanira kutanga kuhusiyanisa nezvimwe zvimiro zvokutonga kwehurumende. Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Juan Linz akagovera imwe yerondedzero dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa, achirondedzera udzori segadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ine miganhu yakaganhurirwa, isina mutoro, ine zvamatongerwe enyika; isina pfungwa dzinotungamirira dzakasanorongwa; ine pfungwa dzinosiyanisa; uye isingagoni kuunganidza kwakakomba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunze kwenhambo dzakati. Iyi rondedzero inoramba iri fandesheni nokuda kwokunzvera kune mwero kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusiyana Kukuru Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo

Kusiyana negadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu dzinowana kodzero dzapamutemo mukubvuma kwakakurumbira uye dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu nokuongorora kwehurumende, hurumende dzine udzvinyiriri dzinoshanda panheyo dzakasiyana - siyana.

  • Manyuko eLegitacy:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende dzeDemocratic hurumende dzinowana chiremera chadzo mukusarudza kwakasununguka uye kwakarurama, nepo hurumende dzinodzvinyirira kazhinji kazhinji dzichivimba negamuchidzanwa, utungamiriri hwesimba rinokwezva, kutaura kwechengeteko yorudzi, kana kuti rondedzero dzepfungwa.
  • Makwikwi echiPolitical: Hurumende dzinoita makwikwi pakati pemapoka akawanda uye dzinodzivirira kodzero yokuramba; gadziriro dzeudzvinyiriri dzinoganhurira kana kubvisa chishoro chine revo chezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Rusarira rwoMutemo: Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, mutemo unoshanda zvakaenzana kuvagari vose vemo, kubatanidza avo vari musimba; hurumende dzinodzora zviremera dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzapamutemo kuti dzibatire fariro dzinotonga uye kudzivirira vadzorwi pakuzvidavirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] COVILIL Liberties:[[FLT: 1] Rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokutsikirira, rwegungano, uye rworudzidziso runokosha muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu; idzi maruramiro anoganhurirwa nenzira yakarongwa muubati ushe hunodzora.

Kusiyanisa Kutonga Neutongi Hune Udzvinyiriri

Pfundo rinozivikanwa navose renyongano rinobatanidza musiyano pakati pechidzvinyiriri nechiOperacy. Nepo pfungwa idzi dzichirondedzerwa, dzinosiyana muukuru noukuru. Hudzvinyiriri hunomirira chimiro chakanyanyisa choudzori umo hurumende inotsvaka kudzora anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu nohwavanhu, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nepfungwa huru uye kunzvera kwakapararira. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Nazi Germany neSoviet Union pasi paStalin. Chireancialitialism, nechinodzvinyirira, zvikurukuru chinobvumira mwero wakati wesimba renzanga nerevoruzhinji kunze kwenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvumira vagari vemo kuti vapi kudenha chiremera chinotonga zvakananga.

Musiyano wacho unoita kuti ubatsire vaongorori kuti vaone urefu hwehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana uye kuti vafanoona maitiro avo. Hurumende dzevamiririri dzingashivirira bhizimisi ravanhu voga, muitiro wechitendero, uye kunyange kurukurirano yavose yakaganhurirwa, chero bedzi mabasa aya asingatyisidziri kubata kwehurumende.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu YechiOristeritarianism

Maumambo ekare, madzimambo, madzimambo, uye vadzori vedzinza kazhinji kazhinji vakaratidzira mativi oudzori, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina zvishandiso zvamabhirita nounyanzvi hwemichina izvo zvinoratidzira masangano azvino uno ehurumende yamasimba masimba azvino uno.

Marudzi Apakuvamba Etsika

Pamberi penhambo yazvino uno, udzori hunodzvinyirira hunowanzotora chimiro choumambo hwakakwana, umo vatongi vaitaura kuti vane maruramiro oumwari ndokushandisa simba risingadzorwi. Umambo hweRoma, chinzwano chakasiana - siana cheChina, uye Umambo hweOttoman zvose zvakashanda nechiremera chakaganhurirwa nokutora rutivi kwakakurumbira. Zvisinei, aya masangano akadzorwa neganhuriro dzehurumende (* kudzora kwakanga kuchinonoka, kudzorwa kwakafanira, uye vagari vemo vazhinjisaivo vakawana pesvedzero zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo dzehurumende panzvimbo pokupindira kwakananga kwehurumende.

Kuwedzera KwechiOristrianism Chazvino Uno

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurira kuvakwa kwezvimiro zvazvino uno zvikuru zvechidzvinyiriri, zvakagoneswa nefambiro mberi dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu mukurukurirano, zvokufambisa, uye kunzvera. Kugadzirwa kwamaindasitiri kwakaparira mapoka matsva enzanga nenhamo dzemari, nepo zvinobudisa nhau zvakabvumira hurumende kuratidzira mashoko enhema nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Nguva yepanguva yehondo (1918-1939) yakabvumikisa zvikurukuru kuva hwaro hwakakura nokuda kwamasangano anodzvinyirira, sezvo kuderera kwezvemari, kusaterama kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye nhaka yeHondo yeNyika I yakasekesa kutenda mumasangano ehurumende yehurumende muEurope yose uye kupfuura.

Mienzaniso mikuru yenhau yakaumba nzwisiso yokudzvinyirira kwazvino uno inobatanidza:

  • Soviet Union (192-19991): Munsi kwaLenin uye zvikurukuru Stalin, Soviet Union yakatanga nyika ine chikamu chimwe yakabatanidzwa kudzora kwepfungwa nokudzvinyirira kwakapararira, kuunganidza, uye kugadzirwa. Kushandiswa kwehurumende kwemapurisa epachivande, misasa yavashandi, uye kuratidzwa kwemiedzo yakatanga mutevedzeri wehurumende yehurumende yechi20 muzana.
  • Nazi Germany (19331945):[ hurumende yaHitler yakamirira chimiro chakati chinodenha zvikuru choudzvinyiriri, kubatanidza pfungwa yedzinza, urudzi hune masimba, uye kuparadza rudzi kwakarongwa. Simbiso yayo pautungamiriri hwesimba resimba negadziriro dzavazhinji yaiisianisa nemimwe mitoo mitoo yehurumende yeudzvinyiriri.
  • Fascist Italy (192-1943):[[FL:1] hurumende yaMussolini yakanyandura unyanzvi hwakawanda hweparadziro yehurumende inodzvinyirira negadziriro yezvemari yehurumende, ichipesvedzera masangano ehurumende yapamutemo apashure munyika yose.
  • Franco's Spain (1939-1975):[[FLT] Spain pasi paFrancis Franco inomirira chimiro chakasiana, cheKaturike yorudzi choudzori hunotsungirira kwamakumi amakore, inoratidzira kuti hurumende dzakadaro dzinogona sei kuwana dzikamo yenhambo refu kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wekudzvinyirira nemubatanidzwa wekubatanidza kusarura.
  • Pinochet's Chile (1973-190): Iyi hurumende yakaratidzira udzori hwehondo, ichipinda musimba kupfurikidza nokubvuta kwamasimba masimba uye inoshandisa chinjo dzemari dzapachena pamwe chete nokudzvinyirira kwakakomba kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chiremera Choutongi Pashure Pekokoroni

Muitiro wokubvisa zviremera pashure peHondo yeNyika II wakabudisa hurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinodzvinyirira muAfrica, Asia, uye Middle East. Nyika dzakawanda itsva dzakazvimirira dzakagara nhaka zvivako zvokutonga zvehurumende zvehurumende dzehurumende dzakaparira simba panzvimbo pokuriparadzira. Mukuwedzera, makwikwi eHondo yeMironga mikuru yeNyika akatungamirira zvose zviri zviviri United States neSoviet Union kutsigira vamiriri vadzoni vaitsigira zvaidiwa nehurumende dzavo dzehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yemudzimba dzevatungamiriri ivavo. Uku kuparadzirwa kwezvehurumende kwapasi pose kwakaumba zvikuru kuparadzirwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muhafumende yezana ramakore rechi20.

Mabasa Okuongorora Kutonga KwechiOritariast

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akatanga mitoo yakasiana - siana yokunzwisisa udzvinyiriri. aya magadziriro anobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei hurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira dzichivapo, nzira yadzinochengeta nayo simba, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo dzingachinjira kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Dzidziso Yokuita Kuti Mazuva Ano

Rondedzero yazvino uno, inopesvedzera pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, yakakarakadza kuti kukura kwezvemari kungatungamirira nenzira yomuzvarirwo kukuva nomugariro wedemocracy. Mukuwirirana nouyu murangariro, sezvo nzanga dzinova dzakapfuma, dzakafunda zvikuru, uye dzakava mumataundi, dzinokudziridza boka rapakati iro rinoda maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nepo iyi rondedzero ine simba guru rinorondedzera (democracy democracy) zvamazvirokwazvo yakapararira zvikuru kupfuura maautocracyscracy apfumists.

Kusvika Kwokuvaka Nemasangano

Iyi mitoo inonzvera kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvimiro zvemari, uye kubatana kwenzanga zvinoumba sei miuyo yehurumende inodzorwa. Zvinhu zvakadai sepfuma yepfuma yomusikirwo (“Resimendi kutukwa"), mativi enhau ehurumende dzokudzorwa kwehurumende, mapoka edzinza, uye gadziriro yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvinopesvedzera kana nyika ichiva nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzine matura akawanda eoiri kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinotanga gadziriro dzoudzori nemhaka yokuti pfuma yepfuma inobvumira vatongi kutenga chishoro pasina kutanga mitero nemireza yakatanhamara.

Kutsanangurwa Kwetsika Netsika

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinosimbisa zvinhu zvetsika, dzichitaura kuti nzanga dzakati dzine mipimo kana kuti magamuchidzanwa anodziita kuti dzigamuchire zvikuru udzori hunodzvinyirira. Nepo iyi nzira ichiisa ngozi kunyanyisa kana kuti kudzora, inosimbisa kuti tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika — kubatanidza zvimiro zvendangariro zvechiremera, kuzvimirira, uye nzanga — zvinopesvedza bviro dzokukura kwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji dzakaita sei kuti tsika yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende idenderedzero ibata kuvikanwa, kushivirira, uye kutora rutivi.

Vatsigiri Vevanyori Vari Mumuitiro

Nepo hurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira dzichisiyana zvikuru mugadziriro dzadzo chaidzo, dzinogoverana mavara anozivikanwa navose anoverengeka anovasiyanisa negadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende.

Simba Rinopa ngwariro uye Risingaverengeki

Rutivi runorondedzera rwesimba rinodzorwa nehurumende idzoro mumunhu mumwe, boka duku, kana kuti sangano guru. Iri simba harisati riri pasi pemiitiro ine revo kana kuti kuzvidavirira. Muhurumende dzomunhu oga, mutungamiriri anoshandisa udzori hwomunhu oga pamasangano makuru ehurumende; muhurumende dzehondo, mauto ane zvombo pamwe chete ane simba; munyika dzine chikamu chimwe, mudziyo webato unodzora mapazu ose ehurumende.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwechishoro Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvehurumende zvinodzvinyirira nenzira ikarongwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana. ganhuriro dzapamutemo dzingarambidza mapoka anoshora, dzingaganhurira mibato yavo, kana kuti kuisa zvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa zviduku. Nhano dzebhizimisi dzinobatanidza kungwarira, kunetsa, kuiswa mutorongo, kutambudzwa, uye kuurawa kwevavengi vezvematongerwe enyika. Mwero wokudzvinyirira unosiyana muhurumende uye nokufamba kwenguva, nedzimwe dzinoramba dzichidzorwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokupa pesvedzero dzinosarudzwa panzvimbo pesimba roudzvinyiriri.

Kudzora Mashoko Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Chiratidzo chokudzora kwechidzoreso chinodzorwa namashoko anofambiswa. Regimes dzinowana ikoku kupfurikidza noudzori hwehurumende hwezvinobudisa nhau zvikuru, zvinodikanwa zvinobvisa manzwi anozvimirira, ganhuriro dzapamutemo pakushuma, uye kushandiswa kweparadziro kuumba murangariro wavose. Munhambo yemitengo, hurumende dzakawanda dzine chiremera chakarerekera kumitevedzero yakakwirira nokuda kwenhepfenyuro yeInternet, kudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa yenhau dzinofambiswa nevenzanga, uye kuongororwa kwekurukurirano dzepaIndaneti. Zvinonzi "Great Firellall of China" zvinomirira gadziriro hurusasa yehurumende, asi ruzivo rwamakombiyuta rwakafanana narwo runoshandiswa nehurumende kubva paIran kusvikira kuRussia.

Kushandiswa Kwemaitirwe Emitemo Neakanaka

Hurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinotonga dzapanguva imwe cheteyo dzinochengeta zvisungo zvetsika zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu(nzi “demokrati, maparamende, uye sarudzo) zvinoderedza nomutoo wakarongwa zvinhu zvavo. Kusarudza kunoitika asi hakuna rusununguko kana kuti kusarura; vatongi varipo asi havazvimiriri; matare anosangana asi haasati achitarisira zvine revo. Iyi chiitiko, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi "Gevoracy decialism" kana kuti "chibvumirano choutongi hwavatongi hunotonga nomutemo," chinobvumira hurumende kutaura kuti ndedzero apo inodzivisa makwikwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika echokwadi.

Kushandiswa Kwehurumende Dzine Simba

Kunzwisisa mhatsa yehurumende dzinodzvinyirira kunoda nzira yokugadzira nayo zvinhu inoratidza kuti pane zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana uye zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.

Kuzvimirira Kana Kuti Kuchinja Kwouzivi Hwenyika

Muhurumende dzomunhu oga, simba rinonanga pamutungamiriri mumwe nomumwe anoshandisa chiremera choudzvinyiriri, asina miganhu yehurumende. Iyi hurumende inowanzoratidzira masekete ohunhu, nepoka, uye kushata kwakarongwa kwamasangano ehurumende. Vatungamiriri vemunhu oga vangasvika pakutonga kupfurikidza namasarudzo (panguva iyeyo anoshatisa gadziriro dzehurumende yedemokrati), kutora hurumende dzamauto, kana kuti masangano echinjo. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza hurumende dzaFerdinand Marcos muPhilippines, Mobutu Seseko muZaire, uye misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, kutonga kwaAlexander Lukashanko muBelarus.

Kudzorwa Kwehondo

Zviremera zvehondo, kana kuti juntas, zvinomuka apo mauto ane zvombo pamwe chete anotanga kutonga hurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokubvuta. Idzi hurumende dzinowanzotaura kuti dzinopindira kwechinguvana kudzorera nhevedzano kana kuti ushati hwehurumende yavanhuwo zvavo, asi zhinji dzinoramba dziri musimba kwenhambo dzakarebeswa. Hurumende dzehondo dzingava dzakarongeka zvikuru kupfuura hurumende dzechiuto, dzine simba rinogoverwa pakati pavakuru vakuru panzvimbo pokuisa mumwe. Zviidzo zvinobatanidza Myanmar pasi peHurumende Administrativement Council (2021-Herother), Pakistan pasi peGeneral Pervez Musharf (19999-2008), uye mukati me Brazil coustristrist (19649-19985).

United States iri yoga

Mugadziriro imwe, boka rimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika rinotonga simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzvinyirira kana kuti kuisa rimwe divi rimwe. Chishandiso ichi chinowanzodzora hurumende yehurumende, chiuto, uye mamwe masangano makuru, kuumba chimiro chebato rinobatana. Zvigaro zvechikamu chimwe kazhinji kazhinji zvine simba guru resangano nerepfungwa kupfuura mamwe marudzi eudzvinyiriri. People’s Republic of China inomirira nyika inonyanyova nechikamu chimwe chenyika, inoteverwa neVietnam, Laos, neCuba.

Kudzorwa Kwoubati Ushe hwaMwari Norudzidziso

Kutonga kwoubati ushe hwaMwari kunoisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika mudzidziso yorudzidziso, vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vane simba gurusa kana kuti vanoshandisa pesvedzero inosarudzwa pamusoro pokutonga. Irealm Republic yeIran inomirira muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wazvino uno, umo Mutungamiriri Mukurusa (avafundisi) ane chiremera chokupedzisira pamasangano akasarudzwa. Dzimwe hurumende, dzakadai saSaudi Arabia, dzinobatanidza madzimambo akakwana nechiremera chorudzidziso pasina kuva pamutemo chapamutemo choubati ushe hwaMwari chose chose chose.

Utsanana uye Kushandira Pamwe Kunoumba

Gadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinotonga dzapanguva imwe cheteyo dzinozvidza kurongwa kwakapfava, dzichibatanidza zvimiro zvehurumende yedemokrati nemiitiro yeudzvinyiriri. iyi hurumende yakavhengana inochengeta sarudzo iyo inobvumira makwikwi akati asi inovimbisa kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira, kumanikidza, uye nzanga izvo kusarura kusingagoni kurasikirwa nazvo. Russia pasi paVladimir Putin, Hungary pasi paViktor Orbán, uye Venezuela pasi peNicolás Maduro experluplution iri boka renyika yedemocracy, umo masangano edemocracy aripo asi asina pesvedzero dhioruzhinji.

Kushandisa Zvemari Nezvavanhu Muutongi Hwavanhu

Migumisiro yokutonga kwechisimba inotambanukira mumativi ose oupenyu hwenzanga, kubva parusununguko rwomunhu oga kusvikira kukukura kwezvemari kusvikira kuukama hwenyika yose.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nokusunungurwa Nehurumende

Hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga dzinoputsa nenzira ikarongwa kodzero dzavanhu sezvinorondedzerwa nomutemo wamarudzi ose. Uku kuputsa kunobatanidza kuuraya kwomuraudzo, kutambudza, kupfigirwa kwokuzvidira, kunyangarika, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwerusununguko rwekutaura, kuungana, uye rudzidziso. Masangano enzanga avagari vemo anotarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba, uye kutarisirwa kwamaruramiro avanhu kwakazvimirira kunorambidzwa kana kuti kunomanikidzirwa zvakakomba. Mushumo wepagore weFreedom House [ nguva dzose unonyora magwaro okukubviswa kwamaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwavagari vemo mumarudzi munyika dzinowana chinzwa kubatanidzwa kwoudzo.

Kubudirira Kwemari

Ukama pakati pechibati ushe chinodzorwa nechinjo yemari hwakaoma uye hunokwikwidzwa. Dzimwe hurumende dzinodzora dzakawana kukura kwemari kunoorora, zvikurukuru muEast Asia (South Korea pasi pePark Chung-hee, Singapore pasi peLee Kuan Yew, uye nhambo dzinokarakadza kuti kutonga kwechisimba kunogona pane dzimwe nguva kugovera dzikamo nokuronga kwenguva refu kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokukura nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinodzora dzinotonga dzakatarisanawo nezvinetso zvine nhevedzano: uori hunowanda mukushayikwa kwokuzvidavirira, kodzero dzezvinhu dzinoramba dzisina kuchengeteka, uye kuita chisarudzo chemari kazhinji kazhinji chinoitwa nenzira yokuzvidzora.

Nzvero inokarakadza kuti nepo dzimwe hurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzichiwana kukura kwenhambo pfupi, hadziwanzoparira chiratidziro chakatsiga, chinobatanidza chiratidziro chehurumende dzinoshanda zvakanaka dzinotonga. Kushaikwa kwecherekedzo dzesangano kunotungamirira kunzvimbo dzisina kururama, chikamari, uye kukuvadzwa nenjodzi dzinotevedzana dzoutungamiriri. Uyezve, budiriro yezvemari yechisimba inowanzouya pakurasikirwa namaruramiro ebasa, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye garikano yenzanga.

Kupesana Munzanga Nokuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kunyomba kwoutongi kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira mapoka enzanga aripo kana kuti kunotanga matsva. Kukakavadzana kwedzinza, kwenharaunda, kana kuti kworudzidziso kungaparadzanisa chishoro ndokusimbisa tsigiro yavo vamene. Kudzvinyirira kungadzvinyirira rwisano inooneka apo zvichemo zvinokura pasi pevhu, pakupedzisira zvichipinda mumasimba masimba apo kudzora kwehurumende kunonetesa. Chinoitika cheArab Spring, umo kutsutsumwa kwakarerukira kwapamhene kwakapararira muMiddle East, kunoratidzira kuti kutera kwakakomba kwesimba kunogona sei kufukidza kusagadzikana kwenzanga kwakadzikama.

Migumisiro Yendangariro Netsika

Kurarama pasi poudzori kunoumba ndangariro yomunhu oga nenzanga munzira dzakadzama. Vagari vangatanga kusavimba namasangano navagari vemo biyavo, uye kuva nefunganyo yenguva dzose pamusoro pokunzverwa nechirango. Murangariro we "unhu hunotonga" wakafundwa zvikuru nenyanzvi dzendangariro, idzo dzinotaura kuti vanhu vakati vanokweverwa kugadziriro yedzoshano yechiremera inovimbisa nhevedzano, uchokwadi, noutungamiriri hwakasimba. Chigadzirwa chetsika chetsika (musctural), mabhuku, nziyo, dzinodzorwa nokunzvera nokuzvidzora, kudzora kutaura nokubudirira kwoungwaru.

Kushanda Nenzira Dzokudzivisa Dzinoendesa Kukuderera

Kunzwisisa aya masangano kunogovera nzwisiso musimba guru rehurumende dzinodzvinyirira uye mamiriro ezvinhu umo hurumende dzinodzora dzinowira.

Kudzivisa Kusina Chisimba Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Kuramba kunoitwa pasina masimba masimba kwakabvumikisa kuva kumwe kwemitoo inobudirira zvikurusa nokuda kwokutonga kwechisimba kunodenha.

Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Chinjo yePower yaHupine (1986), Velvet Revolution muCzechoslovakia (19989), kurwisana neapartiid muSouth Africa, uye Kuchinja kwemibala munyika dzapashure peSoviet. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, masangano enzanga avagari vemo, masangano avadzidzi, mubatanidzwa wezvokutengeserana, uye masangano orudzidziso akaita mabasa anokosha mukuronga kudzivisa nokuchengeta chirango chisina masimba masimba.

Basa Redzvinyiriro Yamarudzi Ose

Vatambi vemarudzi ose vanogona kupesvedzera hurumende dzinodzvinyirira kupfurikidza namasangano akasiyana - siyana: zvirango zvemari, kuzviparadzanisa kwehurumende, tsigiro yehurumende dzehurumende uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye yamuro dzinotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu. Masangano amarudzi ose akafanana neChibatanwa chaMarudzi, European Union, uye International Criminal Court akatanga gadziriro dzokusimudzira utongi hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nekuita kuti vatungamiriri vane chiremera chinodzora vazvirevo nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzevanhu. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwedzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose kunoganhurirwa nokukwikwidza fariro dzezve zvamatongerwe enyika, kuvapo kwevatsigiri vehurumende dzinotonga, uye kunetseka pamusoro pouchangamire nokupindira.

Kushandisa Zvemadhiragi uye Kuchinja Kwemashandiro Ezvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi

Intanesi nesocial media zvakagadzira mikana mitsva yokudzivisa nepo zvichigoverawo zvishandiso zvitsva zvokudzora nyika. Madhigineti anoita kuti vashingairi varonge nokukurumidza, vagovana mashoko anopfuura zvinodzorwa nehurumende, uye kukwezva mashoko munyika yose. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinodzora udzvinyiriri dzakagadziriswa nokutanga gadziriro dzokuongorora dzakaoma, kugadzira nhimbe dzemakombiyuta, uye kudzora paInternet. Zvinenge zvichiitika zvakafanana nenhangemutange yezvombo pakati pevanorwira zvombo zvinoramba zvichitsvaka kudzora uye hurumende dzichiwedzera ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwokudzora rwakakwirira narwo.

Kuparara Kwokubudirira Nokupararazve

Hurumende dzinotonga dzinotonga dzinowanzotarisana nedenho dzinovapo mukuchinja kwoutungamiriri. Rufu kana kuti kupererwa nezano kwomutungamiriri anogara kwenguva refu, kurwisana mumapoka anotonga, kana kuti kupanduka kwevakakwirira kunogona kuparira mikana yemasimba edemokrasi. Kuparara kweSoviet Union kwakatevera nhambo yokusagadzikana kwevatungamiriri uye kuchinja pasi paGorbachev; nhambo yeArabic Spring yakatangwa murutivi nemibvunzo yakatevedzana muTunisia, Ijipiti, neLibya. Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa zvinonetsa zvinogona kuparira vaongorori vezvokuongorora apo kuchinja kwoutongi hwese hunova hunobvira.

Kunyora Muzana Remakore Ramakumi Maviri Rokutanga: Zvinetso Zvitsva

Nzvimbo yapanguva iyoyo inopa zvose zviri zviviri kupfuurira uye fambiro mberi itsva muudzori hune simba.

Kunyora Nezvemadhigirii uye Kutsigira Kukura Kwezvizvarwa

Mano oruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu anowanika kuhurumende dzinotonga neudzvinyiriri akawedzera zvinoshamisa. Ungwaru hwokugadzira, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kuongororwa kwesomupedzi, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rweguta rusingaenzaniswi zvinobvumira mwero isingaenzaniswi yokungwarira nokudzora magariro. China yakatanga kushandiswa kwounyanzvi hwemichina yemakombiyuta kuti ishande kupfurikidza negadziriro yayo yechikwereti yenzanga uye gadziriro dzokuongorora. Unyanzvi uhwu hunoendeswazve kudzimwe hurumende dzinotonga nehurumende dzinotonga nehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzeruzhinji, huchisimudzira kunetseka pamusoro pemiitiro yokuongorora nyika yose.

Kutsigira Kwehurumende Yechiokomuhomwe Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Munyika dzinoverengeka dzainzi dzinosarudzwa nehurumende yesero yepasi, vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa nenzira ikarongwa vakasekesa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kubva mukati. Uyu muitiro wokudzokera shure kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu unobatanidza denho pakuzvimirira kwokutonga, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, nzanga, uye pamutemo wokusarudza (all akaitwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yapamutemo. Hungary nePoland mukati meEuropean Union, India pasi peNarendra Modi, uye United States mukati mekudzora kweTrump ine zvinhu zvose zvinova nechengedzero yedemo yedemocracy. Chino ichi chinodenha murangariro wokuti dereferation, yatoitwa, inongoitwa bedzi haichinjiki.

Kutangazve KwechiOrlisterism

China, Russia, uye mamwe masimba makuru akasimudzira nenzira inowedzera mienzaniso yehurumende dzinodzora dzinodzora sedzinotsiva hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yokuMadokero. Kupfurikidza nebatira pamwe yezvemari, pesvedzero yemibatanidzwa yehurumende, uye kuratidzirwa kwesimba rakapfava, idzi nyika dzinogovera zviwanikwa nekodzero dzapamutemo kuvambirwa kuhurumende dzinotonga nedzoutongi hwakaipa zvazova simba guru pakati poukama hwamarudzi ose hwamakumi maviri okutanga, zvichitapura chinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro webhizimisi kuenda kuchinja kwemugariro wapasi kubatira pamwe kukodzero dzavanhu munyika yose.

Kuyera Nokuongorora Chiremera

Nyanzvi nenyanzvi dzakagadzira zvishandiso zvakasiyana - siyana zvokuyera nokuronga utongi hune simba munyika yose.

Freedom House Freedom Mushumo weNyika inoyera maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwavagari vemo gore negore, ichiisa nyika sedzakasununguka, dzakasununguka murutivi rumwe, kana kuti dzisina kusununguka. Economist Intelligence Unity’s Democracy Democracy Index inogovera rondedzero yakafanana, nyika dzinotungamirira Hurumende dzinodzorwa navanhu, dzakashatiswa, hurumende dzechikwata, kana kuti hurumende dzinodzora. V-DEM Institute (Mabasa eDhemocracy) inopa mashoko akawanda anogamuchirwa pamavara akati edemocracy nease, inoita kunzvera kune udzame.

Aya maturusi okuyera anozivisa miitiro yenyika yose: pashure pamakumi amakore efutunuko mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakava nenhambo yokusagadzikana uye yakaderera chifo chapakati pama2 000. Nhamba yenyika dzinorangarirwa sedzoudzvinyiriri inoramba iri huru, uye kunaka kwokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika dzakawanda dzinodzora hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji kwakaderera.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nokunzwisisa Kupa Chirango

Sezvo gadziriro dzokutonga dzinokwikwidzana nokuda kwoune hwapamutemo nepesvedzero, vagari vemo vanofanira kukwanisa kuziva miitiro inodzvinyirira, kunzwisisa midzi yayo yenhau, uye kunzwisisa migariro inogonesa kudzora kwoubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kukura.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, fundo yehurumende inodzorwa inogovera zvishandiso zvokufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pesimba, masangano, uye maruramiro.

Kupfuurira nokuchinjika kwehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende kunotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoda kuva inotarisirwa nokushingaira, kwete kugamuchirwa kusingadzoreki. Dzidzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, nzanga yakasimba, uye kubatana kwamarudzi ose zvose zvinoita mabasa mukutsigira masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji uye dzimwe nzira dzinodenha. Munhambo yamakwikwi makuru okushandisa simba nokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mano okusiyanisa pakati poutongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji nehwechinzvimbo chakashata (* uye kujekesa kukosha kweaichimbova adzokorore) inoramba iri unyanzvi hunokosha nokuda kwevagari vemo navatungamiriri zvakafanana.

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupinda zvikuru nenhau idzi, masangano akadai seInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral help [[FL:1] anopa pfuma huru pakudzora kwehurumende yedemokrati, perero yesarudzo, uye kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa udzori hahusiwo hahwo dzidzowo zvayo , ihwo hwaro hwokuvaka nokudzivirira nzanga dzakasununguka muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu.