Kutanga Kumutemo Uviri Wounyengeri

Mutemo wengozi mbiri unomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa mumutemo wetsotsi weAmerica, kudzivirira vanhu pasimba rehurumende rokuvapomerazve nokuda kwokusazvibata kumwe cheteko. Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo, yakaiswa muFindrence Amendment yeFindromendi, inoratidzira musengwa wakasimba kugumisa mukuita mhaka uye dziviriro kuvhozhokerwa nehurumende. Kuvanongedzeri vemitemo, vadzidzi vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anoshandisa gadziriro yemitemo yeutsotsi yehurumende, anonzwisisa kuti mutemo uyu unoshanda sei mumashoko emitemo yehurumende nemiraudzo yokutarisira zvinokosha.

Mutemo unodzivisa hurumende kushandisa pfuma yayo huru kuderedza mukwirirwi kupfurikidza nokutonga kunotevedzana, uye unovimbisa kuti kurevererwa nemhosho zvine ukoshi hwokupedzisira. Pasina iyi dziviriro, vanhu vangagona kutarisana nenjodzi isingagumi yapamutemo nokuda kwechiito chimwe, vachisekesa kusaruramisira kukuru uye kushanda kwokutonga. Mitemo nemirau inoumba mirwi mizhinji inowedzera kuoma kweiyi nzvimbo yakatojeka yomutemo, ichiparira mibvunzo pamusoro pechinoumba "mhaka yakafanana" uye apo zvirango zvakawanda zvingapiwa pasina kuputsa dziviriro dzapamutemo.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kwakakwana kwomutemo wengozi mbiri sezvaunoshanda kumirau nemirayiro yomubatanidzwa, kunzvera hwaro hwayo hwebumbiro remitemo, kunzverwa kwapamutemo kunokosha, zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, revo dzinoshanda nokuda kwenyanzvi dzapamutemo, uye kusiana kwakakomba kunoumba kushanda kwaro mumuitiro womubatanidzwa wazvino uno.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Nokufambira Mberi Kwenhau

Chitsama chengozi chakapetwa kaviri cheFindth Amendment chinogovera kuti hakuna munhu acha "va mudzori nokuda kwedzidziso imwe cheteyo yemitemo yeRoma nereChirungu rapakuvamba kuiswa mungozi yeupenyu kana kuti makumbo. Mutauro uyu, wakashandiswa sorutivi rweBill of Rights muna 1791, wakashandiswa pamagamuchidzanwa echiNgezi ayo akanga aziva dziviriro pakukwidzwa kwakawanda kwemazana amakore. Nheyo inova inotangira kudzidziso dzawo dzemitemo yeRoma nedzechiNgezi dzapakuvamba, kubatanidza zvikumbiro zve [[FLT: 0] autresisfo revorvorcious [ (aregist)] (aregivregiro) uye chigaro chemhosva yemitemo yeRoma [FFOct:3]]]

Dare rapamusoro rakarondedzera nguva dzose chitsama chengozi yakapetwa kaviri sechinobatira madonzo matatu anokosha: chinodzivirira padare rechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokurevererwa, kurovererwa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokupwiswa, uye pachirango chakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Iyi dziviriro dzinoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri kutongerwa mhaka dzehurumende nehurumende, seDare Rapamusorosoro rakachengetwa mu Bentonland v. Maryland[ [69] [69]

Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rakawedzera ufakazi hwaro hwokubatanidza zvisakarurama, nyaya dzevechiduku, uye dzimwe nyaya dzinoitwa nevanhu dzinoita kuti varangirwe. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kuti nheyo dzinodzivirira njodzi dzinoshanda papi nepi hurumende painenge ichitsvaka kuisa chirango chemhosva, pasinei zvapo nechiratidzo chaibatanidzwa nenyaya yacho.

Kutanga kwenhau kwomutemo wengozi mbiri kunozivisawo kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pefariro yomunhu murupedziso nefariro yehurumende mukutonga utsotsi nenzira inobudirira. Matare akaparapatika nokurondedzera nguva chaiyoiyo apo "kuzviisa pasi pano," anosarudza chinoumba "mhaka imwe" nokuda kwemadonzo engozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye migariro umo kupondwa kwakawanda kunobvumirwa pasinei zvapo neganhuriro dzapamutemo.

Apo Mabatano Anokuvadza Mumafambiro Enguva Dzose

Mubvunzo munzvero ipi neipi yenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri ndewokusarudza apo ngozi inonamatira zvomenemene mufambiro womubatanidzwa. Mhinduro inotsamira parudzi rwokupfuurira runobatanidzwa, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagadza mitemo yakajeka nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana.

Miedzo YavaJury

Mukutonga kwedare redare redare redare reSangano, ngozi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanoiswa nzvimbo yedare uye vanopika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kana vatongi vangosarudzwa, vapika kuedza mhaka yacho, uye kutonga kwavamba, mukwirirwi anoiswa mungozi. Kana muroveri mhaka ipapo akapfuurira kubudisa mhaka yacho kana kuti kana mhaka isati yaziviswa pasina kubvumira kwomukwirirwi, kupiwa mhaka kwapashure kungarambidzwa.

Miedzo Yakaoma

Kurangarira kuri seri kwouyu musiano ndekwokuti mutongi anobatira mose muri muviri muwaniki weidi nomuiti wemitemo, uye kupika kwechapupu chokutanga kunoratidzira pfundo apo mupomeri anopinzwa mungozi nenzira yapamutemo.

Kunzwa Uine Mhosva Kunofadza

Apo mukwirirwi anopinda chikumbiro chine mhaka mudare rehurumende, njodzi inobatanidza panguva yacho dare rinogamuchira chikumbiro ndokupinda murutongeso.

Kufambira Mberi Nokufambira Mberi Kwehurumende

Nhau yeapo ngozi inobatanidza matare ehurumende yakaoma zvikuru. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti chirango chenjodzi mbiri chinoshanda kunhau dzavagari vemo idzo dziri mhesvo dzokuranga zvikuru zvokuti ivo zvikurukuru vari utsotsi. United States v. Halper [1998] [899], Dare rakaziva kuti chirango chehurumende chinogona kuita chirango nokuda kwemadonzo ane ngozi akapetwa kaviri kana chakabatira nharidzano yetsiviro nepfupi pane kutsiva. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chapashure mu sudson v. United States [1997]] [1997]) kuumba ichi, kutanga muedzo wakawanda nokuda kusarudza kana kurangarira kutsiva kudzovoruzhinji kuri chaizvoizvo.

Kuongorora uye Kuedza Bhangi

Zvichida nhau inowanzokatutsirwa zvikurusa mumutemo wengozi dzakapetwa kaviri ndeyekuti mhaka mbiri i "mhaka imwe" nokuda kwamadonzo ebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura uyu mubvunzo mumhaka yechiratidzo che tamburger v. United States [1932], kusimbisa muedzo we "zvinhu zvose" unoramba uri mutoo mukuru wetsika yazvino uno uno uno.

Munyasi muedzo wetsoro dzakafanana, mhaka mbiri dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakasiana nokuda kwamadonzo maviri kana imwe ichida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho imwe isingaitwi. Kana mhaka dzacho dzichirondedzerwa kuti munhu imhosva duku zvikuru yeimwe, imhaka imwe, uye kurovererwa kwakaparadzana kana kuti zvirango zvinodzikwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mutemo wehurumende uchirambidza kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinodzorwa uye kuva nezvinhu zvinodzorwa nechinangwa chokuparadzira, dare ringanzvera kana mhaka imwe neimwe ine chinhu chakasiyana nechakaipa ichocho.

Kushandisa Muedzo Wemabhuroko Kumirau Yetsika

Mitemo yamatsotsi inowanzorondedzera mhatsa dzakawanda mukati megadziriro imwe yomutemo, ichimutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti Kokorodzano yakarongedzerwa kubvumira zvirango zvinowedzerwa. Kuedza kunobatira somutemo wokuvaka pamutemo muaya mashoko akapoteredza: matare anofunga kuti matare haana kuronga kubvumira zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo kutoti mhaka dzacho dzakasiana zvirokwazvo pasi pe shoo yokunzvera [[FLT]]

Rangarira kutengesa mirimo kwomubatanidzwa. Mukwirirwi angatarisana nepomero dzerangano yokuparadzira zvinhu zvinodzorwa (1 U.S.C. 766) uye kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinodzorwa (1 U.S.C. 881). Pasi pa shirt , rangano inoda chibvumikiso chebvumirano, icho mhaka yesubstantistiki isingadi, nepo mhaka yedare retsoro isingadi kuparadzirwa chaikoiko, uko kusingabvumirwi. Nemhaka imwe neimwe inoda chibvumikiso chechimwe chinhu chisati, izvo zvikanganiso zvinoparadza zvinangwa zvakaparadzaniswa, uye kurova kana kuti kugovera zvirango zvakaparadzanwa zvakasiana kazhinji kazhinji.

Dixon

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu United States v. Dixon (1993) akakurukura mubvunzo unokosha pamusoro pokuti dziviriro yenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri inotambanukira kudarika .Shountburgr[ kuedza kuisa matare kumatare nokuda kwemhosva yaitova hwaro hwedare rapamberi. ] Dixon, Dare rakarangarira kana tsoropo yakadzivisa kupomerwa kuzvidza kwakapetwa kaviri kwakavakirwa pamufambiro uyo wakanga wamboguma nokupomera mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi mumutemo wakasiana.

Dare rakataura kuti jamburger kuedza, kwete kutambanudza "mufambiro", kunodzora kunzvera kuviri kwenjodzi. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange kana mufambiro mumwe chetewo ukaita hwaro hwepomero mbiri dzakasiana, pomero dzacho hadzisati dziriwo mhaka imwe cheteyo kana vakagutsa [[FLT:] . . . . [FLT:] DATY] chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kunzwika kwepakati pe . . .S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kushandiswa Kwejeopardy Kaviri Mumativi Ezvekurera

Mitemo yehurumende inoparira njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri nemhaka yokuti masangano ehurumende anogona kuisa zvirango zvinoratidzika zvikuru sechirango choutsotsi.

Kupiwa Basa Rokutarisira Nefashoni Dzavagari Vemo

Masangano eFederal akadai seSecurities and Exchange Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, uye Occupational Safety and Health Administration anowanzoisa zvirango zvemari nokuda kwokuputswa kwemirau yavo. Nhau yokuti zvirango izvi zvinoumba chirango nokuda kwenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri inotsamira paunhu hwavo nedonzo. Kana chirango chacho chakarongedzerwa zvikurukuru kutsiva hurumende kana kuti masangano anotapurwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko, sezvingabvira ndekwevanhu uye haisi pasi peganhuriro yengozi yakapetwa kaviri. Zvisinei, kana chirango chacho chakafanana zvikuru nengozi inoparira kukuvadziko kana kuti kuoneka kuti kuranga, chingaparira chirango.

Kukumbira Karasi Nokunatswa Kwenyanzvi

Nzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru inobatanidza kubviswa kwerezinesi renyanzvi kana kuti kubvumidzwa kutevera zvitendero zvoutsotsi.Masangano ehurumende namasangano anodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chokubvisa kana kuti kuisa marezenisi akavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo wakaparira kukwidziridzwa kwoutsotsi. Dare Rapamusorosoro kazhinji kazhinji rakati zvirango zvakadaro zvokutonga hazviputsi njodzi dzakapetwa nakaviri nemhaka yokuti zviri kudzorwa panzvimbo pokuva mutongo musikirwo. Somuenzaniso, chiremba anopomerwa kubiridzirwa kwechitsotsiro angatarisana nechirango choutsotsi uye kurasikirwa namaropafadzo epurogiramu yokutora rutivi yezvoutano hwehurumende pasina kuputsa dziviriro kuviri.

Kupfuurira Kwomushonga

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurukura iyi nhau mu United States v. Ursery[[FLT:] [1996]], richiva nechinhu chinoshandiswa kana kuti chinobva mumubato woutsotsi mukupfuurira kwehurumende kwakasiana, kunyange pashure pokunge vapa mhaka. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurukura iyi nhau mu United States. Ursery [1996]), richiva nechinhu ichocho chinorashikirwa navagari vemo hachiwanzoiti chirango nokuda kwemadonzo engozi akapetwa kaviri, chero bedzi vachibatira donzo rokubvisa zvishandiso uye utsotsi mukuparadzirwa kweropa.

Dual Justice Doctrine uye Kutonga Kwomuruwa

Imwe yemhesano hurusa kumutemo wengozi mbiri idzidziso mbiri youchangamire, iyo inobvumidza hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzomubatanidzwa nehurumende kupomera mumwe munhu nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo pasina kuputsa Find 5 Amendment. iyi dzidziso inobvuma kuti hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe izviremera zvakasiana, imwe neimwe nefariro dzayo imene mukusimbisa mitemo yayo yakasiana - siana.

Mavambo Nedzidziso Yacho

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatanga dzidziso mbiri youchangamire mu United States v. Lanza (1922) uye rakaisimbisa nguva dzose chifo che. Chibvumikiso ndechokuti apo chiito chimwe chinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nehurumende, mhaka mbiri dzakasiana dzakaitwa — imwe mukurwisana nehurumende yehurumende uye imwe mukurwisana nehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti kupomera kuviri kunounzwa namadzimambo akasiana, muganhu wengozi unopetwa kaviri hausati uchidzivisa kupomera kwechipiri.

Miganhu Nezvisingachinji

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri haisati iri yakakwana. Dare rakaziva kuti kana chigaro chimwe chingori chishandiso kana kuti mumiriri wechimwe, uchangamire huviri hunoputsika. Somuenzaniso, kana vachuchisi vehurumende vachidzora nenzira inobudirira kukwirira hurumende, kukwirira hurumende kwakatevera kungarambidzwa. Mukuwedzera, mimwe mitemo yehurumende inorambidza zvakananga kutongwa kwehurumende pashure pechiito chehurumende kana kuti kupesana, kuparira dziviriro dzinopinda nengozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinopfuura mwero webumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvetsika Dzakawanda

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri ine revo dzinokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira utsotsi hwehurumende. Mukwirirwi akasunungurwa pamhosva dzokuponda hurumende anogona kutarisana nepomero dzehurumende dzoutsotsi hwakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo, sezvinoratidzirwa mukutonga kukuru kwavakuru vakuru vakabatanidzwa mukurova kwaMambo Rodney. Nenzira yakafanana, varoveri vemirimo vehurumende vanowanzotevera kukwirirana kwehurumende nokuda kwemirimo yakafanana. Magweta anofanira kuziva nezveizvinobvira ndokurangarira miuyo yekurukurirano, nzira yokuedza, uye kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa pakati pekupomero mbiri.

Colleteral Estopel Nenhau Munhau Dzakatarwa

Kupfuura dziviriro yakananga yakapetwa kaviri pakukwidziridzwa kwemhosva kunotevedzana, Findth Amendment inobatanidzawo nheyo yokueversal estop, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi kukurumidza kutongwa. Iyi dzidziso inodzivisa hurumende kudzokera shure mukukwirira mudare chinhu chipi nechipi kana kuti nhau iyo yakasarudzwa chaizvoizvo mufariro yomukwirirwi muchinoitika chisati chaitwa.

Tsika inonzi Ashe v. Sunson Framework

Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kutsiva kwengozi yakapetwa kaviri mu Ashe v. Sunson (1970). Muchiitiko ichocho, mukwirirwi akaidzirwa nokuda kwokuba kwomumwe wavatambi vatanhatu vepoker ndokusunungurwa pahwakavakirwa paufakazi husingapi nohupi hunoratidza. Apo hurumende yakaedza pakupedzisira nokuda kwokuba kwomutambi wakasiana kubva muchinoitika chimwe chetecho, Dare rakarangarira kuti chisarudzo chedare rokutanga chaisarudza chaizvoizvo kuti mukwirirwi haasati ari mumwe wavamakorori, achidzivisa kupomera kwechipiri.

Mumuitiro wehurumende, conteral estopel inoshanda apo: (1) nhau iri mudare rechipiri yakafanana nenhau yakasarudzwa munhau yokutanga; (2) nhau yacho yakadokukurukurwa chaizvoizvo; (3) nhau yacho yakasarudzwa hayo nechisarudzo chapamberi pechisarudzo; uye (4) boka rinorwisana nenzvimbo inomiswa inosimbiswa raiva nomukana wakazara uye wakakwana wokutsanangura nhau yacho muchinoitika chapamberi pechigere kuitika.

Kushanda Kumitongo Yakawanda YeFederal

Nhau dzeColterateral estoperal dzinomuka kazhinji kazhinji mumhosva dzehurumende umo vatongi vanodzorera chisarudzo chakavhengana, vachipa mhaka pamitengo yakati nokupomera vamwe mhaka. Kana kupomerwa kwacho kwakasarudza chaizvoizvo nhau yechokwadi iyo inokoshawo pakuverenga uko vatongi vakaturikira, hurumende ingarambidzwa kuongorora nhamba iyoyo. Matare eFredera anonzvera chisarudzo nenzira yokungwarira kusarudza kuti inhaui dzakapedzwa nomutongi anoramba mhaka, muitiro unogona kuva unodenha zvikurukuru apo vatongi vasingagoveri zviwanwa zvakananga.

Kudzivirira Utera Kuviri Kunotsiva

Kuparadza uku kunoratidza kuenzana kwakaita matare pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzehurumende dzinotarisirwa kuti dzishande zvakanaka.

Kukanganisa Kwacho Kunobviswa

Apo kutongwa kunoguma mukusaruramisira, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri ingadzivisa kutongwazve zvichitsamira pachikonzero chenhau. Kana kutongwa kwemhosva kukaitwa nemvumo yomukwiridziri, kutongwazve kunobvumirwa. Kana kutongwa kwakaipa kukaitwa pamusoro pokuramba kwomukwiridziridzi, kugadzikwazve kunorambidzwa kutoti pakanga pane kudikanwa kusingatenderwi nokuda kwemhosva. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti kudikanwa kuripo apo vatongi vanenge vafa pasina kuvimbika, apo mutongi anova asina kusimba, kana kuti apo mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti kuve kusingabviri kupfuurira kutongwa zvakarurama.

Kukwirira Nokupfuurira Kwomunguva Yapashure

Chikamu chenhau chengozi mbiri hachisati chichidzivisa hurumende kufadza chisarudzo chapamutemo chedare rinotonga icho chinoguma nokurevererwa, kana kukumbira kwacho kuchisada kutongwazve panhau yokuva nemhaka. Nenzira yakafanana, kana mukwirirwi akakumbira nenzira inobudirira mhaka ndokuwana muedzo mutsva, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati ichidzivisa nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi anorangarirwa kuva akaderedza dziviriro kupfurikidza nokutsvaka kuchinjwa. Zvisinei, kana dare rinowana kuti ufakazi hwakanga husingakwani kutsigira kupwisa, zvisungo zvengozi zvakapetwa kaviri nemhaka yokuti mushonga wakafanira rutongeso rwokuva.

Kuparadzanisa Kubva Mukuita Kumwe Chete

Mutemo wehurumende weutsotsi unowanzorondedzera mhaka dzakawanda dzakavakirwa pakutengeserana kwoutsotsi kumwe chete. Somuenzaniso, kuba kwebhangi kumwe kungaparira pomero dzokuba mubhangi (18 U.S.C. 76 2113), kushandiswa kwepfuti mukati moutsotsi hwamasimba masimba (18 U.S.C. 76 924 (c), uye kuronga 18. U.S.C. 371). Mupasi po [[[FLT: 0], idzi imhaka dzakasiana, uye hurumende ingavapomera zvose muutsotsi humwe kana kuti, mumigariro yakati, munhevedzano.

Musiyano mukuru ndewokupoka mhosva dzakawanda mumhosva imwe chete, inobvumirwa, uye kuunza kukwirira kunotevedzana kwemhosva idzodzo, idzo dzinoganhurirwa nenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri. Kunyange apo kuroverera kunotevedzana kunobvumirwa pasi pe tamburger[, hurumende ingarambidzwa nenheyo dzeResjudata kana kuti nechinodikanwa chokuti hurumende ibatanidze mhosva dzose dzinozivikanwa mukutonga kumwe chete pasi poMutongi weCriminal Proceduture 8(a).

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Chinoshatisa Mutemo Wamaviri Wakaipa

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakaumba zvikurukuru kushandiswa kwomutemo wengozi mbiri kumirau nemirau zvomubatanidzwa, kusimbisa gadziriro dzemitemo idzo matare anopfuurira kushandisa nhasi.

Blockburger v. United States (1932)

Sezvakurukurwa pamusoro apa, shoomr yakatanga "zvinhu zvimwe" muedzo unoramba uri chinhu chechero chekunzvera kuviri. Mhaka yaibatanidza mupomerwi wezvose zviri zviviri zvokutengesa maarcotics kwete musuru yedhiramu rapakuvamba uye kutengesa manarcotics pasina nhevedzano yakanyorwa. Dare raidavira kuti aya aiva mhosva dzakaparadzana pasi peHarrison Narcotics Act nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hunodikanwa hweidi rimwe nerimwe harina kutendwa. [[FLT:] shatamerburger] inoshanda kwete bedzi kuedza kuroverera nhevedzano asi kumiratisiano mukuita chirango chakawanda.

United States kana kuti Dixon (1993)

Mu Dixon, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisazve ukuru hwe muedzo wekuedza ndokuramba mufambiro mumwe chetewo uyo matare epasi akanga agamuchira. Mhaka yacho yakabva muruzvidzo rwetsoro pamusoro pomufambiro waichimbova musoro wetsotsi rakaparadzana. Dare raidavira kuti njodzi yakapetwa kaviri inofanira kuisa ngwariro pamativi emhosva, kwete pamufambiro uri pasi, uye kuti [[FLT:] querburg [[FLT]]] inogovera gadziriro yakafanira nokuda kweiyi rondedzero.

Kufurwa Nemvura (muChirungu)

Nepfupi, Dare mu Grady v. Corbin[FLT :1] yakagamuchira kwakafara "mufambiro mumwe", ichiita kuti ngozi iyoyo yakapetwa kaviri irambe yakaganhurirwa kana hurumende yaizofanira kubvumikisa mufambiro wakaumba mhaka iyo mukwirirwi akanga atotongwa. Zvisinei, makore matatu gare gare gare, Dare rapaburukira Grady[ mu [[FLT:]] Dixon, kudzokera ku , chitambira [FLT] zvinhu zvinodzika.

Halper (1989) neHudson v. United States (1997)

Iyi zviitiko zvakatangwa uye ipapo zvakapfupikisa gadziriro yokusarudza apo zvirango zvehurumende zvinoumba chirango nokuda kwezvinangwa zviviri. Halper akanga ataura kuti chirango chevagari vemo chaigona kuumba chirango kana chakanga chiri "chakakomba zvikuru" kukuvadziko yaparirwa. Hudson[ pa ] chirango chaigona kuumba chirango chakaoma zvikuru pamusoro pokuti chiveidziko yakaitwa kuti ive chive chigadziro chenyika kana kuti chitsotsiro chakaitwa.

Zvidzidzo Zvinoshanda Zvevazivi Vezvemitemo

Nokuda kwamagweta anoshanda mumatare ehurumende, kunzwisisa mijekedzo yomutemo wengozi mbiri kunokosha nokuda kwokuva mutsigiri anobudirira.

Kurovedza Nokufamba Nenguva uye Kufunga Kwakakodzera

Zano redziviriro rinofanira kusanoyera kana kuroverera kunotevedzana kuchiputsa njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri ndokurangarira chiito chokudzinga paidzi zvikonzero pabanza rapakuvamba zvikurusa. Kufamba kunofanira kunzvera mativi emhosva dzinopomerwa pasi pe tamburger, ona nhau dzipi nedzipi dzechekedzo dzinodzorwa kubva muzvinoitika zvakatangira, uye kutaura kuwirirana kwedzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire.

Muzvinoitika umo hurumende yakatowana mvumo kana kuti kurevererwa mudare rehurumende, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanira kunzvera kana dzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire ichishanda nenzira yakafanira kana kuti kana kukwirira hurumende kwakadzorwa nenzira inobudirira nezviremera zvehurumende. Kana hurumende yaipfuurira yakanga iri "ham" yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, kurovererwa kwehurumende kungarambidzwa.

Kutaurirana Nokushandisa Mari Yakakomba

Kurangarira kwengozi kaviri kunogona kuva chishandiso chine simba mukutaurirana. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuunza pomero dzokuwedzera mukukwirira kunotevedzerwa kunomanikidzirwa nenheyo dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye zano rokuzvidzivirira rinogona kushandisa izvi zvinodzivisa kuganhurira ukuru hwechibvumirano. Chibvumirano chakasanorongwa chinofanira kubvisa zvakajeka kupesana kupi nokupi kunoramba kuviri kunoramba kunenge kwasara uye chinofanira kududza mhaka dzakarurama dzinosarudzwa kudzivisa makakatanwa enguva yemberi pamusoro peizvo zvakabatanidzwa nechikumbiro.

Kutonga Kwakawanda

Apo mutengi anotarisana nedare rakasiana - siana rakanangana nenzvimbo dzinodzorwa, zano rokuzvidzivirira rinofanira kugovera nenzira yakarongwa zvinhu ndokuronga dziviriro mhene nenhau. Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inoreva kuti kurevererwa mune imwe nyika hakusati kuchingova hako kupomera mhaka muimwe, asi kunoparira mikana yokureverera nharo dzakananga kana nhau dzechokwadi dzakapedzwa chaizvoizvo mufariro yomutengi.

mhedziso

Mutemo wengozi mbiri unoramba uri ikonde yetsika dzeutsotsi dzehurumende, uchidzivirira vanhu kubva musimba rehurumende rokuvapa miedzo inodzokororwa nezvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Kushandiswa kwawo kumirau yehurumende nemirau kunoda kusanonzverwa kwemativi emhosva, rudzi rwenhau dzinobatanidzwa, uye dziviriro chaidzo dzemitemo panhau. muedzo wekuedza [FLT] unopa chirongwa chikuru chemitemo, asi varapi vanofanirawo kurangarira nheyo dzinowirirana, dzidziso mbiri, uye mitemo yakaoma kana yabatanidzwa munjodzi mumarudzi akasiyana - siyana ezviito.

Sezvo mutemo woutsotsi wehurumende unopfuurira kuwedzera nokuwedzera, chitsama chengozi chapaviri chicharamba chiri dziviriro inokosha pakunzverwa kwehurumende. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonzwisisa kujeka kweiyi nzvimbo yomutemo dzakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira kodzero dzavanhu vavo uye kutungamirira mativi akaoma emitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye mirau yehurumende. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yavo, [[FLT:] Confectal Information Institute [[FFLT:1] inogovera nhungamiro yakaisvonaka, nepo mirangariro yakazara mu [FLT:]. United States [FFF:] na[F] United States]